Mechanism Of Redistribution Research Articles

Legal Regime Covering Mineral Resources Benefit Sharing in the International Seabed Area

This paper presents recommendations for developing a legal framework for sharing benefits derived from mineral resources in the international seabed area. Establishing a legal regime that encompasses benefit sharing is of paramount importance for promoting the principle of a common heritage of mankind, for narrowing the technological gap that exists between developing and developed countries in the field of deep-sea mining, for safeguarding the rights and interests of developing countries, and for advancing global development. However, the international seabed management system is confronted with considerable challenges, including uncertainty regarding its contribution and redistribution mechanisms, the criteria for equitable distribution, and the initial distribution mechanism. These challenges have the potential to undermine the principle of a common heritage of mankind. To address these issues, it is imperative that the International Seabed Authority establish a robust legal regime for benefit-sharing without delay. To this end, a comprehensive approach is required, encompassing theoretical, institutional, and practical considerations, with the aim of enhancing the legal system governing the international seabed area. From a theoretical standpoint, the primary challenge lies in striking a balance between private and public interests in the initial distribution of benefits and addressing any subsequent distributional imbalances. Furthermore, it is imperative to prioritize environmental protection and sustainable resource management in the international seabed area. At the practical level, criteria for equitable sharing should be established, the order of distribution of benefits should be clarified, and a common heritage fund should be established. At the institutional level, it is necessary to establish a system of information transparency, implement the principle of intergenerational equity, and establish a standardized mechanism for stakeholder consultation.

Research on Dynamic Evolution of Residual Stress Based on Simulation of Piston Manufacturing Process

Rather than focusing on the residual stress generated from casting, machining, or heat treatment unilaterally, a comprehensive research method to consider the whole dynamic evolution of residual stress is proposed. The cast iron piston is taken as the research object to establish a continuous simulation model for its manufacturing. Firstly, a simulation model of piston casting is established to analyze the stress change. Subsequently, through the machining and heat treatment simulation of the piston, the variation law of residual stress before and after machining is analyzed. Different process parameters are designed to study the redistribution mechanism of residual stress. Residual stress tests are further conducted on the processed piston products. The results indicate that shakeout can effectively remove 60% to 80% of the residual stress. The removal of materials results in overall residual stress release and redistribution for the piston, and the piston releases 10% to 40% of the residual stress after machining. The heat treatment of the machined piston can effectively reduce the residual stress with a maximum reduction of 27.1%. The good consistency between experimental results and simulation results further confirms the feasibility of the comprehensive research method. This study is beneficial for achieving low stress manufacturing of pistons and improving their working performance.

Microscopic Mechanisms of Solute Migration and Redistribution at the Solid-Liquid Interface During Directional Solidification of a Cu–Ag Eutectic Alloy Under High Magnetic Fields

Microscopic Mechanisms of Solute Migration and Redistribution at the Solid-Liquid Interface During Directional Solidification of a Cu–Ag Eutectic Alloy Under High Magnetic Fields

Blood flow changes in the rabbit cranial and caudal venae cavae during postural loads after propranolol, bisoprolol and methyldopa pretreatment

To treat the hyperadrenergic form of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, the β1,2-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol, the β1-blocker bisoprolol and the central agonist of inhibitory presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors, methyldopa, are used in clinical practice. There is no data in the literature concerning the effects of these drugs on venae cavae flows during postural tests. In acute experiments on anesthetized rabbits, we studied changes of cranial and caudal venae cavae flows during orthostatic (head up tilt by 25°) and antiorthostatic (head down tilt by −25°) tests for 20 s after preliminary pretreatment with propranolol, bisoprolol and methyldopa. Before administration of these drugs, in response to orthostasis at 4 and 20 s, a decrease of the cranial and caudal venae cavae flows was noted. During antiorthostasis, caudal venae cavae flow increased for 4 s, and by 20 s it decreased to the initial value; cranial venae cavae flow decreased by 4 s, and by 20 s it was greater than the initial one. After propranolol pretreatment, caudal venae cavae flow decreased to a greater extent compared with intravenous administration of bisoprolol and methyldopa. After methyldopa administration during orthostasis, by 20 s, the cranial venae cavae flow decreased more pronouncedly than in the caudal venae, while after propranolol and bisoprolol pretreatment under conditions of orthostasis, both cranial and caudal venae cavae flows decreased approximately to the same extent. During antiorthostasis by 20 s after pretreatment with propranolol caudal venae cavae flow increased more than cranial venae cavae flow. In case of pretreatment with bisoprolol and methyldopa, in response to antiorthostasis, cranial venae cavae flow increased not only to a greater extent than caudal venae cavae flow, but also more pronouncedly compared with its increase in rabbits initially. Thus, we concluded, that in case of postural loads after pretreatment with indicated above drugs, there are differences in the mechanisms of blood flows redistribution in the basins of the cranial and caudal venae cavae.

Sustainable digital rent: a transformative framework for value dynamics in the digital age

IntroductionThis paper introduces the concept of Sustainable Digital Rent (SDR), highlighting the shift from traditional economic rent based on tangible assets to rent derived from digital platforms. At the heart of this shift is the “value state,” a dynamic balance between constructive expectations and destructive information. As digital platforms generate increasing amounts of information, expectations are increasingly met and shared more efficiently with all users, leading to a reduction in individual and general motivational, emotional, and cognitive engagement. These platforms, now essential to modern life, facilitate online activities that reduce as well physical engagement and natural interactions, thereby impacting cognitive function and physical health. By extracting rent directly, digital platform operators limit the benefits users could gain to support their mental and physical well-being.MethodsThis paper empirically defines and estimates SDR using the collective estimates of price, cost, and income (PCI) as practiced in North American real estate appraisal, demonstrated through abstract art rent. Our approach provides a new perspective on valuing intangible assets, such as knowledge, by showing the shift from expectation to information, governed by the value state in cognitive evaluations. Emphasizing interdisciplinary relevance, the method underscores the need for an efficient mechanism to redistribute SDR benefits to digital platform users, supporting fair and equitable digital development.Results and discussionThe results show that digital rent is driven primarily by cognitive and informational content, demonstrating the need for redistribution mechanisms to address the growing inequality on digital platforms. The use of abstract art as a case study provides a convenient and illustrative way to explore how intangible assets, like digital rents, can be evaluated and redistributed. SDR offers insights into how digital rents can be captured and redistributed equitably, ensuring that platform users and creators benefit from the knowledge economy’s growth. The findings underscore the relevance of measuring SDR to guide policy recommendations aimed at reducing digital monopolization and promoting sustainable digital development.

PROVISION OF BANKING SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BANKING SYSTEM: CURRENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS

The article examines banking services in the context of the stability of the banking system: current trends and directions of development. The current stage of development of the global banking system operates under conditions of intensified competition and crisis phenomena in financial markets. One of the main factors in the successful development of the domestic banking system is the policy of constant innovations.Currently, innovation is a key factor in the stability, competitiveness and sustainable economic growth of domestic banks. The sustainable development of the national economy is accompanied by an increase in the volume of financial transactions and an increase in the importance of the domestic banking sector. The banking system, being one of the most important links of the market economy, affects the life of society in many ways. It not only provides a mechanism for interregional redistribution of monetary capital, but is also a key element of the settlement and payment mechanisms of the country's economic system. This fact determines the importance of the banking sector in the socio-economic development of the state.The current realities of the banking business contribute to the identification of the main catalysts of domestic banking innovation activity: globalization of world financial markets and markets of banking services; growing competition from the banking and non-banking sectors; the world financial crisis. The above-mentioned factors significantly affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of banking institutions and their services and lead to key changes in consumer behavior, thus leaving banks with the only opportunity to preserve and increase their competitive advantages through the introduction of innovations, the direction of which determines the strategy for the development of the banking sector on medium-term perspective. Based on the results of the research, it was established that the problems accumulated in the national banking system can be solved by applying the experience of Great Britain, and the main postulates should be adapted to the national banking system, which will contribute to the development of the domestic market of banking services and increase the stability of the national banking system.

Study on the redistribution mechanism and secondary purge strategy of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Effective control of membrane water content is essential for increasing the space for ice formation during the cold start stage and enhancing the success rate of start-up. Shutdown purge can effectively lower the membrane water content following fuel cell operation. However, during the cooling and standing process after purge, the rapid change in saturated vapor pressure can result in the redistribution of membrane dissolved water, leading to an increase in its content and a reduction in the success rate of cold start. Therefore, this study establishes a multidimensional, multiphase simulation model to comprehensively and thoroughly analyze the redistribution mechanism after purging and investigates the relationship between membrane water content and cold start. This is achieved by identifying the maximum membrane water content boundary during the cold start process and ultimately improving the success rate of cold start through a secondary purge strategy. The research results indicate that the membrane water content of the fuel cell increases from 2.31 to 8.31 after redistribution. During the cold start stage, the cold start success of the fuel cell under different environmental temperatures exhibits relatively specific boundary conditions, with the cold start process being closely related to the load current density and initial membrane water content. After implementing the secondary purging strategy, the membrane water content of the fuel cell decreases again, displaying favorable cold start characteristics in the cold start stage and successfully starting at −10 °C. This study can provide a reliable basis for the development of purging strategies during shutdown and offer a theoretical foundation for the boundary identification process of cold start.

Deciphering Cadmium Accumulation in Peanut Kernels through Growth Stages and Source Organs: A Multi-Stable Isotope Labeling Study.

The mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) uptake and redistribution throughout the peanut lifecycle remain unclear. This study employed multi-isotope labeling techniques in hydroponic and soil-foliar systems, revealing that Cd uptake during podding (Cdp) constituted 73.7% of kernel Cd content, whereas contributions from the flowering (Cdf) and seedling (Cds) stages were 22.2 and 4.1%, respectively. Stem-stored Cd (Cdstem) contributes 53.2% to kernel Cd accumulation, while leaf-stored Cd (Cdleaf) contributes 46.8%. Prestored Cdf in shoots demonstrated the most efficient transport to pods, approximately twice that of Cds and Cdp. Cds and Cdf were predominantly stored in leaves (51.0%), while Cdp mainly in stems (46.3%), 2.8 times its presence in leaves (16.5%), indicating distinct root-stem-kernel translocation. In the transfer of shoot Cd from stems to pods, 29.3% of Cdleaf and 25.0% of Cdstem were exported. This study provides novel insights into Cd dynamics in peanuts, establishing a foundation for future Cd regulation strategies.

Real collapse responses of an RC flat plate structure under extreme overloading condition: Reversing load redistribution

Progressive collapse research of concrete flat plate structures, typically investigated through the alternate path (AP) method with a focus on column failure (removal), has often neglected the facts of real-life collapse events which are caused by slab overloading, leading to initial punching shear failure at slab-column joints. Progressive collapse of the structural systems triggered by slab-column joint failures exhibits distinct failure modes and resistance mechanisms from those triggered by column failures. Building upon our initial tests on the overloaded slab specimen under quasi-static loading regimes, this paper presents an innovative experimental study that closely mirrors the load-resistant mechanisms of the most common collapse incidents in flat plate structure systems in the real world. By successively stacking up gravity loads without additional interventions, the test accurately simulates the spontaneous failure conditions typical of flat plate structures. A key discovery of this research is the identification of a unique reversing load redistribution mechanism, a phenomenon not previously observed in our slab overloading tests or in studies focused on column removal scenarios. This discovery highlights the necessity of enhancing the post-punching capacity at the slab-column joints as a critical factor in preventing collapses due to slab overloading. In addition, this study provides an in-depth examination of the dynamic effects inherent in the progressive collapse of flat plate structures. Evaluating the dynamic increase factor and load amplification factor offers supplementary data pertinent to real-world collapses, providing essential insights for improving the resilience of flat plate structures against initial joint failure due to slab overloading.

Sediment runoff formation in a small periglacial catchment on the King George (Vaterloo) island, Antarctica

Global climate change has most significantly affected the Polar Regions. The increase in air temperature has stimulated the melting of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic, which has contributed to changes in the formation of water and sediment runoff. However, there are very few quantitative estimates of the sediment redistribution in the periglacial catchments of the Polar Regions. Specific features of water and sediment runoff were studied within the catchment area of the Korabelnyj Stream located on the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica near the Bellingshausen Ice Dome. The main aim of the study was to investigate the conditions for the formation of water and sediment runoff and to identify the proportional contribution of washout and erosion material coming from the periglacial and maritime parts of the catchment area to the sediment runoff of the stream. A set of methods and approaches, including: a) estimates of the sediment flow connectivity index; b) fingerprinting technique; c) hydrometeorological observations; d) large-scale geomorphological survey and others, was ap[1]plied to identify the conditions for the formation of surface runoff and washout, the mechanisms of sediment redistribution in various parts of the fluvial network and to quantify the proportional contribution of two main sediment sources to the sediment runoff of the stream. A fraction with a particle size of ≤63 μm was used for geochemical and spectrometric analyzes of soils and sediments. In total, the content of 34 elements was analyzed, i.e. 6 radioisotopes and 28 stable elements. It has been established that despite the significant differences in the relief of the near-glacial and maritime parts of the catchment area, the indices of sediment connectivity are quite close and amount to –1,79 and –1,35, respectively. A significant part of the material transported by temporary streams from the slopes of the catchment area is redeposited in relief depressions partially occupied by water bodies. The main volume of sediments, which is at least 60–66% of the total sediment runoff in the outlet section of the Korabelnyj Stream, comes from the periglacial part of the catchment area. This is due to the increased water discharge relative to the non-glacial part of the catchment area, which results from the melting of snow and ice accumulated on the ice dome, the high erosion of moraine deposits unprotected by vegetation, and the presence of an ice core in moraines, which prevents water filtration.

Estimating the Importance of Viral Contributions to Soil Carbon Dynamics.

Biogeochemical models for predicting carbon dynamics increasingly include microbial processes, reflecting the importance of microorganisms in regulating the movement of carbon between soils and the atmosphere. Soil viruses can redirect carbon among various chemical pools, indicating a need for quantification and development soil carbon models that explicitly represent viral dynamics. In this opinion, we derive a global estimate of carbon potentially released from microbial biomass by viral infections in soils and synthesize a quantitative soil carbon budget from existing literature that explicitly includes viral impacts. We then adapt known mechanisms by which viruses influence carbon cycles in marine ecosystems into a soil-explicit framework. Finally, we explore the diversity of virus-host interactions during infection and conceptualize how infection mode may impact soil carbon fate. Our synthesis highlights key knowledge gaps hindering the incorporation of viruses into soil carbon cycling research and generates specific hypotheses to test in the pursuit of better quantifying microbial dynamics that explain ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes. The importance of identifying critical drivers behind soil carbon dynamics, including these elusive but likely pervasive viral mechanisms of carbon redistribution, becomes more pressing with climate change.

Research on column overdesign factor of reinforced concrete frame structures in the 2022 Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake

The strong column-weak beam failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures is one of the most important targets of structural seismic design and is primarily realized by a reasonable column overdesign factor (COF). However, most RC frame structures in previous earthquakes were often subjected to strong beam-weak column failure modes. To address this issue, the RC frame with a strong column-weak beam failure mode and a typical strong beam-weak column RC frame in the 2022 Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake were intensively studied in this study. The differences between the two failure modes of the RC frame structure were comparatively analyzed at both the overall structure and member levels. A numerical simulation was conducted to obtain the structural response under actual ground motion. Finally, a probabilistic analysis method was adopted to process the COF data of the RC frame joints. The results indicate that the structural safety redundancy of the RC frame with the undesired failure mode cannot be fully utilized, whereas the RC frame with the strong column-weak beam failure mode allows more structural members to participate in the energy dissipation through a complex redistribution mechanism of internal forces. Damage to the infill wall further mitigates the degree of damage to the main structure and reduces the risk of soft-story failure. The COF of the actual RC frame structure shows a non-uniform distribution, and it is recommended that the COF be higher than 1.5 for the seismic design of the structure following the Chinese code.

Insights into molecular interactions at organic-MBene heterointerfaces for efficient Zn-ion storage

The intercalation of organic molecules is a promising approach to modulate the structure of 2D transition metal borides (MBenes), aiming to enhance charge transport and improve electrochemical performance in energy storage applications. However, key questions remain regarding how organic molecules with diverse functionalities penetrate and align between the MBene layer, as well as the mechanism of charge redistribution during intercalation. Addressing these questions is crucial for guiding the design of Organic-MBene heterostructures. To this end, a comprehensive approach combining theoretical calculations and experimental analyses was employed to explore the self-assembly mechanisms of organic molecules featuring N, O, S and tertiary amine end groups on the MoB-MBene surface. Experimental characterizations confirm that the interaction between MoB and organic compounds depends on the end groups. First principles calculations demonstrate that organic molecules tend to adopt a flat configuration on the MoB surface during molecular assembly. Calculations also reveal that the binding and charge transfer processes from organic molecules to MoB are highly dependent on the specific end groups, consistent with experimental observations. Furthermore, the effect of combining organic molecules with MoB on battery performance was further discussed, offering new insights for advancing the research and development of MBenes in aqueous battery systems.

Delayed retirement, pension insurance and income inequality

PurposeTo investigate the potential of raising the retirement age and reforming pension insurance in mitigating intra- and inter-generational income inequality, thereby offering empirical support for governmental policy formulation.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic general equilibrium model with intertemporal iteration is developed to comprehensively assess the impact of policies raising the retirement age on income inequality, taking into account delayed retirement, survival probability, and pension insurance. The theoretical hypotheses are validated through simulation using MATLAB.FindingsThrough theoretical analysis, it is determined that, given certain assumptions are satisfied, raising the retirement age can effectively mitigate intra-generational income inequality, inter-generational income inequality under both the pay-as-you-go and fund accumulation systems. Simulation results indicate that, under current parameter settings, raising the retirement age can reduce the Gini coefficient. Furthermore, this study reveals that regardless of the pay-as-you-go or fund accumulation system, pension insurance serves as a mechanism for income redistribution and alleviating income inequality.Originality/valueIt offers a theoretical foundation for the government's policy on delayed retirement and endowment insurance.

The influence mechanism of fulvic acid on Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of Cr(III)-bearing schwertmannite: pH effect and nanoscale redistribution of Cr and C

The interactions between schwertmannite (Sch), chromium (Cr), and dissolved organic matter play a significant role in the cycling of Cr and carbon (C) in acid mine drainage (AMD) contaminated soils. However, mechanism insights into the immobilization of Cr and C during the Fe(II)-catalyzed, fulvic acid (FA)-mediated reductive transformation of Cr(III)-bearing Sch (Cr-Sch) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying sequestration of Cr and C during the Cr-Sch transformation under various FA concentrations and pH conditions. Solid-phase transformation analysis revealed that the pH increasing from 3.5 to 7.0 favored the transformation of Cr-Sch to lepidocrocite (Lep) and/or goethite (Goe), while the transformation rate and degree decreased with increasing FA concentration from 10 to 100 mg/L. By means of the distribution of elements observed in spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, Cr was predominantly adsorbed on the Lep and Goe surfaces, and Cr may be partially sequestered by Goe. Meanwhile, FA was adsorbed onto the surfaces of Goe and Lep, and the incomplete defect structure of Lep provided space for C immobilization. This study provides a basis for an in-depth understanding of the nanoscale mechanisms of Cr and FA redistribution during Cr-Sch transformation and can be used for developing strategies for the immobilization of heavy metals and C in AMD-polluted environments.

Near pixel-level characterisation of microfibres in 3D-printed cementitious composites and migration mechanisms using a novel iterative method

Microfibre reinforcement is widely used for additively manufactured composites, however, it remains a challenging task to resolve the 3D distribution of microfibres in the matrix with low contrast and resolution for image analysis. To address this challenge, we propose a novel iterative destruction–filtering–repairing (DFR) image processing method, and take glass microfibre-embedded extrusion-moulded cementitious filaments (EMCFs) as an example for 3D structural analysis with X-ray computed tomography. Results show that the DFR method enables near pixel-level microfibre diagnosis with high accuracy beyond the ordinary image processing method. The glass microfibres are unevenly distributed in the EMCFs and their orientations are different between the filament body and the interfacial zone, uncovering the mechanisms of extrusion-affected material migration, collision, and redistribution. Our findings make a breakthrough in image analysis with limited resolution and contrast, providing a broad path towards better understanding the microstructure of 3D printed fibre-reinforcement composites.

Wealth-related inequalities in self-reported health status in the United States and 14 high-income countries.

To examine wealth-related inequalities in self-reported health status among older population in the United States and 14 European countries. We used secondary individual-level data from Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 2011 and 2019. In this cross-sectional study, we used two waves from HRS (wave 10 and 14) and SHARE (wave 4 and 8) to compare wealth-related health inequality across countries, age groups, and birth cohorts. We estimated Wagstaff concentration indices to measure these inequalities across three age groups (50-59, 60-69, 70-79) and two birth cohorts (1942-1947, 1948-1953) in the US and 14 European countries. We performed secondary analysis of survey data. Focusing on older population, we found evidence of wealth-related inequalities in self-reported health status across several high-income countries, with the US demonstrating higher levels of inequality than its European counterparts. The magnitude of these inequalities with respect to wealth remained unchanged over the study period across all countries. Our findings also suggest that wealth-related health inequalities differ at different stages of workforce engagement, especially in the United States. This could be explained either by potential redistributive effects of retirement or by uneven survivor effect, as less wealthy may drop out of the observations at a greater rate partly due to their poorer health. Wealth-related inequalities in self-reported health status are strong and persistent across countries. Our results suggest that there is meaningful variation across high-income countries in health-wealth dynamics that merits further investigation to better understand whether certain health or welfare systems are more equitable. They also highlight the need to consider social policy and wealth redistribution mechanisms as strategies for improving population health among the less wealthy, in the United States and elsewhere.

Progressive Collapse and Post Impact Damage Assessment in a Regular Beam-Slab Building & Flat-Slab Building on the Intermediate Floor

Progressive collapse, where a localized member failure causes widespread structural collapse, has become a critical concern nowadays, due to its potential to cause significant financial losses and loss of human life. Triggers include natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, as well as accidents, attacks and explosions. Reinforced concrete flat slab structures, which are eminent for their architectural flexibility and have larger spans, are particularly susceptible to disproportionate collapse, due to the lack of floor beams, which can redistribute loads after a column failure, unlike moment frame buildings. This research examines how multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab buildings behave, under prescribed gravity load combinations, compared to conventional framed buildings. The effects of removing columns at specified locations from an intermediate floor of the multistorey building are also examined. However, this investigation covers both the column removal approaches to check a possibility of disproportionate collapse which are; static removal and dynamic instantaneous removal. Furthermore, the research also assesses the efficacy of perimeter beams, in minimising the risk of gradual collapse in flat slab structures, by scrutinising their ability to reduce joint displacement, chord rotation, and demand capacity ratio. ETABS v18 was used to analyze all the 18 models. The findings revealed that buildings are more prone to progressive collapse when corner columns are removed, as opposed to edge and interior columns, due to higher Demand-Capacity Ratios (DCR) and joint displacement. In comparison to dynamic analysis, the static evaluation exhibited greater DCR values and vertical joint displacement. Furthermore, since they have a more efficient load redistribution mechanism, traditional framed structures performed better than flat slab models. The simulations additionally indicated that, adding edge perimeter beams, substantially lowered the possibility of progressive collapse in flat slab structures. Moreover, the tested flat slab building models, with and without perimeter beams showed no indications of progressive collapse, when specified columns were removed from the intermediate floors, since the DCR values of the crucial columns stayed within the permissible range of 2.0. In conclusion, structures built in compliance with IS 1893:2016 code and designed to withstand seismic loads demonstrate stronger resistance against significant damage, brought about by column failures.

Unveiling Key Interface Characteristics of Ni/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Solid Oxide Cell Electrodes in H2O Electroreduction Using Operando X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composites are the most commonly used fuel electrodes for solid oxide cells. While microstructural changes of Ni/YSZ during operational conditions have been thoroughly investigated, there is limited knowledge regarding Ni/YSZ surface chemistry under working conditions. In this study, we examine the interaction between Ni/YSZ electrodes and water vapor under open circuit and polarization conditions, utilizing near ambient pressure soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Miniature cells with conventional porous Ni/YSZ composite cermet cathodes were modified to facilitate the direct spectroscopic observation of the functional electrode's areas close to the interface with the YSZ electrolyte. The results highlight dynamic changes in the oxidation state and composition of Ni/YSZ under H2 and H2O atmospheres. We also quantify the accumulation of impurities on the electrode surface. Through adjustments in the pretreatment of the cell, the correlation between the nickel surface oxidation state and the cell's electrochemical performance during H2O electroreduction is established. It is unequivocally shown that nickel surface oxidation in H2O electrolysis favors NiO over Ni(OH)x, providing critical insights into the mechanism of Ni-phase redistribution within the electrode during long-term operation. Depth-dependent photoemission measurements, combined with theoretical quantitative simulations, reveal that NiO and Ni phases are uniformly mixed on the surface during H2O electrolysis. This differs from the conventional expectation of a NiO-shell/Ni-core configuration in gas phase oxidation. These findings provide crucial insights into the surface chemistry of Ni/YSZ electrodes under conditions relevant to H2O electrolysis, elucidating their impact on the electrochemical performance of the cell.

Correction Redistribution Mechanism Based on Forward-Reverse Solutions and Real-Time Path Dynamic Adaptive Re-Planning for Multi-AUVs Collaborative Search

Correction Redistribution Mechanism Based on Forward-Reverse Solutions and Real-Time Path Dynamic Adaptive Re-Planning for Multi-AUVs Collaborative Search