Resolution Mechanism Research Articles

A non-genetic model of vascular shunts informs on the cellular mechanisms of formation and resolution of arteriovenous malformations

Abstract Aims Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), a disorder characterized by direct shunts between arteries and veins, are associated with genetic mutations. However, the mechanisms leading to AV shunt formation and how shunts can be reverted are poorly understood. Methods and results Here, we report that oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) protocol leads to the consistent and stereotypical formation of AV shunts in non-genetically altered mice. OIR-induced AV shunts show all the canonical markers of AVMs. Genetic and pharmacological interventions demonstrated that changes in the volume of venous endothelial cells (EC)—hypertrophic venous cells—are the initiating step promoting AV shunt formation, whilst EC proliferation or migration played minor roles. Inhibition of the mTOR pathway prevents pathological increases in EC volume and significantly reduces the formation of AV shunts. Importantly, we demonstrate that ALK1 signalling cell-autonomously regulates EC volume in pro-angiogenic conditions, establishing a link with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia-related AVMs. Finally, we demonstrate that a combination of EC volume control and EC migration is associated with the regression of AV shunts. Conclusion Our findings highlight that an increase in the EC volume is the key mechanism driving the initial stages of AV shunt formation, leading to asymmetric capillary diameters. Based on our results, we propose a coherent and unifying timeline leading to the fast conversion of a capillary vessel into an AV shunt. Our data advocate for further investigation into the mechanisms regulating EC volume in health and disease as a way to identify therapeutic approaches to prevent and revert AVMs.

Critical Analysis of International Dispute Resolution System in the Light of Kulbhushan Jadhav Case Study

In this research paper, researcher is attempting to conduct a critical analysis of the judgment pronounced by International Court of Justice in the matter of Kulbhushan Jadhav case between India and Pakistan. The case has been a landmark instance for the whole international dispute resolution mechanism persisting in current global situation. The instance has a unique significance for scholars as the disguised drawbacks of international law have been brought to light yet again. In India v. Pakistan1 (Official name of Kulbhushan Jadhav case), the International Court of Justice [ICJ] found that Pakistan had violated its obligations under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Therefore, Pakistan must continue to subject Jadav's conviction and sentencing to effective review (ERR) using methods of its own choosing. In this paper, researcher intends to analyse the same issue in detail while analysing the Kulbhushan Jadhav case and its aftermaths. India and Pakistan have been against each other since 1947 and this issue has unfortunately been one among them where the life of an individual has been at stake and stuck between the tussle of the geo-politics between the countries.

The Impact of Decree 70/2023 on Labor Regulation and Industrial Relations in Argentina: A Legal and Economic Analysis

Decree 70/2023, issued by the Argentine government, addresses critical issues in labor and industrial relations amidst ongoing economic and social challenges. This study evaluates the decree’s impact on labor regulations, focusing on minimum wage standards, protection against unfair dismissal, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted. Qualitative methods included legal document reviews and expert interviews, while quantitative methods involved assessing changes in wage levels, unemployment, and productivity. Key findings indicate that the decree’s increase in minimum wage aims to enhance worker welfare and stimulate economic growth, but poses challenges for employers, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises. Stricter procedures and improved compensation for layoffs are expected to reduce job insecurity and foster fairer employment practices, though these measures may raise operational costs and administrative burdens for businesses. Additionally, the new dispute resolution mechanisms, which emphasize mediation and arbitration, are designed to resolve conflicts more efficiently and transparently. However, consistent implementation and oversight remain critical challenges. The study concludes that while Decree 70/2023 represents a significant step towards better labor conditions and industrial relations in Argentina, its success will depend on rigorous enforcement and stakeholder cooperation. Further research should focus on the long-term effects of these regulations on Argentina’s labor market and economic stability, as well as continuous evaluation to refine these policies for optimal outcomes.

A Privacy-Preserving Electromagnetic-Spectrum-Sharing Trading Scheme Based on ABE and Blockchain

The electromagnetic spectrum is a limited resource. With the widespread application of the electromagnetic spectrum in various fields, the contradiction between the demand for the electromagnetic spectrum and electromagnetic spectrum resources has become increasingly prominent. Spectrum sharing is an effective way to improve the utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, there are many challenges in existing distributed electromagnetic spectrum trading based on blockchain technology. Since a blockchain does not provide privacy protection, the risk of privacy leakage during the trading process makes electromagnetic spectrum owners unwilling to share. In addition, a blockchain only guarantees integrity, and the imperfect trading dispute resolution mechanism causes electromagnetic spectrum owners to be afraid to share. Therefore, we propose a privacy-preserving electromagnetic-spectrum-sharing trading scheme based on blockchain and ABE. The scheme not only designs an ABE fine-grained access control model in ciphertext form but also constructs a re-encryption algorithm that supports trading arbitration to achieve privacy protection for electromagnetic spectrum trading. Finally, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of the proposed electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme. The experimental results show that the electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme we propose was highly efficient.

Low-dose pro-resolving mediators temporally reset the resolution response to microbial inflammation

BackgroundSpecialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) promote resolution of inflammation, clear infections and stimulate tissue regeneration. These include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. During self-resolving acute inflammation, SPMs are produced and have key functions activating endogenous resolution response for returning to homeostasis. Herein, we addressed whether infections initiated with ongoing inflammation alter resolution programs, and if low-dose repetitive SPM regimen re-programs the resolution response.MethodsInflammation was initiated with zymosan (1 mg/mouse) followed by E. coli (105 CFU/mouse) infections carried out in murine peritonitis, and exudates collected at 4-72 h. Leukocytes were enumerated using light microscopy, percentages of PMN, monocytes and macrophages were determined using flow cytometry, and resolution indices calculated. Lipid mediators and SPM profiles were established using mass spectrometry-based metabololipidomics. Repetitive dosing with a SPM panel consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvD5, MaR1 and RvE2 (0.1 ng/mouse each, i.p.) was given to mice, followed by zymosan challenge. Leukocyte composition, resolution indices and RNA-sequencing were carried out for the repetitive SPM treatments.ResultsE. coli infections initiated acute inflammation-resolution programs with temporal SPM production in the infectious exudates. Zymosan-induced inflammation prior to E. coli peritonitis shifted exudate resolution indices and delayed E. coli clearance. Lipid mediator metabololipidomics demonstrated that E. coli infection with ongoing zymosan-induced inflammation shifted the time course of exudate SPMs, activating a SPM cluster that included RvD1, RvD5 and MaR1 during the initiation phase of infectious inflammation (0-4 h); RvD5 and MaR1 were present also in the resolution phase (24-48 h). To emulate daily SPM regimens used in humans, a repetitive subthreshold dosing of the SPM panel RvD1, RvD2, RvD5, MaR1 and RvE2 each at 0.1 ng per mouse was administered. This low-dose SPM regimen accelerated exudate PMN clearance following zymosan-induced inflammation, and shortened the resolution interval by > 70%. These low-dose SPMs regulated genes and pathways related to immune response, chemokine clearance and tissue repair, as demonstrated by using RNA-sequencing.ConclusionsInfections encountered during ongoing inflammation in mice reset the resolution mechanisms of inflammation via SPM clusters. Low-dose SPMs activate innate immune responses and pathways towards the resolution response that can be reprogrammed.

A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Charging Station Reservation and Payment Scheme for Electric Vehicles

EV charging infrastructures traditionally rely on untrusted centralized infrastructures that pose several privacy and security threats to EVs’ personal information. Targeted advertisements, privacy leaks, selling data to third parties, are among the threats to privacy and security. By utilizing blockchain-based solutions, recent work address the security and privacy problems associated with EV charging protocols. Most of them are geared toward maintaining EV anonymity rather than preserving end-to-end privacy. As EV owners’ charging histories and payment information are associated with their wallet address on the blockchain, any threat of linkability of these blockchain addresses to physical identities can pose a serious risk to their privacy. In this paper, we propose a ring signature based privacy-preserving end-to-end charging station (CS) reservation and payment protocol, which provides EV owners with the ability to reserve and pay for a charging slot privately, without sharing private information or exposing their identity or addresses at CS locations. Additionally, we provide EV owners with a decentralized charging slot information verification protocol with the help of secure multiparty computation (SMC), which allows them to verify available slots. A dispute resolution mechanism is also proposed that handles disputes between EVs and CSs and penalizes them accordingly by utilizing trusted execution environment (TEE). Results show that the proposed protocol ensures end-to-end EV owners’ privacy with low blockchain transaction and computation overhead.

NK cells contribute to the resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome after antimalarial treatment.

In both humans and mice, natural killer (NK) cells are important lymphocytes of the innate immune system. They are often considered pro-inflammatory effector cells but may also have a regulatory or pro-resolving function by switching their cytokine profile towards the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β, and by killing pro-inflammatory immune cells. Here, the role of NK cells in the resolution of malaria lung pathology was studied. Malaria complications, such as malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS), are often lethal despite the rapid and efficient killing of Plasmodium parasites with antimalarial drugs. Hence, studying the resolution and healing mechanisms involved in the recovery from these complications could be useful to develop adjunctive treatments. Treatment of Plasmodium berghei NK65-infected C57BL/6 mice with a combination of artesunate and chloroquine starting at the appearance of symptoms was used as a model to study the resolution of MA-ARDS. The role of NK cells was studied using anti-NK1.1 depletion antibodies and NK cell-deficient mice. Using both methods, NK cells were found to be dispensable in the development of MA-ARDS, as shown previously. In contrast, NK cells were crucial in the initiation of resolution upon antimalarial treatment, as survival was significantly decreased in the absence of NK cells. Considerably increased IL-10 expression by NK cells suggested an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving phenotype. Despite the increase in Il10 expression in the NK cells, inhibition of the IL-10/IL-10R axis using anti-IL10R antibodies had no effect on the resolution for MA-ARDS, suggesting that the pro-resolving effect of NK cells cannot solely be attributed to their IL-10 production. In conclusion, NK cells contribute to the resolution of experimental MA-ARDS.

Chieftaincy and Kingship in Africa: How Lessons from the Government in South Africa Can Address Ghana’s Maladroitness in Inter-Ethnic Relations

Although the Authority of chiefs was undone by colonial rule in Ghana, traditional rulers have served as important adjuncts in the administration of post-colonial governments in Africa. This paper examines the evolution of chieftaincy, particularly as an agent of administration, with particular reference to the Ghanaian and South African experiences. Indeed, post-colonial Ghanaian and South African governments have all come to rely on traditional rulers to aid in development activities. Historical tensions related to chieftaincy conflicts in South Africa led to government intervention post-Apartheid to address colonial injustices. Ghana can learn from this approach to resolve disputes, especially among the Konkombas and Dagombas in its Northern Region. As such, the paper concludes that the administration of justice by the Government, coupled with positive institutional political interference, will bring trust and an end to the banner of traditional conflicts through resolution mechanisms.

EMPOWERING WARD CITIZEN FORUMS FOR LOCAL SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN NEPAL

The Local Governance and Community Development Program (LGCD) has been found to be adopted a transformational approach to social mobilization, aiming to address the absence of elected political representatives at the community level. Central to this approach has been identified as the Community Ward Citizen Forum (WCF) and the Awareness Centre (CAC), which play crucial roles in enhancing local governance through community engagement.The WCF has been explored to serve as a collective of community representatives’ tasks with bridging the gap between the community and local decision-making processes, thereby improving local governance. Complementing this, it has been focused that the CAC operates on a REFLECT process basis, bringing together marginalized and vulnerable community members weekly to discuss pertinent issues affecting their lives. Through facilitated discussions, participants have been found to identify key issues, devise actionable plans to address these concerns, and establish links with local service providers and Village Development Committees (VDCs) to mobilize necessary resources.Numerous studies and evaluations have been found to have highlighted the effectiveness of WCFs and CACs in initiating community transformation. The research has aimed to underscore the significance of community-based organizations in driving social transformation. It has been known that it provides an analytical overview of the initial successes achieved by WCFs and CACs in fostering social change, explores strategies to expand these successes across broader contexts, and identifies essential prerequisites for the sustained success of the transformational approach to social mobilization. It has been identified that Empowering Ward Citizen Forums (WCFs) for local social transformation involves various approaches aimed at enhancing community participation, decision-making, and overall impact. They have been presented pointwise as the findings of the research. the different approaches have been explored like capacity building, inclusive participation, access to information, collaborative partnerships, supportive policy environment, monitoring and evaluation, sustainable community projects, civic education and awareness, conflict resolution mechanisms, and celebrating successes and learning from challenges have been explored as the best approaches for the empowering the ward citizen forums.It has also been found that Empowering Ward Citizen Forums (WCFs) for local social transformation involves a strategic and inclusive approach that engages community members in meaningful ways. The strategies like establishing clear objectives, inclusive participation, capacity building, access to information, supportive environment, partnerships and collaboration, community-driven initiatives, policy advocacy, monitoring and evaluation, communication and outreach and celebrating successes have been found to be employed. By implementing these strategies, WCFs can effectively empower local communities, drive social transformation, and create positive changes that enhance quality of life and well-being for residents. Each step contributes to building a resilient and engaged community that works together towards common goals and shared aspirations.

Analysis of the Challenges and Dilemmas in the Categorization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

This paper discusses the limitations associated with the basic classification of human rights into several categories. The topic of whether international trends have an impact on the State's view of the significance of implementing rights through the acceptance of individual complaint procedures is a complex one. Starting with an acknowledgment of the infinite extent of the issue, this paper displays a belief in the fallacious conceptions of differences in human rights. It investigates and assesses the institutional contribution to the advancement of human rights through a chronological analysis of historical processes that give rise to changes in the 20th century. To address this particular distinction, this paper looks to the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Program of Action and the new Optional Protocol for validation and endorsement. By highlighting many similarities in the language and nature of State responsibilities, it challenges the reader to consider whether non-justiciability provides a basis in the first place. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the function of dispute resolution mechanisms during the implementation phase. From a practical standpoint, it compels the reader to contemplate if the committee procedures outlined in international conventions serve just as symbolic representations of non-cooperation by States or are put into effect. This paper ultimately presents the reader with some thought-provoking material in the shape of the dichotomy between enforcement and justiciability.

Evaluation of Traditional Land Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Liberia

Land dispute is ubiquitous in Liberia. Most problems arise from people who squat on land illegally and in some instance sell the same parcel of land to more than one person. Usually, this issue is resolved by traditional land dispute resolution mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the traditional land dispute resolution mechanisms in Liberia by employing an empirical and comparative approach and drawing on data collected from 110 farming households. The nature of the conflict, causes of land dispute, individuals’ characteristics, the mandate of the traditional mediators, the linkage between the legal process and traditional land dispute resolution mechanisms, the forms of the resolution mechanisms, the acceptance of the outcomes, and political and social situations were carefully studied. The findings of this study thus supported the notion that traditional means for resolving land disputes are more efficient than the statutory system. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the traditional and the statutory land dispute resolution mechanisms complement one another. However, there is an indication that land dispute will continue to be the biggest concern in the future as many people have started squatting and exploring open areas throughout the country. This is because the country's land laws and policies are not widely known by the citizens. Thus, policy intervention is needed.

Inter-Ethnic Conflicts Between the Hadiya and Halaba of Ethiopia: Major Factors, Resolution Mechanisms and Current Trends

Inter-Ethnic Conflicts Between the Hadiya and Halaba of Ethiopia: Major Factors, Resolution Mechanisms and Current Trends

Legal Cooperation and Conflict Resolution Mechanism in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is an important strategic region for China's economic development. The coordination and integration of its legal system plays a key role in realizing the economic, social and cultural integration in the region. However, as Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong belong to different legal systems and social systems respectively, the differences between the legal systems lead to frequent conflicts of laws and hinder the coordinated development in the region. Based on the constitutional and legal foundations, historical and cultural backgrounds of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as the practical experience of Guangdong, this paper analyzes in detail the main challenges facing the current legal collaboration and conflict resolution mechanism in the GBA. These challenges are mainly reflected in the imperfect legislative design, the inadequacy of legal protection, and the unclear legal remedies. Through in-depth discussion of these issues, this paper proposes specific ways to establish a legislative coordination mechanism, formulate a unified substantive law, develop diversified relief channels, and ensure the equal application of law by residents of the three places, with a view to optimizing the legal cooperation and conflict resolution mechanism of the GBA, so as to provide a solid legal guarantee for regional stability and prosperity. The research in this paper not only provides a new perspective for understanding the complexity of legal integration in the GBA, but also puts forward feasible suggestions for deepening regional legal cooperation in the future.

Research on Foreign-Related Commercial Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the Belt and Road Initiative

This paper examines the current mechanisms and challenges in resolving foreign-related commercial disputes under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It begins with an overview of the existing dispute resolution mechanisms, including the China International Commercial Court (CICC) and the "One-Stop" platform, highlighting their roles and limitations. The study then explores the differences between domestic and international mediation enforcement systems, the obstacles faced by foreign arbitration institutions entering the Chinese market, and the jurisdictional and functional limitations of the CICC. Drawing lessons from the WTO and the Singapore Convention on Mediation, the paper proposes several improvements: establishing a national-level BRI International Commercial Mediation Center, developing a comprehensive online dispute resolution platform, and enhancing the training and integration of foreign-related legal talents. By implementing these recommendations, the BRI dispute resolution mechanism can become more effective, fair, and internationally credible, thus supporting the smooth progression of the BRI.

Towards a livelihood-interdependence approach to framing adaptation in research and practice: evidence from farmers’ and herders’ relations in Northern Ghana

ABSTRACT Changing farmer–herder relations (FHR) are central to the social dynamics of climate change adaptation in African drylands, involving conflict and cooperation. While substantial literature has built a case for increased conflict of various kinds in West African drylands due to climate change stressors, this literature does not yet fully reflect the growing importance of more cooperative and interdependent elements of FHR. This study addresses this research gap through a case study of Gushiegu and Karaga Districts in Northern Ghana. Our analysis found growing cooperation between farmers and herders driven by livelihood diversification, sociocultural conditions such as increasing intermarriage, religious affiliation and the emergence of hybrid conflict resolution mechanisms that reflect a process of institutional bricolage. This deepening interdependence manifests in multiple ways, including knowledge exchange, management of common property resources and the strengthening of “bridging” forms of social capital. Our findings suggest a need to reframe adaptation in research, policy and practice to emphasize these beneficial forms of interdependence in FHR.

The Relevance of Traditional Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution to End Localized Communal Conflicts in Africa

Though the “local turn” in peacebuilding increased interest in traditional methods of conflict resolution, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of these methods vis-à-vis hybrid and modern approaches is only just emerging. This paper adds to this nascent body of research by analyzing the trends in the applications and effectiveness of different communal conflict resolution approaches to end localized conflict in Africa. The paper found out that in communal conflicts with an annual conflict-death of 25 or more, the type of conflict resolution method used and the intensity of the conflict influence the effectiveness of a communal peace agreement. This result is in line with the hypothesis that traditional mechanisms are comparatively more effective than hybrid and modern methods. In communal conflicts with less than 25 annual deaths, hybrid approaches appear to be as effective as traditional methods, though our confidence in this result is tempered by the limited size of our sample and the lack of control over ‘conflict intensity’ as a relevant variable.

Private Mediation as a Means of Achieving Public Goals

The development and strengthening of private mediation significantly determine the possibilities of overcoming the challenges in the process of the institutionalization of mediation. Establishes an effective system of dispute resolution at the state level. The legal or practical regulation of the abovementioned should be considered a prerequisite for implementing the interests of the subjects of law and forming legal awareness. In addition, the perfect functioning of the justice system, which should ensure the implementation of the legal interests of the subjects of law, is an expression of public and private interests. The well-being and satisfaction of the civil turnover participants are significantly determined by the existence of flexible dispute resolution systems and mechanisms, the correct implementation of which creates guarantees for the stability of civil turnover. In addition, it’s in the public interest that the chain of the means of dispute resolution should be flexible and diverse and allow the interested parties to choose an acceptable method in each case. Regardless of its importance, providing fast and affordable forms of dispute resolution remains a challenge. In addition, it’s important to strengthen cooperation between the public and private sectors in this process, which will be considered an innovation in Georgia. Accordingly, following legislative changes, it is important to raise public awareness, improve legal culture, and strengthen the court’s role in implementing state policy regarding dispute resolution.

Optimal banking with delegated monitoring

We propose a model of financial intermediation based on delegated monitoring, where firms' returns are private information that lenders can ascertain through costly state verification. Our model has two key features: lenders cannot commit to their verification strategies and there are aggregate shocks. Simple debt contracts are Pareto optimal with or without intermediation. We show that the benefits of intermediation can be limited by financial instability in the presence of aggregate shocks. However, a well-designed resolution mechanism ensures the Pareto optimality of financial intermediation, and a bail-out policy can restore financial stability.

Peran Panel dan Appellate Body dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa di WTO

The aim of the research is to determine the role of panels and the Appellate Body in resolving disputes at the WTO. The research method used in this paper is a research method with a normative juridical approach with descriptive-analytical research specifications. The dispute resolution mechanism in the WTO involves five main stages. The first stage is consultation, where the disputing countries try to resolve the problem directly. The second stage includes settlement efforts through good services, conciliation and mediation. The third stage is the establishment of a panel, where independent experts examine the dispute and prepare a report. The fourth stage is the appeals process, where the appeals body reviews the panel's decision if there is an appeal. The final stage is the implementation of the decisions and recommendations issued. The panel is formed within approximately 90 days of the application, consisting of independent experts selected by the DSB. The panel works based on the Terms of Reference (ToR) which regulate the procedures for resolving disputes and is tasked with carrying out an objective assessment of the problems faced, assisting the DSB in making recommendations. If consultations fail, the aggrieved country can request the formation of a panel from the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). If the panel fails to reach a solution, they must submit a written report to the DSB. This process ensures dispute resolution within a certain time period to ensure legal certainty. In addition, there is an appeal mechanism through the Appellate Body which consists of seven international trade law experts. The appeal process must be completed within 90 days, and the Appellate Body report is final and must be adopted by the DSB.

Improving effort-aware just-in-time defect prediction with weighted code churn and multi-objective slime mold algorithm

Effort-aware just-in-time software defect prediction (JIT-SDP) aims to effectively utilize the limited resources of software quality assurance (SQA) to detect more software defects. This improves the efficiency of SQA work and the quality of the software. However, there is disagreement regarding the representation of the key feature variable, SQA effort, in the field of effort-aware JIT-SDP. Additionally, the most recent metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs) have not yet been effectively integrated with multi-objective effort-aware JIT-SDP tasks. These deficiencies, in both feature representation and model optimization (MO), result in a significant disparity between the performance of effort-aware JIT-SDP techniques and the expectations of the industry. In this study, we present a novel method called weighted code churn (CC) and improved multi-objective slime mold algorithm (SMA) (WCMS) for effort-aware JIT-SDP. It comprises two stages: feature improvement (FI) and MO. In the FI phase, we normalize the two feature variables: number of modified files (NF) and distribution of modified code across each file (Entropy). We then use an exponential function to quantify the level of difficulty of the change. The equation is as follows: DD = NFEntropy, where DD is an acronym for the degree of difficulty, NF denotes the base number, and Entropy denotes the index. We define change effort as the product of the difficulty degree in implementing the change and CC, with weighted CC representing the change effort. During the MO stage, we improve the SMA by incorporating multi-objective handling capabilities and devising mechanisms for multi-objective synchronization and conflict resolution. We develop a multi-objective optimization algorithm for hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of the JIT-SDP model in WCMS. To evaluate the performance of our method, we conducted experiments using six well-known open-source projects and employed two effort-aware performance evaluation metrics. We evaluated our method based on three scenarios: cross-validation, time-wise cross-validation, and across-project prediction. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the benchmark method. Furthermore, the proposed method demonstrates greater scalability and generalization capabilities.