Resolution Mechanism Research Articles

Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation resolution and angiogenesis in fat grafts in a controlled mouse model.

The upregulation or delay of acute inflammation at any stage limits fat graft survival. Active endogenous inflammation resolution mechanisms and mediators are novel therapeutic tools for inflammation. This study explored the effects of supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) deriving specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) on postoperative inflammation and graft survival in vivo. Fish oil (FO) (or saline for the control group) was intragastrically administered in the C57BL/6N mouse fat graft model for a week before and after transplantation. The mice were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, 30, or 90 days posttransplantation. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); gene expression levels of inflammatory factors, perilipin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the grafts were analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR); hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), masson's trichrome, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were performed. Omega-3 PUFAs reduced the serum CRP concentration. Additionally, in the grafts of FO group, proinflammatory factors expression was reduced while anti-inflammatory factors expression was increased; the CD11b+ IF intensity at Days 14 and 30 was reduced, the F4/80+/CD11b+ ratio at Days 3 and 7 and the CD206+/F4/80+ ratio at Days 7, 14, and 30 were increased, consistent with the results of IHC control staining (CD11b, F4/80 and CD206); the gene expression of VEGF at Day 14 and perilipin-1 at Days 30 and 90 were increased; the perilipin-1+ %area and CD31+ %area at Day 90 were increased; inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were decreased. Omega-3 PUFAs can enhance inflammation resolution and angiogenesis and promotes fat graft survival in a controlled mouse model.

The Enhancement of the Horizontal Ecological Protection Compensation Mechanism in the Yu-Lu Section of the Yellow River Basin

Horizontal ecological compensation represents a significant institutional innovation aimed at advancing ecological civilization and serves as a key functional strategy within China’s current management framework. This paper employs the horizontal ecological protection compensation agreement of the Yu-Lu section of the Yellow River Basin as a case study. Using a game theory model and theoretical analysis, the paper explores the underlying connotations, theoretical foundations, and legal characteristics of the basin’s horizontal ecological protection compensation mechanism. This analysis reveals several challenges within the existing horizontal ecological protection compensation system in the Yellow River Basin, including the predominance of a single compensation entity, unclear compensation standards, a compensation model limited to monetary transfers, and the absence of an effective dispute resolution mechanism. This paper further examines potential improvements to the horizontal ecological protection compensation framework in the Yellow River Basin from a legal system perspective, with the aim of addressing these practical challenges and fostering the region’s ecological, environmental, and economic development.

Identification and Disclosure of TPF in International Investment Arbitration: A Perspective from ICSID Jurisdiction

This article delves into the multifaceted role of third-party funding (TPF) in international investment arbitration (ISA), scrutinizing its burgeoning influence and the attendant risks to the arbitration process's integrity. The paper underscores the imperative for legal reforms within the ICSID framework to bolster transparency and fairness by advocating for a more precise definition of TPF, enhancing evidence standards, and emphasizing the transparency of non-profit TPF. It tackles the practical challenges arising from the current ambiguities in TPF definitions and proposes reforms to mitigate the risks of conflicts of interest. The paper's objective is to ensure that arbitration processes remain efficient, fair, and free from undue influence, thereby upholding the integrity and legitimacy of international dispute resolution mechanisms and maintaining public trust in the arbitration's outcomes. This analysis is crucial for understanding the evolving landscape of TPF in ISA and for shaping the future of legal reforms that will safeguard the fairness and efficiency of arbitration proceedings in the international arena.

Courting controversy? The constitutional implications of the Court of Justice of the European Union’s involvement in the resolution of disputes after Brexit

Abstract The article sheds light on the under-discussed, but nonetheless constitutionally significant issue of the changing landscape for dispute resolution between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) post-Brexit. This pertains, in particular, to the Court of Justice of the European Union’s (CJEU) likely involvement in the resolution of disputes between the two parties across the arrangements governing both the UK’s withdrawal from and future relationship with the EU. The authors explore the dispute resolution mechanisms under the Withdrawal Agreement and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), as well as the Court’s ‘legacy role’ in relation to (former) EU law concepts beyond the confines of the two Agreements. This article thereby evaluates the constitutional importance of the future role of the CJEU as a dispute settlement forum in these contexts, including the relationship between sources of ‘norms’ and the extent to which the UK will remain subject to its jurisdiction, or at least its influence, in the long term, whether directly or indirectly. It is argued that the CJEU’s influence, as well as the authority of EU law in the UK more generally, is now mediated through domestic law concepts, such as the recently devised concept of ‘assimilated EU law’, which replaces ‘retained EU law’, and which have the capacity to obfuscate the constitutional origins and thereby the constitutional legacy of EU-derived concepts. The article further contends that the ostensibly restricted involvement of the CJEU in the UK–EU relationship after Brexit must be appraised through the prism of the Withdrawal Agreement and TCAs’ provisions, which possess uniform legal force in both jurisdictions. The Agreements indicate a more expansive and enduring constitutional role for the CJEU and EU law concepts broadly speaking, than the one the then UK Government has publicly conceived. Consequently, a notable dissonance emerges between the political objective of ‘taking back control’ and the reality created by the legal framework governing the UK’s cooperation with the EU including the mechanism for resolving future disputes. Despite Brexit, the CJEU will continue to shape the constitutional contours of the relationship between domestic and Union law as well as between domestic sources of law, for many years to come.

Towards Better Cooperation: Legal Analysis on Coping with Climate Change in the Mekong River Basin

Mekong River is facing the severe Challenges of Climate Change, but the legal regime of the Mekong River has some deficiencies in terms of cooperation scope, substantive rules and procedural rules to adapt to Climate Change, such as lacking a basin-wide, and legally binding agreement, lacking enough Climate Change adaptative clauses in the agreement and basin-wide dispute resolution mechanism. Thus, this paper claims that riparian states should incorporate all procedure rules into the 1995 Mekong River, revise substantive rules in the 1995 Mekong River, negotiate a MOU on water allocation provisions between all riparian states, and enhance cooperation under LMC.

Arbitration in Resolving Construction Cost Claim Disputes Due to Time Extensions: A Study of Contract Law in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the resolution of construction cost claim disputes arising from time extensions, focusing on the arbitration mechanism. The findings indicate that delays in the completion of construction projects not only give rise to cost claim disputes but also necessitate a meticulous analysis of the causes of the delays and the responsibilities of the parties involved. In this regard, arbitration offers a more effective and efficient dispute resolution mechanism than litigation. The advantages of arbitration, including the speed of the process, confidentiality, expertise of arbitrators, procedural flexibility, and binding awards, make it a favourable option for the parties. Therefore, the parties must pay close attention to the arbitration clause in the construction contract. This clause must be formulated clearly and definitively, encompassing the types of construction cost claim disputes arising from time extensions, including claims for price adjustment, overhead costs, extension of performance bonds, material demurrage, and equipment idleness. In addition, the parties can also utilize the Binding Opinions of the BANI Arbitration Center as an instrument for dispute prevention and resolution. For information, Binding Opinions have binding legal force on the parties and are enforceable through the District Court. Thus, the Binding Opinions of the BANI Arbitration Center are beneficial as a dispute resolution instrument and contribute to the development of legal scholarship.

Sustainability of Infrastructure Development in Indonesia: A Legal Analysis of Price Adjustments in Construction Contracts

This study examines the mechanism of price adjustments in construction contracts in Indonesia from philosophical, juridical, and practical perspectives. The background of this issue stems from fluctuations in construction material prices, which often threaten the sustainability of infrastructure projects. To address this issue, this study aims to analyze the philosophical foundations and legal doctrines underlying the price adjustment mechanism, evaluate the regulatory framework in Indonesia, and formulate recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms. Employing a juridical-normative research method, this study analyzes the principle of contractual fairness and the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus as the foundation for price adjustments. The results show that Law Number 2 of 2017, Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018, and their implementing regulations have regulated the mechanism of price adjustments; however, their implementation still faces obstacles in the form of administrative complexity and transaction costs. To increase the effectiveness of this mechanism, the standardization of price adjustment clauses referring to international best practices, such as the FIDIC contract standards, is needed. In addition, optimization of a digital technology-based price information system, capacity building for stakeholders, and development of effective dispute resolution mechanisms, mainly through arbitration, are necessary. In conclusion, this study affirms that harmonising philosophical foundations, legal doctrines, adaptive regulations, and effective dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms is the key to optimizing price adjustments in construction contracts to support the investment climate and sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia.

The Dynamism of the Structure and Mechanism of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System in Bangladesh for Dispute Resolution Outside the Formal Courts

This study aimed to investigate the dynamic nature of this hybrid system to serve society in contemporary Bangladesh's changing circumstances effectively. Through a content analysis of documents and literature, it was found that the system is quite dynamic and effective in terms of structure and mechanism. Over the years, it has expanded in terms of scope and institutions to cover resolutions of conflicts relating to not only family affairs but civil disputes and even selected criminal cases. It is now compulsory for civil disputes to be addressed first through ADR. The system is gaining popularity in the country. The various ADR institutions entertain a large and increasing number of disputes of both natures every year. In most cases, the rate of success in resolving the cases submitted to these institutions is as high as 88%. However, handling civil disputes through ADR has yet to become popular. The record shows that in four districts, only 2.2% of civil suits were disposed of through ADR during 2012 and 2014. It suggests that adequate efforts need to be made to make ADR popular in this respect as well.

Legal Protections for Lead Banks in Syndicated Loan Agreements: Addressing Borrower Defaults in Batam City

A syndicated loan is a form of credit extended by more than one Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) to finance the needs of a single debtor. In Batam City, syndicated loans have become a common practice among BPRs to accommodate debtors requiring large-scale financing. The primary objective of syndicated loans is to ensure compliance with the regulations set by Bank Indonesia and the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). In the implementation of syndicated loans, one bank assumes the role of the lead bank, which is the principal bank responsible for managing the syndicated loan. The lead bank’s duties include managing the financing process, conducting debtor analysis, and overseeing the debtor’s compliance with syndicated loan obligations. This study aims to analyze the implementation of dispute resolution mechanisms for syndicated loans in cases of debtor default and the legal protection afforded to lead banks during such proceedings. The research employs an empirical method to provide a practical overview of the resolution of syndicated loan disputes in real-world settings. The findings reveal that disputes arising from debtor defaults in syndicated loans are effectively resolved through negotiation. In these proceedings, the lead bank actively facilitates open communication with the debtor to find optimal solutions, enabling the debtor to fulfill their obligations. Additionally, the lead bank is afforded legal protection as stipulated in the syndicated loan agreement executed prior to the disbursement of the loan. This legal protection proves to be highly effective in mitigating potential risks associated with debtor default, thereby safeguarding the lead bank from financial losses. Consequently, the implementation of syndicated loans in Batam City not only streamlines access to financing for debtors but also ensures legal certainty for all parties involved.

SETTLEMENT OF CONSUMER DISPUTES BY CONSUMER DISPUTE RESOLUTION AGENCY

Consumer dispute resolution outside the court through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) has become an increasingly important alternative in Indonesia's consumer protection legal system. This study aims to analyse the legal framework and the effectiveness of the BPSK in resolving disputes between consumers and businesses. The methodology used is a normative juridical approach, conducting literature studies on relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and BPSK decisions. The results show that BPSK has a strong legal basis in the Consumer Protection Act, but there are several obstacles in its implementation, such as limitations in executorial authority and inconsistencies in legal interpretation. In conclusion, although BPSK has the potential to be an effective dispute resolution mechanism, regulatory improvements and institutional strengthening are needed to enhance legal certainty and consumer protection in Indonesia.

Resolving Mining Disputes in Tanzania: An Examination of The Role of Arbitration

Disputes are an inevitable aspect of socioeconomic activities, and the mining sector is no exception. As one of the most important sectors of Tanzania's economy, mining often witnesses conflicts between various stakeholders, including government entities, mining corporations, local communities, human rights defenders, and environmental activists. Given the significance of this sector, establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms is essential for ensuring its sustained growth and prosperity. This paper examines the role of arbitration as a key mechanism for resolving mining disputes in Tanzania. Arbitration, as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method, provides parties with the opportunity to resolve conflicts outside the traditional court system through a neutral third party. The paper also explores the challenges of using arbitration in mining disputes and suggests ways to improve the arbitration system in Tanzania.

Effect of Dispute Resolution Mechanism Reforms on Rental Income Tax Compliance Among Property Owners in Ngong Town, Kenya

Effect of Dispute Resolution Mechanism Reforms on Rental Income Tax Compliance Among Property Owners in Ngong Town, Kenya

Pattern of Settlement of Land Ownership Disputes in Southwest Sumba Regency

Indonesia's constitution guarantees land ownership, yet disputes over land ownership remain widespread, particularly in regions like Southwest Sumba Regency, where competing claims to private property are frequent. This study addresses two key questions: 1) What are the root causes of land ownership disputes in Southwest Sumba Regency, and 2) What are the resolution patterns for these disputes? Employing normative research methods, this study aims to analyze both the causes and the resolution patterns of land ownership disputes in the region. Key causes include prolonged borrowing of cultivation packages, unclear land status without proper certification, land sales without family consent, boundary shifts without traditional leader involvement, and inequitable inheritance distribution. Resolution patterns in Southwest Sumba emphasize a family-centered approach, the active role of traditional leaders, and mediation facilitated by the Customary Peace Institute (LPA). Highlighting the urgency of addressing these disputes, this research suggests that raising public awareness about land ownership legality and bolstering governmental support for the LPA can enhance conflict resolution mechanisms. Moreover, the findings offer a model for other regions dealing with similar disputes and underline their relevance for policymaking to ensure equitable and sustainable land governance.

Context-aware IoT search engine through fuzzy clustering: Search space restructuring and query resolution mechanisms

Context-aware IoT search engine through fuzzy clustering: Search space restructuring and query resolution mechanisms

Evaluation of Dispute Resolution Mechanism of China ASEAN Free Trade Area

Evaluation of Dispute Resolution Mechanism of China ASEAN Free Trade Area

Balancing Power and Resolving Conflicts in the Collaboration between Regional Heads and DPRD in Indonesia's Decentralized Governance

The relationship between Regional Heads and the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) is crucial for the success of Indonesia’s decentralized governance. Despite Law No. 23 of 2014 aiming to enhance regional autonomy and collaboration, political conflicts, stemming from differing affiliations and agendas, often hinder this relationship. Such conflicts can lead to gridlocks, policy delays, and budgetary standstills, especially in politically charged regions. Furthermore, the power imbalance, with Regional Heads controlling regional resources, weakens DPRD’s oversight functions and governance effectiveness. In contrast, regions with political stability show that cooperation between Regional Heads and DPRD can improve governance and public service delivery. This study, using a normative legal approach, identifies three key pillars—equality, transparency, and accountability—as essential for fostering a strong relationship between Regional Heads and DPRD. Findings suggest that these pillars reduce political tensions, strengthen oversight, and ensure continuity in public services. To address ongoing governance challenges, the study proposes two conflict resolution mechanisms: a vertical mechanism involving the Ministry of Home Affairs for mediation and oversight, and a horizontal mechanism emphasizing regional coordination forums. These mechanisms highlight the need for detailed regulations to guide conflict management, contributing to governance stability and supporting Indonesia’s decentralization goals.

Pro-resolving lipid mediators and therapeutic innovations in resolution of inflammation.

This review summarizes findings presented at the 19th World Congress of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 2023 (Glasgow, Scotland, July 3rd to 7th, 2023) from 8 speakers in the field of resolution of inflammation, resolution pharmacology and resolution biology. It is now accepted that the acute inflammatory response is protective to defend the host against infection or tissue injury. Acute inflammation is self-limited and programmed to be limited in space and time: this is achieved through endogenous resolution processes that ensure return to homeostasis. Resolution is brought about by agonist mediators that include specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) and pro-resolving proteins and peptides such as annexin A1 and angiotensin-(1-7), all acting to initiate anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving processes. If the inflammatory reaction remains unchecked through dysfunctional resolution mechanism, it can become chronic and contribute to a plethora of human diseases, including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, allergic diseases, and arthritis. Herein, we discuss how non-resolving inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition to SPMs, we highlight the discovery, biosynthesis, biofunctions, and latest research updates on innovative therapeutics (including annexin-A1 peptide-mimetic RTP-026, small molecule FPR2 agonist BM-986235/LAR-1219, biased agonist for FPR1/FPR2 Cmpd17b, lipoxin mimetics AT-01-KG and AT-02-CT, melanocortin receptor agonist AP1189, gold nanoparticles, angiotensin-(1-7), and CD300a) that can promote resolution of inflammation directly or through modulation of SPMs production. Drug development strategies based on the biology of the resolution of inflammation can offer novel therapeutic means and/or add-on therapies for the treatment of chronic diseases.

A microphysiological system of sterile injury demonstrates neutrophil reverse migration via macrophage-derived extracellular vesicle crosstalk.

Persistent neutrophilic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and chronic inflammation, contributing to non-healing wounds. The resolution phase of neutrophilic inflammation is critical to preventing tissue damage, as observed in diseases characterized by influx of neutrophils such as atherosclerosis and non-healing wounds. Animal models have provided insight into resolution of neutrophilic inflammation via efferocytosis and reverse migration (rM); however, species-specific differences and complexity of innate immune responses make translation to humans challenging. Thus, there is a need for in vitro systems that can elucidate mechanisms of resolution of human neutrophilic inflammation. Here, we developed a human microphysiological system (MPS) to mimic an inflammatory sterile injury (SI) microenvironment to study the role of macrophage derived extracellular vesicles (M-EVs) in determining the resolution of inflammation via neutrophil rM. The MPS integrates a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lined lumen, injury site spheroid, human neutrophils, macrophages and macrophage derived EVs to investigate the role of M-EVs in neutrophil rM in vitro . The key features of the MPS enabled us to demonstrate that EVs derived from macrophage subsets modulate migratory behavior in primary neutrophils differently in specific inflammatory microenvironments. Importantly, we identified a new mechanism underlying neutrophil rM via M-EV, where neutrophils exposed to M2-EV-derived IL-8 migrate away from the SI site upon reaching the site, using the SI MPS. Overall, our SI MPS system demonstrates a reverse migratory pattern in human primary neutrophils, advancing the study of the resolution of inflammation via M-EVs.

The Effectiveness of Industrial Relations Dispute Resolution Based on Law No. 2 of 2004: An Analysis of Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration in Various Industrial Sectors in Indonesia

This study explores the strategy of resolving industrial relations disputes based on Law Number 2 of 2004 in Indonesia. The background of this research is the increasing need for effective and fair conflict resolution mechanisms between workers and employers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of Law 2 of 2004 in resolving industrial relations disputes and identify factors that affect the successful implementation of it. The research methods used include qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches, through surveys, interviews, and document analysis. The results show that mediation is the most effective method with a high level of satisfaction among workers and employers as well as a shorter settlement time. Variations in effectiveness were found across different sectors and regions, with the manufacturing sector showing more positive results. The conclusion of the study states that Law 2 of 2004 has succeeded in providing an effective framework for the settlement of industrial relations disputes, but more specific policy adjustments are needed according to the sectoral and regional context. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of education and socialization to increase understanding and compliance with this law.

Successful Settlement of Debts and Receivables Using Mediation Mechanisms

Humans as social beings are always bound in various social relationships that require rules to regulate interactions and avoid conflicts. In the legal context, agreements made between parties play an important role in the formation of legal relationships, and are regulated in the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). One of the methods of dispute resolution in the legal world is through mediation, which is regulated in Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 1 of 2016. Mediation is considered a more efficient and effective alternative to litigation, especially in the business world which often faces debt and receivable disputes. This study aims to examine the success of debt and receivables dispute resolution through mediation between PT SukaSari Mitra Mandiri as a creditor and UD Jayadi as a debtor. The research method used is normative juridical with an analytical descriptive approach, utilizing primary and secondary data obtained from through interviews and literature studies. The results of the study show that mediation can resolve debt and receivables disputes by producing a peaceful agreement that benefits both parties. This mediation process prioritizes the value of justice and efficiency, where the parties can resolve problems without going through the courts. An evaluation of compliance with a mediation agreement is also important to ensure that both parties meet their obligations as agreed, with potential legal action if either party does not comply with the agreement. This research provides insight into the importance of mediation as a dispute resolution mechanism in the world of business and civil law.