Defense Mechanisms Research Articles

Quantifying bacterial efflux within subcellular domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Molecular efflux is a mechanism through which bacteria actively expel undesirable substances. This is a crucial line of defense against toxic chemicals in harsh environments. Understanding how efflux works is critical for designing antimicrobial strategies. Though much is already known about efflux proteins, important details about the mechanisms of efflux (e.g., importance of specific subcellular domains and ejection rates) have yet to be experimentally quantified. Herein, we use the nonlinear optical technique, second harmonic light scattering, to simultaneously measure the efflux rates from the periplasm and cytosol of a Gram-negative bacterium. The influence of efflux on the uptake kinetics of a mild antimicrobial, malachite green (MG), by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was quantified. It is observed that efflux primarily occurs from the periplasm and is two orders of magnitude faster than from the cytosol. Efflux pumps activate to maintain MG concentrations in the periplasm below 1 µM, while efflux from the cytosol maintains MG concentration below 0.1 µM. Efflux pumps are shown to saturate when exogenous MG concentrations are greater than 25 µM, while the cytosol efflux function saturates at >15 µM. Finally, efflux pumps can simultaneously eject different compounds, as proven by experiments with both MG and hexane, a known effluxable compound.IMPORTANCEMolecular efflux pumps are a crucial defense mechanism that protects bacteria from an otherwise unchecked influx of toxic molecules present in the extracellular environment. The efflux functions constitute a significant hindrance to antimicrobial efficacy. While much is now known regarding the structure of these channels, knowledge of the influence of efflux in individual subcellular domains and the associated ejection rates is still lacking. Using the nonlinear optical technique, second-harmonic light scattering, we have measured the threshold concentrations for pump activation, saturation concentrations, and efflux rates from both the periplasm and cytosol in living Gram-negative bacteria. The quantified efflux data in the different subcellular compartments not only provide a clear mechanistic understanding but also are critical for developing antimicrobial strategies.

Analysis of Big Data Network Security Defense Mechanism Application of Artificial Intelligence

In the context of the close integration of computer network technology and daily life, big data network security faces many challenges. With its powerful information processing ability, this AI can effectively identify and handle potential threats in the network, thereby improving network security. This paper discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing big data network security defense, especially in the threat detection link. This paper proposes a detection algorithm that combines support vector machine (SVM) and K nearest neighbor (KNN), namely SVM-KNN algorithm, for network attack detection and defense. When the hazard data is 60 under the test sample, the detection accuracy of KNN, SVM, and SVM-KNN is 86.88%, 89.51%, and 96.75% respectively; when the hazard data is 60 under the experimental sample, the detection accuracy of KNN, SVM, and SVM-KNN is 82.70%, 83.88%, and 89.26% respectively.response.

Multi-component resistance responses of melon to zucchini yellow mosaic virus.

A major resistance gene of the melon accession PI414723 to zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is located at the Zym-1 locus on chromosome 2, but the underlying defense mechanisms are poorly understood. The physiological responses and expression of selected genes at Zym-1 were assessed in PI414723 and in the susceptible genotype Védrantais. Viral titers and the expression of genes related to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) were evaluated in inoculated (Inoc) and non-inoculated (Non-Inoc) portions of the cotyledons at 3, 7 and 10 days after inoculation (dai) and in apical leaves at 10 dai. ZYMV was detected in both portions of the cotyledons but not in the apical leaves of PI414723 plants. Also, ZYMV was recovered in a susceptible zucchini only from Inoc portions at 3 dai. By contrast, in Védrantais ZYMV was detected and recovered from all tissues at high concentrations. Starchy local lesions and accumulation of transcripts of the SAR marker genes PR1 and PR4 were also detected in the resistant genotype. Plus, transcripts of one candidate resistance gene analog previously located at Zym-1 and of two melon homologs of restricted tobacco etch virus movement 2 (RTM2) genes located close to Zym-1, accumulated only in PI414723. It is proposed that resistance results from the combined action of the R gene, involved in restricting ZYMV replication after a supposed recognition event and of the RTM genes which impact viral systemic movement to distal apical tissues.

Brassinosteroids Alleviate Salt Stress by Enhancing Sugar and Glycine Betaine in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that negatively impacts the growth, performance, and secondary metabolite production in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress, yet their potential in mitigating salt stress in pepper plants, particularly by promoting sugar and glycine betaine accumulation, remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of the foliar application of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt-stressed pepper seedlings. Our findings revealed that EBR treatment significantly increased the levels of proline, sugar, and glycine betaine under salt stress compared to untreated controls. Moreover, EBR enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanisms in pepper seedlings by increasing sugar and glycine betaine levels, which contributed to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation.

The Identification of Proteomic Signatures Associated with Alkaline Tolerance in the Skin Mucus of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

The skin is covered by a protective mucus layer, which is essential to the innate defense mechanism of fish. Investigating the response of skin mucus to various toxic stresses is crucial for enhancing its ability to tackle environmental challenges and developing strategies to mitigate toxic effects. Alkalinity stress assays (50 mmol/L NaHCO3) were conducted on crucian carp (Carassius auratus) from Lake Dali Nur (pH = 9.6) and Ping Xiang red crucian carp from freshwater (pH = 7) over 7 days. The expression of skin mucous proteins was analyzed using the liquid chromatography (LC)-spectrometry (MS)/MS Analysis-Data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode. A total of 12,537 proteins were identified across 20 samples from four groups, with 12,025 quantified. In the alkaline water population, high alkali stress resulted in the up-regulation of 139 proteins and the down-regulation of 500 proteins. In contrast, the freshwater population showed an increase in 112 proteins and a decrease in 120; both populations had a total of 23 genes up-regulated and 21 down-regulated. The protein regulatory network for the alkaline water group included 3146 pairwise interactions among 464 nodes, with only 20 being differentially expressed proteins. Conversely, the freshwater group’s network comprised just 1027 specific interactions across 337 nodes, with 6 corresponding to differentially expressed proteins. A common protein regulatory network responding to high alkali stress was extracted and visualized for both populations. Based on their regulatory relationships and expression levels, these proteins are hypothesized to play similar roles under high alkali stress. Notably, the alpha-globin fragment and keratin type I cytoskeletal 13-like proteins showed markedly up-regulated expression, with the alpha-globin fragment increasing nearly a thousandfold from an extremely low level. This suggests it could serve as a potential biomarker for alkali tolerance, warranting further investigation.

Complement Evasion Protects FCoV from Virus Clearance Within Prototypic FIP Lesions

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Despite severe inflammatory changes, defense mechanisms fail to achieve virus clearance. Some studies focused on various immune evasion mechanisms, but none of these studies elucidated the inefficacy of the complement system, which is one major player in FIP-associated immune pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of complement-regulating factors (CRFs). CRFs help modulate the immune response and prevent host tissue damage. Archived tissue samples from 31 deceased, FIP-affected cats were evaluated using multiplex immunohistochemistry for the spatial expression of the complement-regulating factors CD46 and CD59 in association with FIP lesions and their colocalization with complement-activating factor C1q and membrane attack complex C9 in relation to the presence and proximity of FCoV-infected cells. The FIP lesions of all 31 cats exhibited marked expression of both complement-regulating factors in proximity to FCoV-infected macrophages. Moreover, their expression in all 31 animals was significantly lower than the expression of the complement-activating factors C1q and C9 compared to areas farther distal to FCoV-infected cells. In conclusion, FCoV-infected macrophages in cats with FIP appear to use autocrine and paracrine expression of complement-regulating factors in their immediate environment to shield themselves from destruction by the complement system.

Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis enhances immune response and contributes to the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis.

The potential of surfactin as a microbial surfactant extends beyond its surfactant properties, impacting immune regulation and gut health. As the need for alternatives to traditional antibiotics continues to grow, surfactin's ability to enhance host defense mechanisms against common pathogens without directly targeting them with antibiotics offers a strategic advantage. Understanding how surfactin shapes the immune landscape and the gut microbiome can inform innovative interventions against immunosuppression and intestinal impairment, particularly in contexts such as cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity.

A Review on Plant-microbe Interactions and its Defence Mechanism

Plant-microbe interactions are fundamental to plant health, growth, and defense, influencing agricultural productivity and ecosystem dynamics. These interactions range from symbiotic relationships, such as those with mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, to pathogenic encounters that trigger complex plant immune responses. Beneficial microbes, including rhizobacteria, mycorrhizae, and endophytes, play a crucial role in enhancing plant defenses through mechanisms like induced systemic resistance (ISR) and production of antimicrobial compounds. Advances in our understanding of these interactions have enabled the development of innovative strategies for crop protection, such as the use of biocontrol agents and microbial inoculants. Additionally, plant breeding and genetic engineering have been employed to introduce resistance genes and modify plant immune responses, resulting in disease-resistant varieties. However, harnessing plant-microbe interactions for sustainable agriculture faces challenges due to the complexity of these interactions in natural environments and the influence of abiotic factors. Limitations in research methodologies, such as difficulties in isolating and studying unculturable microbes, further complicate the translation of findings into practical applications. To overcome these barriers, future research should focus on integrating multi-omics approaches, employing synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), and leveraging CRISPR/Cas technologies for precise manipulation of plant and microbial genes. Microbiome engineering holds promise for promoting beneficial microbial communities, improving plant resilience, and reducing chemical inputs in agriculture. Addressing these challenges will be critical for realizing the full potential of plant-microbe interactions, ultimately contributing to sustainable crop production, improved food security, and ecosystem health. This review highlights current advances, applications, and future directions in the study of plant-microbe interactions, emphasizing their significance for modern agriculture.

Loss of myosin light chain kinase induces the cellular senescence associated secretory phenotype to promote breast epithelial cell migration

Overexpression or activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor-suppressor genes can induce cellular senescence as a defense mechanism against tumor development, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, cancer cells can circumvent this senescent state and continue to spread. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is downregulated in many breast cancers. Here we report that downregulation of MLCK in normal breast epithelial cells induces a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and stimulates migration. The reduction of MLCK results in increased p21Cip1 expression, dependent on p53 and the AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Subsequently, p21Cip1 promotes the secretion of soluble ICAM-1, IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8, thereby enhancing collective cell migration in a non-cell-autonomous manner. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of MLCK in cellular senescence and cancer progression.

Molecular Mechanisms of Methylglyoxal in Diabetes-related Macrovascular Complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine and metabolic disease indicated by the presence of hyperglycemia. It has been known that hyperglycemia and oxidative stress are the main culprit of all DM complications, including macrovascular complications. As a byproduct of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, methylglyoxal (MGO) is a highly reactive substance which plays a positive signaling role in helping cells regain redox balance under oxidative stress circumstances. DM-related problems lead to an excess of mitochondrial superoxide in the heart and big and small vascular endothelial cells. Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species induce impaired angiogenesis in reaction to ischemia, trigger several proinflammatory pathways, and result in enduring epigenetic modifications that propel the continuous expression of proinflammatory genes even after glucose levels return to normal. Over time, the significance of the extremely quick advanced glycation end-products (AGE) production caused by the extremely reactive MGO has been clarified. It is now evident that MGO causes vascular tissue to react maladaptively. Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is the primary enzyme in an organism's enzymatic glyoxalase defense mechanism, which converts MGO to D-lactate in order to counteract the harmful effects of MGO. Understanding the role of the MGO–GLO1 pathway in the etiology of vascular disease in diabetes has advanced significantly. Therefore, it can be summarized that vascular damage are linked to diabetes. The AGE precursor MGO are important in determining the connection between diabetes and vascular damage. MGO and AGEs play a role in several phases of the development of diabetes complications. MGO and AGEs may be useful therapeutic targets for diabetes's macrovascular problems.KEYWORDS: hyperglycemia, AGE, methylglyoxal, glyoxalase, D-lactate, gluthatione, oxidative stress.

Stress reduction with co-culture of Miscanthus x giganteus and Pelargonium x hortorum in a pb contaminated soil to improve biomass production.

The industrial past of most regions in Lorraine and the intensification of activities on soils has increased the number of polluted sites. To rehabilitate these areas, several methods can be employed. In this study, co-culture of Miscanthus x giganteus and Pelargonium x hortorum was used to clean up a soil mainly contaminated by metallic elements including lead. The use of ornamental plants has been little studied, even if these species can be used to rehabilitate a site while improving its esthetics. At the end of the experiment, Pb concentrations were measured in the soil and plants. Furthermore, phytohormones were also measured to evaluate the defense mechanisms of the plants in front of pollutants. The results showed a reduction in Pb concentrations following the phytoremediation process implemented and that PxH was able to extract Pb from the soil. Results showed that co-culture was not beneficial to the development of MxG. Concerning the molecules synthesized by the plants under stress conditions, only salicin was found in MxG roots and aerial parts in particular for plants grown in individual culture. According to the results obtained, it seems that MxG is able to make compromises between the synthesis of protective molecules and its development.

SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host CD55, CD59 and factor H to impair antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis.

The complement system is a vital anti-microbial defence mechanism against circulating pathogens. Excessive complement activation can have deleterious outcomes for the host and is consequently tightly modulated by a set of membrane-associated and fluid-phase regulators of complement activation (RCAs). Here, we demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijacks host cellular RCA members CD55 and CD59 and serum-derived Factor H (FH) to resist antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis triggered by immunized human sera. Blockage of the biological functions of virion-associated CD55 and CD59 and competition of FH recruitment with functionally inactive recombinant FH-derived short consensus repeats SCR18-20 restore SARS-CoV-2 complement sensitivity in a synergistic manner. Moreover, complement-mediated virolysis is dependent on classical pathway activation and does not occur in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. Altogether, our findings present an intriguing immune escape mechanism that provides novel insights into the immunopathology observed in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Resistant and Susceptible Grapevine Genotypes in Response to White Rot

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a globally significant economic crop. However, its widely cultivated varieties are highly susceptible to white rot disease. To elucidate the mechanisms of resistance in grapevine against this disease, we utilized time-ordered gene co-expression network (TO-GCN) analysis to investigate the molecular responses in the grapevine varieties ‘Guifeimeigui’ (GF) and ‘Red Globe’ (RG). An assessment of their resistance demonstrated that GF is highly resistant to white rot, whereas RG is highly susceptible. We conducted transcriptome sequencing and a TO-GCN analysis on leaf samples from GF and RG at seven time points post-infection. Although a significant portion of the differentially expressed genes related to disease resistance were shared between GF and RG, the GF variety rapidly activated its defense mechanisms through the regulation of transcription factors during the early stages of infection. Notably, the gene VvLOX3, which is a key enzyme in the jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, was significantly upregulated in GF. Its upstream regulator, Vitvi08g01752, encoding a HD-ZIP family transcription factor, was identified through TO-GCN and yeast one-hybrid analyses. This study provides new molecular insights into the mechanisms of grapevine disease resistance and offers a foundation for breeding strategies aimed at enhancing resistance.

Therapeutic potential of 4-phenylbutyric acid against methylmercury-induced neuronal cell death in mice.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxin that induces damage to the central nervous system and is the causative agent in Minamata disease. The mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity remain largely unknown, and there is a need for effective therapeutic agents, such as those that target MeHg-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated as a defense mechanism. We investigated whether intraperitoneal administration of the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), at 120mg/kg/day can alleviate neurotoxicity in the brains of mice administered 50ppm MeHg in drinking water for 5weeks. 4-PBA significantly reduced MeHg-induced ER stress, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological symptoms. Furthermore, 4-PBA was effective even when administered 2weeks after the initiation of exposure to 30ppm MeHg in drinking water. Our results strongly indicate that ER stress and the UPR are key processes involved in MeHg toxicity, and that 4-PBA is a novel therapeutic candidate for MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.

The arginine/ornithine binding protein ArgT plays an essential role in Brucella neotomae/Brucella melitensis to prevent intracellular killing and contribute to chronic persistence in the host

ABSTRACT Brucella species are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause the contagious zoonotic disease, brucellosis. Brucella spp. infect a wide range of animals, including livestock, wild animals, and marine mammals. Compared with other invasive bacterial pathogens, partial information is available on the virulence factors of Brucella that enable them to survive in the host. Here, we performed transposon-based random mutagenesis of B. neotomae and identified the arginine/ornithine binding protein, ArgT, as one of the crucial virulence determinants of Brucella. Deleting ArgT from B. neotomae or B. melitensis resulted in its attenuation in macrophages, which was restored upon complementation with an ArgT expression plasmid. We observed that macrophages infected with ΔArgT-B. neotomae produced elevated levels of NO due to the inability of these mutants to deplete the host intracellular arginine through their importer. Furthermore, defective survival of ΔArgT B. neotomae and B. melitensis was observed in the infected mice, which correlated with enhanced NO production in the mice. Our studies revealed that ArgT plays a vital role in preventing intracellular killing and contributes to the chronic persistence of B. neotomae/B. melitensis in the host. This study highlights the essential role of arginine in clearing intracellular infections and the subversion of this host defence mechanism by intracellular pathogens for their chronic persistence.

Towards Greater Freedom of Expression for Judges. The Rejection of a Culture of Judicial Silence and Its Benefits for Liberal Democracy*

The current study asserts that the rejection of a culture of judicial silence is beneficial to the architecture of liberal democracy, as judicial expression outside a courtroom assists in maintaining a balance between its components. On the one hand, this can create defence mechanisms against the alienation of the law from society (which appropriately appreciates the democratic component), while on the other, it aids in the actualization of the constitutionally determined role of the judiciary within the political system (safeguarding the liberal element). The discussion, which is essentially based on an analysis of international soft law, commences by examining two areas pertaining to judicial expression outside a courtroom: public discussion on the law and generally understood social life involvement. Subsequently, the limits of judges’ expression during such activities are analysed, and three proposals for their definition are put forward. As a next step, the paper highlights the diversity of judges as relevant to the problem at hand. The work concludes by outlining its findings, which also include the potential risks associated with the proposed project.

Extracellular DNA as a Strategy to Manage Vascular Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Based on Its Action as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) or Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)

Vascular wilt is an important tomato disease that affects culture yields worldwide, with Fusarium oxysporum (F.o) being the causal agent of this infection. Several management strategies have lost effectiveness due to the ability of this pathogen to persist in soil and its progress in vascular tissues. However, nowadays, research has focused on understanding the plant defense mechanisms to cope with plant diseases. One recent and promising approach is the use of extracellular DNA (eDNA) based on the ability of plants to detect their self-eDNA as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogens’ (non-self) eDNA as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the eDNA of F.o (as a DAMP for the fungus and a PAMP for tomato plants) applied on soil, and of tomato’s eDNA (as a DAMP of tomato plants) sprayed onto tomato plants, to cope with the disease. Our results suggested that applications of the eDNA of F.o (500 ng/µL) as a DAMP for this pathogen in soil offered an alternative for the management of the disease, displaying significantly lower disease severity levels in tomato, increasing the content of some phenylpropanoids, and positively regulating the expression of some defense genes. Thus, the eDNA of F.o applied in soil was shown to be an interesting strategy to be further evaluated as a new element within the integrated management of vascular wilt in tomato.

Müqavilənin standart şərtləri

The article examines the institution of "standard terms of contract", which is an important parameter of today's civil law sphere. The place of the concept in question in the modern legal system is discussed. In relation to this issue, the legislator's position, court practice and approaches available in the doctrine are analyzed. Important nuances such as the understanding of the standard terms of the contract, their place in the legal system of the Republic of Azerbaijan, their elements, verification, reliability, and defense mechanisms formed by the legislator against abuses that may arise from it are touched upon. In particular, the imperative requirements regulating this institution are considered in the legislation. It is clarified whether this type of condition is necessary and desirable from the perspective of civil law. Key words: contract, standard, condition, element, validity, check, mechanism, court, legislator, imperative, interpretation, content

Unveiling genetic anchors in saccharomyces cerevisiae: QTL mapping identifies IRA2 as a key player in ethanol tolerance and beyond.

Ethanol stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-studied phenomenon, but pinpointing specific genes or polymorphisms governing ethanol tolerance remains a subject of ongoing debate. Naturally found in sugar-rich environments, this yeast has evolved to withstand high ethanol concentrations, primarily produced during fermentation in the presence of suitable oxygen or sugar levels. Originally a defense mechanism against competing microorganisms, yeast-produced ethanol is now a cornerstone of brewing and bioethanol industries, where customized yeasts require high ethanol resistance for economic viability. However, yeast strains exhibit varying degrees of ethanol tolerance, ranging from 8 to 20%, making the genetic architecture of this trait complex and challenging to decipher. In this study, we introduce a novel QTL mapping pipeline to investigate the genetic markers underlying ethanol tolerance in an industrial bioethanol S. cerevisiae strain. By calculating missense mutation frequency in an allele located in a prominent QTL region within a population of 1011 S. cerevisiae strains, we uncovered rare occurrences in gene IRA2. Following molecular validation, we confirmed the significant contribution of this gene to ethanol tolerance, particularly in concentrations exceeding 12% of ethanol. IRA2 pivotal role in stress tolerance due to its participation in the Ras-cAMP pathway was further supported by its involvement in other tolerance responses, including thermotolerance, low pH tolerance, and resistance to acetic acid. Understanding the genetic basis of ethanol stress in S. cerevisiae holds promise for developing robust yeast strains tailored for industrial applications.

Molecular insights into Solanum sisymbriifolium’s resistance against Globodera pallida via RNA-seq

BackgroundThe presence of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) causes a significant risk to potato crops globally, leading to reduced yields and economic losses. While the plant Solanum sisymbriifolium is known for its resistance to PCN and can be used as a trap crop, the molecular mechanisms behind this resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, genes differentially expressed were identified in control and infected plants during the early stages of the S. sisymbriifolium - G. pallida interaction.ResultsGene expression profiles were characterized for two S. sisymbriifolium cultivars, Melody and Sis6001, uninfected and infected by G. pallida. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 4,087 and 2,043 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to nematode infection in the cultivars Melody and Sis6001, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis provided insights into the response of the plant to nematode infection, indicating an activation of the plant metabolism, oxidative stress leading to defence mechanism activation, and modification of the plant cell wall. Genes associated with the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were also found to be differentially expressed, suggesting their involvement in the plant’s defence response. In addition, the analysis of NBS-LRR domain-containing transcripts that play an important role in hypersensitive response and programmed cell death led to the identification of ten transcripts that had no annotations from the databases, with emphasis on TRINITY_DN52667_C1_G1, found to be upregulated in both cultivars.ConclusionsThese findings represent an important step towards understanding the molecular basis underlying plant resistance to nematodes and facilitating the development of more effective control strategies against PCN.