Classification Of Mechanisms Research Articles

Mechanism of action-based classification of antibiotics using high-content bacterial image analysis.

Image-based screening has become a mature field over the past decade, largely due to the detailed information that can be obtained about compound mode of action by considering the phenotypic effects of test compounds on cellular morphology. However, very few examples exist of extensions of this approach to bacterial targets. We now report the first high-throughput, high-content platform for the prediction of antibiotic modes of action using image-based screening. This approach employs a unique feature segmentation and extraction protocol to quantify key size and shape metrics of bacterial cells over a range of compound concentrations, and matches the trajectories of these metrics to those of training set compounds of known molecular target to predict the test compound's mode of action. This approach has been used to successfully predict the modes of action of a panel of known antibiotics, and has been extended to the evaluation of natural products libraries for the de novo prediction of compound function directly from primary screening data.

Radial head fractures – update on classification and management

Abstract Radial head fractures require careful assessment and appropriate treatment to prevent disability from stiffness, deformity, post-traumatic arthritis, or other serious complications. Most undisplaced fractures are treated non-surgically, the main emphasis being focussed on early mobilization in order to achieve good results. The treatment of more complex radial head fractures associated with, or without, elbow instability remains controversial with the surgical choices ranging between open reduction and internal fixation and radial head excision – either early or late, with the option of radial head replacement to be considered. Simple, early excision of the radial head has more recently been reported to result in an unfavourable outcome in a significant number of cases. The Mason classification is widely used and guides the treatment plan. Understanding the mechanisms of normal elbow function and practising good surgical technique are crucial in the management of these injuries. This article discusses the aetiology, mechanism of injury, classification and management of radial head fractures.

Adult traumatic femoral shaft fractures: A review of the literature

Background: Fractures of the shaft of the femur are common. Injuries leading to femoral shaft fractures are equally common. The femur presents itself to these injuries more than any other bone in the body.Methods: A review of the literature on epidemiological data, mechanism of injury, fracture classification and methods of treatment for adult traumatic femoral shaft fractures was done based on journal articles and on information from standard text books.Results: The epidemiology, injury classifications and various treatment options are presented. The biology of fracture healing following various options of treatment is also presented. Femoral shaft fractures constitute over 50% of all femoral fractures and most of them occur in the middle third of the femur. The mean age of adults involved is about 35 years. More males than females are affected in a ratio that ranges from 1.5:1 to 2.5:1.The majority of femoral shaft fractures are caused by road traffic injuries. Operative fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of adult femoral shaft fractures. The adult femoral shaft fracture may take 12-24 weeks to unite.Conclusion: Most adult femoral shaft fractures are traumatic in origin. Operative reduction and fixation is practiced in most centres around the world, but few indications for non operative treatment are recognized.

Traumatische Wachstumsfugenlösungen der distalen Tibia

Traumatic physeal separations (SH I/II) of the lower extremities are rare. Complications are reported in 2.2–39.6%. The current study is intended to provide recent data concerning epidemiology and treatment decisions in physeal separation of the distal tibia. All patients who suffered a physeal separation of the distal tibia in a 36-month period were included in a multicenter study. Age, gender, mechanism of injury, classification, therapeutic decision, and early complications were recorded online. There were 150 cases (64.6% male, 35.4% female, average age 11.8 years). The most frequent mechanism of injury was sportive activity (42%); 76% of cases needed reduction. Antecurvation was tolerated up to 10° (p=0.0021) and valgus up to 7° (p=0.0155). Tolerance ranges up to 5° of retrocurvation and varus were not statistically significant. The investigation confirmed epidemiological data of former studies. For the first time data concerning the treatment reality of physeal separations of the distal tibia were recorded. They consistently follow the recommendations of the appropriate literature.

Image self-embedding with high-quality restoration capability

In this paper, we present a new fragile watermarking method aimed at providing improved restoration capability. A mechanism of block classification is used to compress the original image according to the DCT coefficients, in which blocks corresponding to different types are encoded to variable lengths. The compressed bits are expanded as reference bits, and then embedded into the entire image along with some authentication bits generated from each block. On the receiving side, the authentication bits are extracted to localize the tampered areas, and the reference bits are used to reconstruct a reference image for restoring the contents of the tampered regions. Results show that the proposed method provides a better restoration quality.

Lateral Tibial Plateau Fracture Depression as a Predictor of Lateral Meniscus Pathology

The goal of this study was to determine if the degree of lateral tibial plateau fracture depression on computed tomography (CT) images predicted the presence of lateral meniscus tears. The study group comprised 85 patients who sustained a lateral tibial plateau fracture and underwent open reduction and internal fixation by the same surgeon. Degree of plateau depression was measured in millimeters by CT. Operative reports were retrospectively reviewed to determine if the lateral meniscus tear was intact or torn at the time of surgery. Twenty-eight patients had a lateral meniscus tear noted at the time of surgery. No significant differences existed in gender, mechanism or energy level of injury, Schatzker classification, or type of fracture among patients with a lateral meniscal tear as compared to those without a tear. Patients with > or =10 mm of plateau depression had an eight-fold increase in risk of having a lateral meniscus tear compared to those with <10 mm of depression. Patients younger than 48 years had a four-fold increase in risk of having a lateral meniscus tear than older patients.This study demonstrated an association between the amount of tibial plateau depression and the likelihood of a lateral meniscus tear. These findings may be used to predict those who have sustained a tear of the lateral meniscus and to advise the surgeon to prepare for a repair. Further prospective studies using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to evaluate the extent of soft tissue injuries in plateau fractures is needed.

Random Lasers: Characteristics, Applications and Some Research Results

s: The random laser differs from other types of laser in that its cavity is formed not by mirrors but by multiple scattering in a disordered gain medium. Over the course of ten years, random lasers have been attentive by many researchers in the world because their characteristics can lead to unique applications. This report presents the mechanism of random laser operation, classification, characteristics and prediction of different applications. Some research results of authors about random laser have also been noted in report.

Bisphosphonate‐related jaw necrosis: A team approach management and prevention

Osteonecrosis means the process of bone death. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are becoming recognized increasingly as having a significant impact on dental treatments. BPs are the most widely used class of anti-resorptive drugs. They prevent bone resorption through osteoclast inhibition and are considered the standard of care for the management of metastatic bone disease. BPs are used for the treatment of skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions arising from solid tumours and Paget's disease, breast cancer or prostate cancer. Jaw necrosis appears to be associated with the intravenous (i.v.) use of BPs. The aim of this review paper is to update the understanding of healthcare professionals to the osteonecrosis of jaws, mechanism of action and classification of BPs, management of the patients with BP-related osteonecrosis (BRON) of the jaws. An interdisciplinary approach has been emphasized to prevent and manage the condition. Finally, the role of dental practitioners including dental hygienists has been discussed to early diagnose the BRON and improve the quality of life of patients with the condition.

A hybrid agent-based classification mechanism to detect denial of service attacks

This paper presents the core component of a solution based on agent technology specifically adapted for the classification of SOAP messages. The messages can carry out attacks that target the applications providing Web Services. One of the most common attacks requiring novel solutions is the denial of service attack (DoS), caused for the modifications introduced in the XML of the SOAP messages. The specifications of existing security standards do not focus on this type of attack. This article presents an advanced mechanism of classification designed in two phases incorporated within a CBR-BDI Agent type. This mechanism classifies the incoming SOAP message and blocks the malicious SOAP messages. Its main feature involves the use of decision trees, fuzzy logic rules and neural networks for filtering attacks. These techniques provide a mechanism of classification with the self-adaption ability to the changes that occur in the patterns of attack. A prototype was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study.

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for grade III open segmental tibial fractures from combat injuries in Iraq

This is a retrospective consecutive case series of 138 Gustillo-Anderson type IIIB and IIIC segmental tibial fractures treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in soldiers injured in Iraq between March 2003 and March 2005. Five patients with a head injury and four who were lost to follow-up were excluded. The patients were treated definitively with either a ringed external fixator or a reamed intramedullary nail, evaluated in terms of supplementary bone grafting with either autogenous bone (group 1, 67 patients) or recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at 1.50 mg/ml applied to an absorbable collagen sponge (group 2, 62 patients). The mechanism of injury, defect size and classification, associated injuries, presence of infection, preliminary treatment/fixation, number of procedures before definitive management, time to and details of definitive management, subsequent infection, re-operation, smoking history and other complications were noted. Radiographs were assessed for union, delayed union or nonunion by an independent investigator. All the patients were male. Their mean age was 26.6 years (20 to 42) and the mean follow-up was for 15.6 months (12 to 32). Group 2 had a slightly higher profile of concomitant injuries and a slightly worse fracture classification, but these were not significant. The rate of union was 76% (51 of 67) for group 1 and 92% for group 2 (57 of 62; p = 0.015). There was also a higher rate of subsequent infection in group 1 (14.9%) compared with group 2 (3.2%; p = 0.001) and a higher rate of re-operation (28%) in group 1 (p = 0.003). There were no observed hypersensitivity reactions to the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 implant.

Structural Ambiguities in the Light Verb Constructions: Lexical Relatedness and Divergence

One of the most widely used constructions in Korean is the so-called light verb construction (LVC) involving an active-denoting verbal noun (VN) together with the light verb ha-ta ‘do’. This paper first discusses the argument composition of the LVC, mixed properties of VNs both of which have provided a challenge to syntactic analyses with a strict version of X-bar theory. The paper shows the mechanism of multiple classification of category types with systematic inheritance can provide an eective way of capturing these mixed properties. In particular, it assumes that VNs have both [N +] and [V +] features to reflect their dual properties. The paper also addresses the issue of relatedness and divergence between the VNs with an accusative argument and those without it. An implementation of the analysis within the LKB (Linguistics Knowledge Building) system also proves its feasibility and eciency.

Lisfranc joint injuries

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc's) joint can be difficult injuries to diagnose. Some authors report that up to 20% of injuries are wrongly diagnosed. There remains controversy as to adequacy of closed reduction and fixation compared to open reduction with anatomical reduction and fixation. This article considers the anatomy, mechanism of injury, clinical diagnosis, radiological evaluation, classification, treatment and outcome of this injury pattern.

Principles of cancer treatment by chemotherapy

This contribution focuses on the indications for chemotherapy, mechanism of action and classification of chemotherapy, chemotherapy resistance, combination versus single-agent chemotherapy, administration of chemotherapy, clinical assessment before chemotherapy, chemotherapy toxicity, and chemotherapy in breast and colorectal cancer.

A Feasibility Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Computational Biology: A Malaysian Perspective

The term computational biology refers to the knowl edge derived from a computer analysis of biological data that includes identification of gen es in DNA sequence of different organisms, predicti on of structural and functional mechanism of proteins, feature extraction and classification of genomics and proteomics. Computational biology is a rapidly developing branch of science and is highly interdisciplinary, using techniques and Concepts fr om informatics, mathematics, chemistry, physics, statistics and biochemistry. This field has risen i n parallel with the developments of automated high throughput methods of biochemistry and biological d iscovery that yield a variety of forms of experimental data, such as DNA& RNA sequences, gene expressions patterns and chemical structures. The field's rapid growth is spurred by the vast pot ential for new understanding that can lead to new technological treatments, new agro-crops cultivatio n and new pharmaceutical drug discovery. In the recent years, most Bioengineering disciplines are s tarted adopting the information technology oriented curriculum due to its high performance computing, d ata interoperability, web-based platform compatibility and secured a suitable job opportunit y. This study discusses the challenges to set up an interdisciplinary oriented curriculum by merging li fe sciences and information technology at a university level. It also provides the career oppor tunities for different life science disciplines lik e drug development, microbial genome applications, biotechnology, forensic and analysis of microbes.

Cervical spine trauma

Cervical spine injuries are a persistant problem in trauma, from detection to initial management and then definitive treatment. This is compounded by the unique anatomy of the upper cervical spine which thus responds in a different way to trauma. This article examines the anatomy, initial management, including how to clear the spine, and then discusses each level of the spine with regards to mechanism of injury, classification and treatment.

Thoracic and lumbar spine fractures

The management of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures is a controversial topic. This article seeks to examine the anatomy, mechanism of injury, classification, initial assessment and treatment and the definitive management, both conserva tive and operative of these injuries, and to try and explain the pros and cons of each.

Mechanism of Formation and Physical Classification of the Grown-In Microdefects in Semiconductor Silicon

Mechanism of Formation and Physical Classification of the Grown-In Microdefects in Semiconductor Silicon

Fluoroquinolones: mechanism of action, classification, and development of resistance

The fluoroquinolones represent an evolving class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of ocular infections; however, resistance to currently available agents in the class has been emerging among ocular pathogens. This article reviews the mechanism of action of existing and new fluoroquinolones and discusses the structure–activity relationship of the fluoroquinolones as it relates to the classification of these compounds. This article also highlights the mechanism of resistance among common ocular pathogens and discusses the potential need for newer fluoroquinolones in ophthalmology.

Phenol mechanism of toxic action classification and prediction: a decision tree approach

In this study, the use of decision tree in classifying and predicting the aquatic toxicity mechanisms of phenols was investigated. Four mechanisms including polar narcosis, respiratory uncoupling, pro-electrophilicity, and soft electrophilicity were involved. Using molecular descriptors as splitting variables, a three level decision tree with six terminal nodes was obtained. The tree model first separated polar narcosis/pro-electrophilicity from respiratory uncoupling/soft electrophilicity by E lumo in the first level of the tree. In subsequent levels of the tree, polar narcosis was separated from pro-electrophilicity by N hdon and E homo, and respiratory uncoupling was separated from soft electrophilicity by E lumo and log K ow . Validation of the decision tree approach indicated that the overall mechanism prediction accuracy was approximately 85%. The decision tree model had the advantage of easy interpretation.

Open tibial fractures in children under 13 years of age—10 years experience

Objective: To evaluate the results of treatment in children with open tibial fractures. Design: Retrospective review. Subjects: Eighty three children under 13 years of age treated for an open tibial fracture between 1989 and 1999. Main outcome measures: Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, fracture classification, treatment method, clinical outcome and complications. Results: Eighty one percent of children had an open tibial fracture as their only injury. According to the level of contamination, soft tissue injury and size of wound 46% were Gustilo grade I injuries, 30% grade II, and 22% (18) grade III (6 IIIa, 5 IIIb, 3 IIIc and 4 not otherwise specified). Sixteen fractures (19%) were treated using an external fixator and 65 (78%) using a cast. The average time to union was 15.5 weeks (range 9–31 weeks) for those treated with a frame and 10.4 weeks (range 5–40 weeks) for those treated with a cast. No deep infections, one delayed union and one non-union were recorded. Conclusions: Ninety four percent of these injuries were a result of a motor vehicle accident and involved a significant trauma-related energy transfer. Despite this the associated morbidity was low lending support to the literature, which suggests that open fractures of the tibia in younger children heal more predictably and with less complications than those occurring in adolescents or adults.