Termination Mechanism Research Articles

Predicting spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation based on dual path network and feature selection

The termination mechanism of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is still unclear. In order to avoid the potential incomprehensiveness in feature extraction via manual techniques, a Dual Path Network-SVM (DPNet-SVM) was constructed in this study for predicting the spontaneous termination of AF. The dual paths of the network extracted time and time–frequency domain features, respectively. Different sizes of depthwise separable convolution (DS-Conv) were used in both paths, which enhanced feature extraction via exploration of different sensory fields. Then four methods were used for feature selection. Finally, SVM was employed for AF termination prediction. After validating the model performance based on 1-min fragments, we conducted experiments on 10-second fragments. On the AFTDB public dataset, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 95.6%, 93.3% and 91.8% were obtained, respectively. On the clinical data from Shandong Provincial Hospital (SPHD), the three metrics were 94.3%, 92.9% and 95.4%, respectively. The subsequent cross-database experiment proved the model's good generalization capability, and also substantiated its feasibility in practical applications involving wearable ECG data.

Cortical activity and spatiotemporal parameters during gait termination and walking: A preliminary study

Gait termination requires an interaction between the biomechanical and neuromuscular systems to arrest forward momentum. Currently, the biomechanical characteristics of gait termination have been demonstrated; however, the neural mechanism of gait termination remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate cortical activity during gait termination using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirteen healthy younger adults (mean age:24.0 ± 1.7) participated in this study. All participants performed three experimental sessions: planned gait termination (PGT), unplanned gait termination (UGT), and walking. Each experimental session comprised a block paradigm design (three cycles; 20 s resting, 45 s task). Cortical activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary motor cortex (M1) and spatiotemporal parameters were measured. We compared the cortical activities and spatiotemporal parameters among PGT, UGT, and walking sessions. In addition, we performed Pearson correlations between hemodynamic responses and spatiotemporal parameters. The PGT was activated in the right DLPFC, whereas the UGT and walking were activated in the left SMA (p < 0.05). Comparing cortical activation between sessions, both the PGT and UGT showed significantly higher activation in the right DLPFC than during walking (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in cortical activity between PGT and UGT (p > 0.05). In addition, the gait termination time revealed moderate positive correlation with hemodynamic responses in the right DLPFC (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the right DLPFC is associated with gait termination, regardless of gait termination type. Our findings provide the potential implication that the hemodynamic response in the right DLPFC would be a biomarker to evaluate the ability of gait termination.

An Improved Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization

In the area of global optimization, a variety of techniques have been developed to find the global minimum. These techniques, in most cases, require a significant amount of computational resources and time to complete and therefore there is a need to develop parallel techniques. In addition, the wide spread of parallel architectures in recent years greatly facilitates the implementation of such techniques. Among the most widely used global optimization techniques is the particle swarm optimization technique. In this work, a series of modifications are proposed in the direction of efficient parallelization for particle swarm optimization. These modifications include an innovative velocity calculation mechanism that has also been successfully used in the serial version of the method, mechanisms for propagating the best particles between parallel computing units, but also a process termination mechanism, which has been properly configured for efficient execution in parallel computing environments. The proposed technique was applied to a multitude of computational problems from the relevant literature and the results were more than promising, since it was found that increasing the computational threads can significantly reduce the required number of function calls to find the global minimum. The proposed technique is at rate of 50–70% of the required number of function calls compared to other optimization techniques. This reduction is visible even if one to two parallel processing units are used. In addition, with the increase in parallel processing units, a drastic reduction in the number of calls is observed and therefore a reduction in the required computing time, which can reach up to 70%.

Data-Driven Spatial Adaptive Terminal Iterative Learning Predictive Control for Automatic Stop Control of Subway Train With Actuator Saturation

A data-driven spatial adaptive terminal iterative learning predictive control (SATILPC) scheme with actuator saturation is proposed for automatic stop control of the subway train. Considering the outstanding repetitive operation pattern and the unavailable accurate model of a subway train, the unknown train dynamics is firstly transformed into a nonlinear discrete form in spatial domain via the spatial differential operator. Since the train automatic stop control (TASC) only concentrates on the tracking performances of the terminal position and terminal speed, an iterative dynamic linearization approach considering the terminal operation point is devised to formulate the relationship of the train input and output (I/O) into a linear affine form. Then, a terminal iterative learning prediction mechanism is introduced to reconstruct the developed train data model to forecast the future train behaviors through rolling optimization process. As a result, by removing the constraints on the unimportant points, the optimal control input (braking force) can be obtained by minimizing the objective function through terminal I/O data. Further, actuator saturation is considered to address the passenger comfort and the reliable operation of the train. The proposed SATILPC approach is a pure data-driven iterative learning control scheme and no model information is involved in the whole design processes. By utilizing a newly space-based contraction mapping method, the convergence of the proposed approach is strictly proved. Finally, the simulation results further demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

Achieving highly reversible zinc metal anode via surface termination chemistry

An oxidation layer on a Zn surface is considered to play a negative role in hindering the practical applications of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZBs). Herein, we demonstrate the importance of Zn-surface termination on the overall electrochemical behavior of AZBs by revisiting the well-known bottleneck issues. Experimental characterizations in conjugation with theoretical calculations reveal that the formation of a dense Zn4(OH)6SO4·xH2O (ZSH) layer from the well-designed surface-oxide termination layer improves the interface stability of the Zn anode and reduces the dehydration energy of Zn(H2O)62+, thereby accelerating the interface transport kinetics of Zn2+. Moreover, instead of directly diffusing over the ZSH layer, a new “edge dehydration-along edge transfer” mechanism of Zn2+ is discovered. Owing to the presence of a Zn anode with a ZnO-derived ZSH layer, an ultrahigh stability of over 1200 h with a high cumulative-plated capacity of 6.24mAh cm−2 is achieved with a symmetrical cell. Furthermore, high cycling stability (over 1000 cycles) and Coulombic efficiency (99.07%) are obtained in the entire AZBs with a MnO2 cathode. An understanding of the oxygen surface termination mechanism is beneficial to Zn-anode protection and is a timely forward step toward the long-pursued practical application of AZBs.

Legal mechanism of dismissal and termination of judge authorities: problem aspects

Legal mechanism of dismissal and termination of judge authorities: problem aspects

MARKOV NETWORK MODEL

Markov networks synthesized from the N-scheme of the Markov algorithm, developed to replace his well-known y-scheme, are studied theoretically from the standpoint of theories of algorithms and categories. The provisions of the theory of Markov algorithms are developed in the direction of synthesizing methods for the joint processing of words and morphism values that are occurrences in these words. In Markov networks, morphisms are weighted according to the method adopted in artificial neural networks. The material for the synthesis of Markov networks are diagrams of Markov occurrences of words into each other, obtained from input data samples, by classifying occurrences in the alphabet M = λιτφпо1…оx/αβδγχκμ. The Markov network model and the activation function of its morphemes are synthesized and subjected to scientific analysis. The idea of joint consideration of category theory and the theory of Markov algorithms is developed for the control channel, so this control channel is understood as an n-category associator introduced into the N-scheme of the Markov algorithm. In Markov networks, chain termination mechanisms are studied, using the control channel command, using combined methods of classifying words and morphisms, previously studied for the N-scheme of his algorithm, the evolution of categories formed by words is considered due to their occurrences in each other. For the method of synthesizing training samples from diagrams of Markov occurrences, a scientific substantiation of prescriptions for processing samples is carried out. For activation functions, examples of their implementation are considered. The categorical representation of the activation function is synthesized for Markov networks and subjected to a separate scientific analysis. For single-layer and multi-layer Markov networks of direct distribution, a block diagram has been developed. In Markov networks, the concept of zero-nets is introduced. As a promising direction for further theoretical research in Markov networks, multilayer Markov networks of indirect propagation are singled out, which have a conclusion that cannot be considered normal according to Markov. In the conclusions to the study, it is noted that Markov networks have a category-theoretic representation and can be synthesized from Markov zero-nets.

Homolytic PdII–C Bond Cleavage in the MILRad Process: Reversibility and Termination Mechanism

Homolytic Pd^II–C Bond Cleavage in the MILRad Process: Reversibility and Termination Mechanism

Agreement on the termination of obligation by transferring indemnity: content and special features

In order to ensure stable law enforcement, it is important to have a correct interpretation of the functions of the institution of indemnity and unified approaches to the implementation of the mechanism for concluding and executing an agreement on the transfer of indemnity. The legal nature of the transfer of indemnity, its special properties and significance in the construction of termination of an obligation by indemnity have been investigated. It has been emphasized that the function of the indemnity agreement is to record the parties’ agreement to terminate the principal obligation in this way, as well as explained the peculiarity of the indemnity agreement as a combination of the features of the law-establishing and law-terminating legal fact, since the agreement both gives rise to additional rights and obligations for the parties and serves to terminate the original obligation as a result of its execution i.e. transfer of the indemnity by the debtor to the creditor.&#x0D; It has been suggested that it is the content of the agreement between the creditor and the debtor on the transfer of the indemnity, which is concluded in compliance with the requirements of current legislation, that allows distinguishing the indemnity from related institutions of law of obligations, and determining the nature of legal relations between the parties in case of disputes. For example, debt forgiveness is a law-terminating legal fact presented in the form of a transaction that does not create an obligation between the creditor and the debtor, and novation, unlike indemnity, does not provide for the termination of the binding relationship between the parties, but rather the preservation of such a relationship in a modified form.&#x0D; Attention has also been drawn to the inadmissibility of entering into an agreement on indemnity by third parties who are not parties to the original obligation. Thus, the mechanism of termination of an obligation by indemnity is based solely on the will of the parties and their mutual agreement on all essential terms of indemnity transfer, which excludes any form of participation of a third party in the decision to terminate the obligation between the creditor and the debtor in this way.

A neural mechanism for terminating decisions

The brain makes decisions by accumulating evidence until there is enough to stop and choose. Neural mechanisms of evidence accumulation are established in association cortex, but the site and mechanism of termination are unknown. Here, we show that the superior colliculus (SC) plays a causal role in terminating decisions, and we provide evidence for a mechanism by which this occurs. We recorded simultaneously from neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and SC while monkeys made perceptual decisions. Despite similar trial-averaged activity, we found distinct single-trial dynamics in the two areas: LIP displayed drift-diffusion dynamics and SC displayed bursting dynamics. We hypothesized that the bursts manifest a threshold mechanism applied to signals represented in LIP to terminate the decision. Consistent with this hypothesis, SC inactivation produced behavioral effects diagnostic of an impaired threshold sensor and prolonged the buildup of activity in LIP. The results reveal the transformation from deliberation to commitment.

Pharmaceuticals Promoting Premature Termination Codon Readthrough: Progress in Development.

Around 11% of all known gene lesions causing human genetic diseases are nonsense mutations that introduce a premature stop codon (PTC) into the protein-coding gene sequence. Drug-induced PTC readthrough is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary diseases caused by nonsense mutations. To date, it has been found that more than 50 small-molecular compounds can promote PTC readthrough, known as translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs), and can be divided into two major categories: aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycosides. This review summarizes the pharmacodynamics and clinical application potential of the main TRIDs discovered so far, especially some newly discovered TRIDs in the past decade. The discovery of these TRIDs brings hope for treating nonsense mutations in various genetic diseases. Further research is still needed to deeply understand the mechanism of eukaryotic cell termination and drug-induced PTC readthrough so that patients can achieve the greatest benefit from the various TRID treatments.

Research status and trend of PPP in the US and China: visual knowledge mapping analysis

ABSTRACT Public-private-partnership (PPP) model has been widely used in public services and infrastructure projects, and many relevant studies on PPP have emerged. Based on CiteSpace and VOS viewer, this study aims to comprehensively analyze the research status and development trend of the PPP model in China and US. Firstly, the essential statistical characteristics of authors, institutions, and publications are given based on the relevant data collection in Web of Science core collection database. Secondly, the research hotspots and evolution trends of PPP by scholars in China and US are discussed by carrying out keywords co-occurrence analysis and cluster analysis. Finally, from the literature analysis and keyword co-occurrence network over time, the research directions, such as payment risks for the government during the operation period, early termination mechanism and system compensation mechanism, government supervision, and related information, are summarized and forecast, to provide theoretical guidance for the future research on PPP.

Virus infection of phytoplankton increases average molar mass and reduces hygroscopicity of aerosolized organic matter

Viral infection of phytoplankton is a pervasive mechanism of cell death and bloom termination, which leads to the production of dissolved and colloidal organic matter that can be aerosolized into the atmosphere. Earth-observing satellites can track the growth and death of phytoplankton blooms on weekly time scales but the impact of viral infection on the cloud forming potential of associated aerosols is largely unknown. Here, we determine the influence of viral-derived organic matter, purified viruses, and marine hydrogels on the cloud condensation nuclei activity of their aerosolized solutions, compared to organic exudates from healthy phytoplankton. Dissolved organic material derived from exponentially growing and infected cells of well-characterized eukaryotic phytoplankton host-virus systems, including viruses from diatoms, coccolithophores and chlorophytes, was concentrated, desalted, and nebulized to form aerosol particles composed of primarily of organic matter. Aerosols from infected phytoplankton cultures resulted in an increase in critical activation diameter and average molar mass in three out of five combinations evaluated, along with a decrease in organic kappa (hygroscopicity) compared to healthy cultures and seawater controls. The infected samples also displayed evidence of increased surface tension depression at realistic cloud water vapor supersaturations. Amending the samples with xanthan gum to simulate marine hydrogels increased variability in organic kappa and surface tension in aerosols with high organic to salt ratios. Our findings suggest that the pulses of increased dissolved organic matter associated with viral infection in surface waters may increase the molar mass of dissolved organic compounds relative to surface waters occupied by healthy phytoplankton or low phytoplankton biomass.

PENGATURAN MEDIASI PENAL PASCA REGULASI KEADILAN RESTORATIF DI KEPOLISIAN, KEJAKSAAN, DAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG

Penal mediation brings benefits to victims, perpetrators, or society. Penal mediation also takes into account the practical needs of settling cases, and can bring about a fast, simple, low-cost trial. Even though the settlement of cases by mediation is quite familiar in the society, previously the settlement of criminal cases by mediation did not have a sufficiently strong legal basis except for cases involving children in conflict with the law. Currently, penal mediation has been regulated in Prosecutor's Regulations Number 15 of 2020, Badan Peradilan Umum Decree Number: 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 and Police regulation Number 8 of 2021. Since it is left to each institution, differences in arrangements and the scope of implementation of penal mediation is inevitable. This research is a normative research using data from library research. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. This study found that there were differences in penal mediation arrangements in each law enforcement institution. These differences are related to the legal basis used, types of cases, exceptions to types of cases, the role of law enforcement officials, differences in the mechanisms for peace agreements and termination of cases as well as arrangements related to victims' recovery.

Pathway choice in the alternative telomere lengthening in neoplasia is dictated by replication fork processing mediated by EXD2’s nuclease activity

Telomerase-independent cancer proliferation via the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) relies upon two distinct, largely uncharacterized, break-induced-replication (BIR) processes. How cancer cells initiate and regulate these terminal repair mechanisms is unknown. Here, we establish that the EXD2 nuclease is recruited to ALT telomeres to direct their maintenance. We demonstrate that EXD2 loss leads to telomere shortening, elevated telomeric sister chromatid exchanges, C-circle formation as well as BIR-mediated telomeric replication. We discover that EXD2 fork-processing activity triggers a switch between RAD52-dependent and -independent ALT-associated BIR. The latter is suppressed by EXD2 but depends specifically on the fork remodeler SMARCAL1 and the MUS81 nuclease. Thus, our findings suggest that processing of stalled replication forks orchestrates elongation pathway choice at ALT telomeres. Finally, we show that co-depletion of EXD2 with BLM, DNA2 or POLD3 confers synthetic lethality in ALT cells, identifying EXD2 as a potential druggable target for ALT-reliant cancers.

Dual-branch deep image prior for image denoising

In this work, we propose a two-stage denoising approach, which includes generation and fusion stages. Specifically, in the generation stage, we first split the expanding path of the UNet backbone of the standard DIP (deep image prior) network into two branches, converting it into a Y-shaped network (YNet). Then we adopt the initial denoised images obtained with DAGL (dynamic attentive graph learning) and Restormer methods together with the given noisy image as the target images. Finally, we utilize the standard DIP on-line training routine to generate two complementary basic images, whose image quality is quite improved, with the help of a novel automatic iteration termination mechanism. In the fusion stage, we first split the contracting path of the standard UNet network into two branches for receiving the two basic images generated in the previous stage, and obtain a fused image as the final denoised image in a fully unsupervised manner. Extensive experimental results confirm that our method has a significant improvement over the standard DIP or other unsupervised methods, and outperforms recently proposed supervised denoising models. The noticeable performance improvement is attributed to the proposed hybrid strategy, i.e., we first adopt the supervised denoising methods to process the common content of images substantially, then utilize the unsupervised method to fine-tune the specific details. In other words, we take full advantage of the high performance of the supervised methods and the flexibility of the unsupervised methods.

Detection of small molecules by extending the terminal protection to the polymerase

Since Terminal Protection of Small Molecule-Linked DNA (abbreviated as TPSMLD) was first found, TPSMLD-based assays have speedily prospered in small molecule-protein interaction study and sensing. However, most of the TPSMLD-based sensing strategies have adopted nuclease-assisted signal amplification, mainly by exonucleases, which adversely affect triggering the downstream reactions. Here we describe a simple, sensitive, and selective strategy for small molecule measurement taking biotin as a model. Due to the extension of the terminal protection mechanism to the polymerase and the introduction of the competition assay, a turn-on and exponential amplification signal was conveniently achieved. Benefiting from the high selectivity of TPSMLD and the exponential signal amplification assisted by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-endonuclease IV (Endo IV), biotin could be sensitively detected with a detection limit of 0.21 nM. Additionally, the recovery test was also executed in 1% spiked human serum with a satisfying recovery in the range of 95.8–98.0%, which demonstrated the robust anti-interference ability and potential clinical application of our proposed strategy. Predictably, by changing the small molecule-protein pair, this work could serve as a universal small molecule detection platform.

P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop regulates the termination of liver regeneration.

The capacity of the liver to restore its architecture and function assures good prognoses of patients who suffer serious hepatic injury, cancer resection, or living donor liver transplantation. Only a few studies have shed light on the mechanisms involved in the termination stage of LR. Here, we attempt to further verify the role of the p53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop in the termination of liver regeneration and its possible relationship with liver cancer. We performed partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice transfected with adenovirus (Ade) overexpressing P53 and adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) overexpressing miR-34a. LR was analyzed by liver weight/body weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and cell proliferation, and the related cellular signals were investigated. Bile acid (BA) levels during LR were analyzed by metabolomics of bile acids. We found that the P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop was activated in the late phase of LR. Overexpression of P53 or miR-34a terminated LR early and enhanced P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop expression and its proapoptotic effect. T-β-MCA increased gradually during LR and peaked at 7 days after PH. T-β-MCA inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis via facilitating the P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop during LR by suppressing FXR/SHP. The P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop was abolished in HCC patients with P53 mutations. The P53/miR-34a/SIRT1 positive feedback loop plays an important role in the termination of LR. Our findings showed the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of LR termination and provide a potential therapeutic alternative for treating P53-wild-type HCC patients.

Optogenetic termination of atrial tachyarrhythmias by brief pulsed light stimulation

AimsThe most efficient way to acutely restore sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation (AF) is electrical cardioversion, which is painful without adequate sedation. Recent studies in various experimental models have indicated that optogenetic termination of AF using light-gated ion channels may provide a myocardium-specific and potentially painless alternative future therapy. However, its underlying mechanism(s) remain(s) incompletely understood. As brief pulsed light stimulation, even without global illumination, can achieve optogenetic AF termination, besides direct conduction block also modulation of action potential (AP) properties may be involved in the termination mechanism. We studied the relationship between optogenetic AP duration (APD) and effective refractory period (ERP) prolongation by brief pulsed light stimulation and termination of atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT). Methods and resultsHearts from transgenic mice expressing the H134R variant of channelrhodopsin-2 in atrial myocytes were explanted and perfused retrogradely. AT induced by electrical stimulation was terminated by brief pulsed blue light stimulation (470 nm, 10 ms, 16 mW/mm2) with 68% efficacy. The termination rate was dependent on pulse duration and light intensity. Optogenetically imposed APD and ERP changes were systematically examined and optically monitored. Brief pulsed light stimulation (10 ms, 6 mW/mm2) consistently prolonged APD and ERP when light was applied at different phases of the cardiac action potential. Optical tracing showed light-induced APD prolongation during the termination of AT. ConclusionOur results directly demonstrate that cationic channelrhodopsin activation by brief pulsed light stimulation prolongs the atrial refractory period suggesting that this is one of the key mechanisms of optogenetic termination of AT.

Unique Initiation and Termination Mechanisms Involved in the Biosynthesis of a Hybrid Polyketide-Nonribosomal Peptide Lyngbyapeptin B Produced by the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorena bouillonii.

Lyngbyapeptin B is a hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide isolated from particular marine cyanobacteria. In this report, we carried out genome sequence analysis of a producer cyanobacterium Moorena bouillonii to understand the biosynthetic mechanisms that generate the unique structural features of lyngbyapeptin B, including the (E)-3-methoxy-2-butenoyl starter unit and the C-terminal thiazole moiety. We identified a putative lyngbyapeptin B biosynthetic (lynB) gene cluster comprising nine open reading frames that include two polyketide synthases (PKSs: LynB1 and LynB2), four nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs: LynB3, LynB4, LynB5, and LynB6), a putative nonheme diiron oxygenase (LynB7), a type II thioesterase (LynB8), and a hypothetical protein (LynB9). In vitro enzymatic analysis of LynB2 with methyltransferase (MT) and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains revealed that the LynB2 MT domain (LynB2-MT) catalyzes O-methylation of the acetoacetyl-LynB2 ACP domain (LynB2-ACP) to yield (E)-3-methoxy-2-butenoyl-LynB2-ACP. In addition, in vitro enzymatic analysis of LynB7 revealed that LynB7 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of (4R)-2-methyl-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to yield 2-methylthiazole in the presence of Fe2+ and molecular oxygen. This result indicates that LynB7 is responsible for the last post-NRPS modification to give the C-terminal thiazole moiety in lyngbyapeptin B biosynthesis. Overall, we identified and characterized a new marine cyanobacterial hybrid PKS-NRPS biosynthetic gene cluster for lyngbyapeptin B production, revealing two unique enzymatic logics.