Adjustment Mechanism Research Articles

Big data and intellectual property rights

Input data is considered an essential element in the development of AI. Big data is crucial for an AI system to operate smoothly and efficiently. Big data plays a vital role for business entities due to its informational advantages. Therefore, the protection of Big Data is a legal issue that needs to be ensured. The article analyzes the roles of Big Data. Besides, from the perspective of intellectual property, the article affirms that big data can be protected in the form of (i) copyright and (ii) business secret (subject to industry rights). The article points out the international and national legal basis for protecting big data from the perspective of copyright and business secret. The article also points out the difficulties in protecting big data from the perspective of copyright and trade secrets. From there, the article recommends setting up a separate adjustment mechanism for big data to match its characteristics.

Adaptive Trajectory Tracking Control for the Quadrotor Aerial Transportation System Landing a Payload Onto the Mobile Platform

Recently, it is becoming increasingly possible to apply aerial transportation systems to real-world applications. However, current researches on cable-suspended transportation systems present practical limitations due to the fixed-length cable. With the introduction of the cable adjustment mechanism, various complicated tasks, such as limited space crossing, offshore sample collection, and even landing the payload on a mobile platform, can be accomplished by actively changing the distance between the quadrotor and the payload. In order to complete the aforementioned tasks, a trajectory tracking control method is in urgent need for the variable-length-cable-suspended aerial transportation systems. To this end, an adaptive tracking control approach with the consideration of unknown resistance coefficients is designed in this paper. Subsequently, Lyapunov techniques and Barbalat's Lemma are utilized to prove the convergence for the equilibrium point of the closed-loop system. Finally, hardware experiments are meticulously conducted based on a self-built experimental platform, which verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed method in anti-swing aerial transportation and payload landing onto the mobile platform.

Payload-Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for Sustainable Internet of Things Networks: Protocol Design and Adaptive Adjustment Mechanisms

Payload-Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for Sustainable Internet of Things Networks: Protocol Design and Adaptive Adjustment Mechanisms

THE EUROPEAN EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES (EU ETS): SOME LEGAL PERSPECTIVES OF MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS

In this article, the implementation of the Paris Agreement by the European Union, the current stage in the development of the climate policy of the European community in the fight against global warming in accordance with the European Green Deal, which was based on the strategy of achieving climate neutrality by 2030 by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% to 2030 comparing with the level of 1990, are analyzed. The author researches some legal aspects of the implementation of the "Fit for 55" package of sectoral initiatives to the EU legislation, in particular the current phase of the EU Emission Trading Schemes (EU ETS), market mechanisms of interstate trading of certificates on emissions. The author draws special attention to the prospects of introducing EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) with the aim of determining a fair price for emissions during carbon-intensive production of goods that are imported into the EU, as well as stimulating cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries, and to related potential challenges and prospects for the development of climate diplomacy in order to achieve agreed compromises between the participants of the Paris Agreement in combating with global warming.

Application and Practice of Intelligent Algorithms in Computer Software Design and Testing

With the rapid development of information technology, software has become a part of social life. However, for complex software systems, traditional design and testing methods face a series of problems such as low testing coverage and low efficiency. The main purpose of this article is to study the optimization of software design and testing processes using intelligent algorithms, in order to improve the quality and efficiency of software. This article established a real-time optimization and feedback adjustment mechanism during the software design and testing phase, enabling intelligent algorithms to respond promptly to the environment and requirements. Monitoring and control strategies were designed to ensure the algorithm runs stably for a long time. Test method 1 (traditional method) had 100 test cases, a total execution time of 1200 seconds, and an average execution time of 12 seconds per test case; test method 2 (Intelligent Algorithm Optimization) had 100 test cases, a total execution time of 800 seconds, and an average execution time of 8 seconds per test case. The research results of this article play a good promoting role in improving software testing coverage and software structure optimization, and also provide new ideas and methods for the promotion of intelligent algorithms in software engineering.

Product carbon footprint methodology for ammonia production by conventional steam reforming–A case study

There are 10 nitrogen fertilizer companies in Egypt with 14 production lines, the majority of which are ammonia/urea plants and only four ammonia/nitric acid/ammonium nitrate plants. In 2020, Egypt produced 6.7 million tons of urea of which 4.7 million were exported making it the world’s 5<sup>th</sup> largest exporter with 40.00% exported to European Union. The introduction of European carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which may trigger similar actions in other is a real threat to Egyptian fertilizers exports. According to CBAM, the importer will pay a tax proportional to the difference between ammonia embedded emissions and the free allowance set by relevant regulations. There are general guidelines for estimation of embedded emissions, however, detailed industry specific calculations have not yet been developed. Estimation of ammonia embedded emissions takes into consideration both the fuel used within the ammonia plant system boundary and that used for exported steam and for electricity generation. There will be two different values for ammonia embedded emissions based on whether or not exported energy takes place: 1.62 tCO<sub>2</sub>/t NH<sub>3</sub> in the case of ammonia/urea plants and 2.52 in the case of ammonia/nitric acid plants, where no steam or CO<sub>2</sub> exports takes place. Since embedded emissions directly impact the competitiveness of the Egyptian fertilizers, a rigorous methodology is proposed that takes into consideration all these aspects compared to other estimation techniques using different levels of approximation and exclusions. The impact of different decarbonization measures on embedded emissions and CBAM cost is also investigated taking into consideration the phaseout of free allowances.

On a Novel Simulation of a Control Technique for Power Oscillation Damping and Applications

This research presents a novel simulation model of adaptive control to make a control process by using MIT rule adjustment mechanism, to power oscillation damping in the SMIB system and to measure its possible effects on the response of the damper by changing its parameters according to an external disturbance using Simulink. The results showed that the use of MRAC technique maintains the response of the damper when changing the transfer function due to external disturbance.

Can green credit policies improve the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises: A quasi-natural experiment based on difference-in-differences.

The digital transformation of the manufacturing industry is closely linked to green credit policies, which jointly promote the development of the manufacturing industry towards a more environmentally friendly, efficient and sustainable development. Based on the research sample of China's manufacturing A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2022, this paper uses the difference-in- differences (DID) method to analyze the impact of green credit policies on the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. The results show that green credit policies significantly inhibit the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. In terms of the adjustment mechanism, the R&D investment of enterprises and the financial background of senior executives have weakened the inhibitory effect of green credit policies on the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. When the R&D investment is low, the inhibitory effect of the policy is more significant, but with the increase of R&D investment, the inhibitory effect of the policy gradually weakens, indicating that there is a substitution relationship between the two. Enterprises with senior financial expertise have a deeper understanding of financial feasibility and benefit analysis, and are more receptive to the high-risk investment of digital transformation, while their financial network resources can help broaden financing channels, reduce financing constraints, and further reduce the financial difficulty of digital transformation. In addition, the green credit policy has a stronger inhibitory effect on the digital transformation of non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises that do not hold bank shares. The conclusions of this paper are expected to provide some policy implications for the subsequent green credit policies in promoting the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms As A Tool Of Economic Statecraft In A Multipolar World

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms As A Tool Of Economic Statecraft In A Multipolar World

Solving the incomplete data problem in Greco-Latin square experimental design by exact-scheme analysis of variance without data imputation

<p>This study introduced a novel exact-scheme analysis of variance to tackle the challenge of incomplete data within the Greco-Latin square experimental design (GLSED), specifically for scenarios with a single missing observation across any treatment and block level, thus eliminating the need for conventional data imputation methods. This approach innovatively addresses and mitigates the bias in the treatment sum of squares, a significant drawback of traditional missing plot techniques, by providing a precise, exact-scheme-based formula for calculating the treatment sum of squares in fixed-effect GLSED contexts with unrecorded values. Moreover, it offers a method for correcting biased treatment sum of squares values, presenting an adjustment mechanism for instances where the least squares method was previously employed to estimate missing values. This comprehensive strategy not only enhances the methodological accuracy and integrity of GLSED studies but also contributes significantly to the field by offering a solution to navigate the complexities of incomplete datasets without resorting to data imputation, thus improving the rigor and validity of experimental designs in the face of missing data challenges.</p>

Cooperative Game-based Consensus Adjustment Mechanism with Distribution Linguistic Preference Relations for Group Decision Making

Cooperative Game-based Consensus Adjustment Mechanism with Distribution Linguistic Preference Relations for Group Decision Making

Interim Measures before the EU Courts in the Realm of the Common Commercial Policy and the Common Foreign and Security Policy

This article focuses on successful interim measures before the General Court and the European Court of Justice in the realm of international trade and restrictive measures. Pursuant to that procedure, a judge may suspend the operation of a contested act. While the conditions for an award of such measures are famously strict, recent case-law of the EU Courts has brought about a more flexible interpretation of those conditions. The article will assess whether that logic is tenable and can be extended to the area of EU trade and restrictive measures. EU, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), customs

An Appraisal of Carbon Taxes for Alignment to Socio-Economic Realities of Africa

Weather fluctuations are negatively impacting global growth; hence, continued calls for global carbon mitigation are being made. Research, especially in the European Union (EU), reveals that carbon pricing and emission trading systems are innovative and flexible enough to address market failures caused by externalities linked to carbon emissions. However, these countries lack proxies in Africa, and there is a research gap on how such taxes could be designed to align with Africa’s socio-economic realities. Through a literature review of open-source, but recent, studies on the subject, this paper seeks to fill this research gap, while creating a foundation for next-generation research in this area. The paper argues that, despite Africa’s low carbon footprint, economic realities and prospects, the implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) by the EU (one of Africa’s major trading partners) has rendered such taxes inevitable in Africa; hence, implementable policy alternatives aligned with the region’s socio-economic realities are needed.

对赌协议之履行不能问题研究

对赌协议之履行不能问题研究

Public sector employment rigidity and macroeconomic fluctuation: A DSGE simulation for China.

Public sector employment in China has exhibited pronounced non-cyclical characteristics, with a recruiting scale and wage level showing limited responsiveness to economic fluctuations. The allure of civil service jobs in China has seen a significant resurgence post-COVID-19, with an observable increase in demand among educated job seekers for stable government positions amid growing economic uncertainties. This study investigates the implications of public sector employment rigidity on macroeconomic stability using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model integrated with search and matching (S&M) theory. Simulations incorporating alternative government job policies reveal that non-cyclical public employment exacerbates macroeconomic cyclical fluctuations. The low elasticity of public sector wages with respect to corporate wages fosters stable expectations among workers regarding the future value of government jobs, increasing the perceived value of the current state of unemployment. This leads job seekers to voluntarily remain unemployed, reducing labor supply to firms. Meantime, it preserves workers' bargaining power with firms, reinforcing wage stickiness and undermining the stabilizing role of price adjustments in employment. Hypothetical scenario analyses indicate that adopting a pro-cyclical wage policy for the public sector can mitigate the obstacles of wage cuts for firms, stimulate the creation of new jobs during economic downturns, and consequently reduce the magnitude and duration of rising unemployment rates. In contrast, maintaining a non-cyclical public sector wage may not prevent a continuous rise in unemployment or a worsening economic situation, even with expanded sector recruitment. This finding holds significant relevance in the context of the post-COVID era characterized by an economic slump and employment tension, providing theoretical support for establishing a transparent and flexible wage adjustment mechanism in the public sector that is linked to market conditions.

Re-Examining the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism in the Context of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and China's Response

Re-Examining the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism in the Context of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and China's Response

Robust State Estimation Using the Maximum Correntropy Cubature Kalman Filter with Adaptive Cauchy-Kernel Size

The maximum correntropy criterion (MCC), as an effective method for dealing with anomalous measurement noise, is widely applied in the design of filters. However, its performance largely depends on the proper setting of the kernel bandwidth, and currently, there is no efficient adaptive kernel adjustment mechanism. To deal with this issue, a new adaptive Cauchy-kernel maximum correntropy cubature Kalman filter (ACKMC-CKF) is proposed. This algorithm constructs adaptive factors for each dimension of the measurement system and establishes an entropy matrix with adaptive kernel sizes, enabling targeted handling of specific anomalies. Through simulation experiments in target tracking, the performance of the proposed algorithm was comprehensively validated. The results show that the ACKMC-CKF, through its flexible kernel adaptive mechanism, can effectively handle various types of anomalies. Not only does the algorithm demonstrate excellent reliability, but it also has low sensitivity to parameter settings, making it more broadly applicable in a variety of practical application scenarios.

Analyzing production optimization models across various carbon pricing policies

As the EU and the US successively proposed the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and the Clean Competition Act (CCA), importers are now required to declare the carbon emissions of their products. Particularly, wheel companies face increasing time pressure with the gradual development of implementation paths for net-zero emissions and implementing carbon pricing policies in various countries. This research uses the production data of Taiwan wheel companies to establish a mathematical model for the activity-based cost optimisation decision-making process. It explores the impact of different carbon emission costs on a company’s product mix with pricing decisions. Further, the research proposes five mathematical programmes for single-period cost optimisation decision-making under carbon pricing. These models provide some detailed view, such as changes in profits and product mix caused by high carbon taxes or other changes for each resource. Furthermore, the production cost optimal model proposed in this research can be used by enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities while ensuring profitability and serve as a reference for making net-zero transformation decisions.

Monetary policy transmission mechanism in Indonesia period 2002: Q1 – 2020: Q4: interest rate and asset price channel

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of the monetary policy transmission mechanism on the interest rate channel and asset prices in Indonesia in achieving the ultimate goal of price stability throughout the period 2002:Q1 – 2020:Q4. This study uses secondary data related to policy interest rate variables, operational target interest rates, information variables, and final target variables for each channel of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The analytical tool used in this research is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) which is processed using statistical software Eviews 10. The results of the analysis on the monetary policy transmission mechanism model of the interest rate channel indicate that in the short term, investment lending variables have a negative and significant effect on The CPI, meanwhile, the investment credit interest rate variable has a negative and significant effect. The results of the long-term analysis of the monetary policy transmission mechanism model of the interest rate channel show that the interest rate for investment credit, consumption credit, and the BI7DRR interest rate have a positive and significant effect on the CPI, while the variables for consumption credit interest rates, investment credit distribution, and real GDP negative and significant effect on the CPI. The results of the VECM analysis for the monetary policy transmission mechanism model for asset price channels confirm that the positive Error Correction Term (ECT) coefficient indicates that there is no adjustment mechanism towards long-term equilibrium. The results of the classical assumption test for the monetary policy transmission mechanism model of asset price channels also confirm deviations in the assumptions of normality and heteroscedasticity. Therefore, the economic interpretation of the VECM estimation on the monetary policy transmission mechanism model of the asset price channel cannot be carried out and requires the use of other analytical tools to produce a valid model .

Emissions intensity: do we need a CBAM for oil and gas imports?

Abstract The UK has seen significant recent attention being paid to the issue of the ‘emissions intensity’ of oil and gas operations, with the oil and gas industry and the Government using this as a climate justification for domestic North Sea production over imported oil and gas. This commentary explores these arguments in the context of the Rosebank decision and examines why emission intensity matters for lawyers. One key reason identified involves trade: without a carbon border adjustment mechanism (tax) or equivalent on imports of oil and gas from countries with poor records on electrification, flaring and vented emissions, domestic oil and gas production faces unfair climate competition.