Mechanism Of Movement Research Articles

Movement Characteristics of Droplet Deposition in Flat Spray Nozzle for Agricultural UAVs

At present, research on aerial spraying operations with UAVs mainly focuses on the deposition outcomes of droplets, with insufficient depth in the exploration of the movement process of droplet deposition. The movement characteristics of droplet deposition as the most fundamental factors affecting the effectiveness of pesticide application by UAVs are of great significance for improving droplet deposition. This study takes flat spray nozzles as the research object, uses the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to obtain movement data of water droplet deposition under the influence of rotor flow fields, and investigates the variation characteristics of droplet deposition speed under different influencing factors. The results show that the deposition speed and the distribution area of high-speed (>12 m/s) particles increase with the increase of rotor speed, spraying pressure, and nozzle size. When the rotor speed increases from 0 r/min to 1800 r/min, the average increase in maximum droplet deposition speed for nozzle models LU120-02, LU120-03 and LU120-04 is 33.26%, 19.02%, and 7.62%, respectively. The rotor flow field significantly increases the number of high-speed droplets, making the dispersed droplet velocity distribution more concentrated. When the rotor speed is 0, 1000, 1500, and 1800 r/min, the average decay rates of droplet deposition speed are 36.72%, 20.00%, 15.47%, and 13.21%, respectively, indicating that the rotor flow field helps to reduce the decrease in droplet deposition speed, enabling droplets to deposit on the target area at a higher speed, reducing drift risk and evaporation loss. This study’s results are beneficial for revealing the mechanism of droplet deposition movement in aerial spraying by plant protection UAVs, improving the understanding of droplet movement, and providing data support and guidance for precise spraying operations.

Biomechanics mechanism of sports promoting psychological benefits based on blockchain and intelligent network security

The application of intelligent network technology has realized the transformation of people’s production and lifestyle, and also promoted the transformation of physical education teaching mode. At present, the application of intelligence in the field of sports is becoming more and more powerful. Using the advanced methods and technologies of intelligent network security, this paper aimed to realize the optimization of sports under the security of intelligent network for psychological benefits and study the sports factors that promote psychological benefits. This paper proposed a target tracking algorithm to guide the integration of intelligent network and sports that promote psychological benefits. Using the target tracking in intelligent network security for reference, the biological mechanism of movement promoting psychological benefits was studied to achieve the integration between the two. In the expert evaluation results of the research on sports and psychological benefits of adolescents, creativity and subjective well-being scored the highest and the lowest, with 97.2 and 93.6 points respectively. Therefore, it is very important to use intelligent network security to study the biological mechanism of sports promoting psychological benefits.

Research on Motion Patterns of Soft Robots Based on Bionic Structure

Bionic soft robot is a new type of robot whose main body is composed of flexible material, with the advantages of adjustable size and strong environmental adaptability, which has a broad application prospect in logistics, medical care, resource exploration and other fields. Novel smart materials also shine in the design of soft robots. This paper highlights the research advancements in the locomotion patterns of bionic soft robots. The mechanism of movement of animals such as inchworms, starfish, earthworms, etc. and the soft robots designed to imitate them are introduced. Novel smart materials required to realise these designs, such as Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), dielectric elastomer (DE), a collapsible actuator (PFA), pNIPAM/CNTs hydrogel composite, are also presented. Methods to drive and control the motion of these soft robots are presented, including thermally driven shape memory alloys, pneumatic airbags, and laser-driven, magnetic field-driven, and electrically driven dielectric materials, among other types. After discussing the materials and methods, the current challenges to the innovation of motion patterns for bionic soft robots are analyzed.

Deciphering Regulatory Role of Melatonin in Foliar Nastic Movements of Portulaca oleracea: Visual Insights from Histology and Anatomy

AbstractPlant nastic movements exhibit unique behavioural patterns that synchronize with external cues. Given that the foliar nastic motions of Portulaca species are solely circadian, it is intriguing to investigate whether and how melatonin governs these movements. Analysis of histological traits concurrent with anatomical traits such as stomatal behaviour provides visual data on the plant species' gnosophysiology, offering clues and validation of the influence of multiple external stimuli on hydraulic forces that in turn alter turgor pressure. The current study aims to elucidate how exogenous melatonin modulates foliar nastic movements in Portulaca oleracea. Our findings indicate that melatonin functions as an intracellular hydraulic flux controller, influencing idioblast and crystal densities, as well as stomatal behaviour. Timepoint studies at specific Zeitgebers reveal that abiotic variables such as light and temperature can influence the endogenous melatonin concentration of P. oleracea. Therefore, this hormone potentially serves as an additional internal regulator of turgor pressure, influenced by both light and temperature. Thus, melatonin plays a crucial role in shaping the characteristic foliar nastic movements observed in P. oleracea, inherently tied to the circadian rhythm. Further investigation into idioblast and crystal torques, along with their angular momentum, is warranted to calculate the hydraulic forces at work in the leaf lamina. Thus the study underscores the multifaceted role of melatonin in navigating nastic movement processes through turgor pressure alterations brought about by intracellular depositions. The study in future could unravel melatonin's pleiotropic actions and the underlying mechanisms of foliar idiosyncratic nastic motions in other plant species as well. Moreover, both histology and anatomy play vital roles in the present study as it has provided visual evidence of the underlying mechanisms of foliar nastic movements in P. oleracea. Graphical Abstract

High Prevalence and Impact of Shoulder Pain Among Gym Instructors: A Study on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

INTRODUCTION :- Gym instructors within the fitness industry play a pivotal role in guiding individuals towards achieving a range of health and fitness goals. In addition to muscular and skeletal health, gym instructors are instrumental in boosting the immune system. Even though they help in maintaining the body gym trainers have a limited knowledge of mechanism of injury, neglecting and repetitive movements of the joint leads to worsening of injury and increase in the pain. Musculoskeletal pain can stem from various sources, including uncommon or repetitive activities that strain muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Additionally, it may result from sudden, jerky movements, falls, fractures, or underlying musculoskeletal conditions. The result of repetitive activities that strain the muscles, tendons and sprain the ligaments. Insufficient recovery time, rapid pace work, repetitive motion patterns, heavy weight lifting, forceful manual exertions, mechanical pressure concentrations or whole body vibrations can lead to development of other musculoskeletal disorders. The impact of a musculoskeletal condition on an individual's quality of life is substantial, extending beyond mere physical discomfort. Such conditions not only affect personal well-being but also impose a considerable financial strain, manifested through compensation payments and lost wages. Instances of sick leave, absenteeism, and even job abandonment contribute to diminished job efficiency,further exacerbating the socioeconomic repercussions of these disorders. METHODOLOGY :- A total of 147 participants were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A consent form was filled by them and the study and questionnaire was explained to them.Self-made Questionnaire was explained to each gym instructors according to language understood by that person as well as google forms were also made available for their convenience.Each gym instructor completed a self administered questionnaire which included information regarding complaints of current shoulder pain. The total data was collected and was statistically analyzed. CONCLUSION :- The Prevalence of shoulder pain in gym instructors is high (78%). The presence of shoulder pain causes a gym instructors to avoid certain activities due to pain which causes a hindrance in their work related activities.

Electron Migratory Polarization of Interfacial Electric Fields Facilitates Efficient Microwave Absorption

AbstractHigh‐performance microwave absorption materials (MAM) are often accompanied by synergistic effects of multiple loss mechanisms, but the contribution share of various loss mechanisms has been neglected to provide a template and reference for the design of MAM. Here, a highly conductive 2D structure is designed through a functional group‐induced structure modulation strategy, composite L‐Ni@C can reach an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.45 GHz at 15% fill rate, with a maximum absorption efficiency of 99.9999%. Through the layer‐by‐layer analysis of the loss mechanism, it is found that the strong loss originates from the polarization loss at the heterogeneous interface. The movement of space charge between the two‐phase interface forms an interfacial electric field, and the in situ doping of nitrogen is cleverly achieved by the introduction of amino functional groups, which significantly enhances the rate of space charge transfer between the two‐phase interface and greatly facilitates the electron migration polarization. The space charge motion law of the interfacial electric field is also simulated using COMSOL simulation software to illustrate the electron migration polarization mechanism at heterogeneous interfaces. This work fills the gap of functional group‐induced structural modulation and presents new theories into the mechanism of space charge movement at heterogeneous interfaces.

Untethered & Stiffness-Tunable Ferromagnetic Liquid Robots for Cleaning Thrombus in Complex Blood Vessels.

Thrombosis is a significant threat to human health. However, the existing clinical treatment methods have limitations. Magnetic soft matter is used in the biomedical field for years, and ferromagnetic liquids exhibit tunable stiffness and on-demand movement advantages under magnetic fields. In this study, a ferromagnetic liquid robot (FMLR) is developed and applied it to thrombus removal in complex blood vessels. The FMLR consisted of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and dimethyl silicone oil. The FMLR can pass through a narrow complex maze through shape deformation by tailoring the intensity and direction of the external magnetic field. Finite element simulation analysis is used to validate the mechanism of controllable FMLR movements. Importantly, the storage modulus of FMLR can be tuned from 0.1 to 2018Pa by varying the external magnetic intensity, ensuring its effectiveness in removing rigid and stubborn thrombi present on the vascular walls. Toward medical robotic applications, FMLR can be used in telerobotic neurointerventional. Experiments demonstrating the capability of FMLR to remove thrombi in the ear veins of rabbits are conducted. This study introduces an efficient approach for thrombus elimination, broadening the utilization of FMLRs within the realm of clinical medicine.

Truncated mini LRP1 transports cargo from luminal to basolateral side across the blood brain barrier

BackgroundThe most crucial area to focus on when thinking of novel pathways for drug delivery into the CNS is the blood brain barrier (BBB). A number of nanoparticulate formulations have been shown in earlier research to target receptors at the BBB and transport therapeutics into the CNS. However, no mechanism for CNS entrance and movement throughout the CNS parenchyma has been proposed yet. Here, the truncated mini low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mLRP1_DIV* was presented as blood to brain transport carrier, exemplified by antibodies and immunoliposomes using a systematic approach to screen the receptor and its ligands’ route across endothelial cells in vitro.MethodsThe use of mLRP1_DIV* as liposomal carrier into the CNS was validated based on internalization and transport assays across an in vitro model of the BBB using hcMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells. Trafficking routes of mLRP1_DIV* and corresponding cargo across endothelial cells were analyzed using immunofluorescence. Modulation of γ-secretase activity by immunoliposomes loaded with the γ-secretase modulator BB25 was investigated in co-cultures of bEnd.3 mLRP1_DIV* cells and CHO cells overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PSEN1).ResultsWe showed that while expressed in vitro, mLRP1_DIV* transports both, antibodies and functionalized immunoliposomes from luminal to basolateral side across an in vitro model of the BBB, followed by their mLRP1_DIV* dependent release of the cargo. Importantly, functionalized liposomes loaded with the γ-secretase modulator BB25 were demonstrated to effectively reduce toxic Aß42 peptide levels after mLRP1_DIV* mediated transport across a co-cultured endothelial monolayer.ConclusionTogether, the data strongly suggest mLRP1_DIV* as a promising tool for drug delivery into the CNS, as it allows a straight transport of cargo from luminal to abluminal side across an endothelial monolayer and it’s release into brain parenchyma in vitro, where it exhibits its intended therapeutic effect.

Enhancing social robot's direct gaze expression through vestibulo-ocular movements

Non-verbal communication, especially eye contact, plays a crucial role in human interaction. Integrating eye contact capabilities into robotic behavior presents challenges that require comprehensive interdisciplinary collaboration from the fields of vision science and robotics. This study introduces an innovative methodology to improve the user's perception of the tabletop social robot Haru's direct gaze by explaining how eye and head movements can be managed through simulating visual perception processing. By considering the mechanisms of eye and head movements during visual perception processing, the robot's eye and head gaze behaviors are intended to replicate human gaze movements with Vestibulo-Ocular Movement (VOM) during face-to-face interaction, ultimately enhancing the user's perception of the robot's direct gaze.

Aberrant connectivity of the lateralized readiness system in non-syndromic congenital mirror movements

ObjectivesNon-syndromic CMM has a complex phenotype. Abnormal corpus callosum and corticospinal tract processes are suggested mechanisms of the mirror movements. To further explore behavioural and neural phenotype(s) the present study tests the hypothesis that the response readiness network comprising supplementary motor area (SMA) and connections with motor cortex (M1) functions abnormally in CMM. MethodsTwelve participants with (non-syndromic) CMM and a control group (n = 28) were tested on a probabilistic Go-NoGo task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded to assess possible group differences in lateralized readiness of voluntary hand movements together with measures of SMA-M1 functional connectivity. ResultsThe CMM group demonstrated delayed lateralized readiness and stronger functional connectivity between left-brain SMA-M1 regions. Connectivity strength was correlated with measures of behavioural performance but not with extent of mirroring. ConclusionsAbnormalities in brain processes upstream of movement output likely reflect neurocompensation as a result of lifelong experience with mirroring in CMM. SignificanceThese findings extend the known neural abnormalities in CMM to include brain networks upstream from those involved in motor output and raise the question of whether neurocompensatory plasticity might be involved.

Buoyancy and Propulsion Mechanisms for Stable Movement in Snow Field

For small-sized mobile machines, moving on snow without sinking is challenging. Snowmobiles are often used to move on snow. However, in smaller-sized machines, the skis attached to the machine become small, so small snow bumps or soft powdered snow quickly cause the entire machine to be buried under the snow. Therefore, it is necessary for small robots moving on snow to give appropriate driving mechanisms for producing propulsive force and snow-floating force. To this end, we propose new driving mechanisms, a “passive wing wheel” and a “spiral screw,” for small mobility services that move on snow without sinking or getting stuck. The passive wing wheel has transformable wing-like paddles, which extend to behave like animal feet and shrink to form a wheel if necessary. The spiral screw is designed to produce propulsive force by pushing snow particles with the screw. Additionally, by combining two sets of screws having opposite threads, they gather snow underneath the body attached to them, which causes floating force. This report also proposes ways to prepare pseudo-snow, which resembles natural snow in hardness, viscosity, and property transformation due to deformation. We conducted experiments to measure the performance of the proposed design in both the pseudo-snow and natural snow. From experiments, we confirmed that the mechanism performs well in terms of propulsion and floating on snow.

Gangguan Perkembangan Bahasa pada Anak Usia 4 Tahun

The schipeaking in general can be interpreted as conveying one person's intentions or ideas, thoughts, concepts or contents of one's heart to another person using spoken language so that the intention can be understood by other people. Language development is the stage where children are starting to be able to convey the desired message in the form of a sequence of sounds of two or three words. Good language development, especially in speaking, enables children to express their thoughts and feelings intelligently according to the context and situation when they are speaking. This study aims to describe the condition of speech disorders experienced by 4 year old children. And investigate the factors that influence language development in early childhood. The results of the observations and analysis carried out refer to psycholinguistic studies related to language disorders. One of the symptoms in children of language and speech disorders is that there are pronunciation errors both in the mechanism of movement of the articulation points and in pronunciation. The research results show that genetic factors play a role in the speed and ability of children's language development, a social environment that is rich in interaction and language stimulation has a positive impact including the quality of conversation, vocabulary and role playing. Treatment that can be done for children who experience language and speech disorders is by doing speech therapy, oral motor, and melodic intonation. Parental education is also important in providing appropriate language stimulation. And limited language stimulation and lack of parental support can hinder children's language development. This research highlights the importance of involving active parental support to support early childhood language development.

MdBAM17, a novel member of the β-amylase gene family, positively regulates starch degradation in ALA-induced stomatal opening in apple (Malus × domestica)

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening. Starch degradation, catalyzed by β-amylase (EC3.2.1.2, BAM), plays an important role in stomatal opening. However, whether the starch breakdown is involved in ALA-regulating stomatal movement is unclear. In the current study, we found that exogenous ALA effectively stimulated the starch breakdown in guard cells, increased β-amylase activity and promoted stomatal opening in leaves of apple (Malus × domestica). Based on genome-wide identification, we identified a total of 119 members of BAM gene family in ten commonly Rosaceae crops. Analyses of gene structure, motif identification, and gene pair collinearity revealed relative conservation among members within the same group or subgroup. Among these genes, MdBAM17 and other 12 genes were identified as the orthologous genes of AtBAM1, which is responsible for starch degradation to modulate the stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expressions of MdBAM17 and stomatal aperture, as well as β-amylase activity, whereas a negative correlation was observed with the starch content. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that MdBAM17 is a chloroplast protein, consistent with the AtBAM1. MdBAM17 was mainly expressed in guard cells and responsive to exogenous ALA. Overexpressing MdBAM17 increased β-amylase activity and promoted starch breakdown, leading to stomatal opening, which was further strengthened by ALA. RNA-interfering MdBAM17 decreased β-amylase activity, resulting in starch accumulation, and impairing the stomatal opening by ALA. However, modulation of MdBAM17 expression did not affect the levels of flavonols and H2O2 in guard cells, suggesting that MdBAM17-promoted starch degradation may function at downstream of ROS signaling in the ALA-regulated stomatal opening. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of ALA-regulated stomatal movement.

Mechanism chaotic movement of Leidenfrost droplets

One of the most effective methods for cooling overheated surfaces is drip irrigation. If the surface temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost temperature, then a vapor film is formed between the droplet and the surface, which leads not only to a decrease in heat transfer intensity but also causes droplet mobility. For a number of applications, the mobility of droplets is an undesirable phenomenon, so the analysis of the factors responsible for their movement is a relevant task. Here we analyze the movement mechanism of the Leidenfrost droplets with variations in the composition and volume of the droplets. The data obtained show that the droplet speed increases with an increase in the droplet volume. However, smaller droplets change direction of motion more often than larger droplets. To substantiate the experimental data, a hypothesis is proposed, according to which the mechanism of movement of Leidenfrost droplets is caused by the reactive force that arises due to the evaporation of liquid. A Leidenfrost droplet changes the direction of its movement due to the deformation of its surface under the influence of gravity and capillary force. To substantiate the experimental data a simple phenomenological model is proposed.

Exploring dispersion modelling for resuspended pollen particles in a heterogeneous urban environment

ABSTRACT Urban air quality assessment in regard to biogenic emissions such as airborne pollen grains (PGs) is indispensable in the urban environment which significantly affects human health, climates, ecosystems, and energy production. Dispersion and deposition of PGs because of resuspension events (ReSE) are investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mechanisms in PGs movement are achieved through the Lagrangian formulation-based discrete-phase model (DPM). The observed pollen grains distribution pattern is highly spatially dependent on heterogeneous urban obstacles as it induces modified characteristics of the wind flow field. Wind-urban structure interplays in PGs concentration variation. The simulated results identify the pollen hot-spot zones, where vortical flow features and low wind speed dominate. This approach offers a detailed understanding of the dispersion patterns of airborne PGs in urban environments because of ReSE with high resolution.

Extracellular Matrix Remodelling of the Periodontium under Orthodontic Force.

As the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement have been explored further, scholars have gradually focused on the remodelling mechanism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the periodontal ligament (PDL). The ECM of the PDL consists of various types of collagens and other glycoproteins. The specific process and mechanism of ECM remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement remains unclear. Collagen I and III, which constitute major components of the PDL, are upregulated under orthodontic force. The changes in the contents of ECM proteins also depend on the expression of ECM-related enzymes, which organise new collagen fibre networks to adapt to changes in tooth position. The matrix metalloproteinase family is the main enzyme that participates in collagen hydrolysis and renewal and changes its expression under orthodontic force. Moreover, ECM adhesion molecules, such as integrins, are also regulated by orthodontic force and participate in the dynamic reaction of cell adhesion and separation with the ECM. This article reviews the changes in ECM components, related enzymes and adhesion molecules in the PDL under orthodontic force to lay the foundation for the exploration of the regulatory mechanism of ECM remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement.

Analysis of structures and movement parametres of self-climbing platforms and development prospects

Introduction. For high-rise building construction self-climbing platforms based on hydraulic drive are used, lifting the formwork for monolithic structures. These lifting mechanisms differ in structures, characteristics and parameters. There is a need to introduce high-tech equipment in the industry. To create self-climbing platforms for high-rise construction, it is necessary to conduct research in the field of operation of lifting vehicles.Materials and methods. Platforms based on climbing profile for the analysis were used. The design features of the specified type of platforms were considered. The main parameters were speed of lifting, maximum lifting height and load capacity.Results. Graphical data on the main structural elements and the lifting process were obtained the specified type of platforms. Graphical data on hydraulic system is provided and the mechanism of movement is considered in detail. The basic formulas for determining the platform lifting speed and maximum load capacity required for the choosing of specified lifting vehicles.Discussion and conclusion. Existence of factors affecting the lifting speed of platforms and their maximum load capacity provides grounds for the development of a method for calculating and designing the considered transport and technological equipment in Russian Federation. One of the ways to develop this lifting equipment is integration of accessory mechanisms into their structure for fulfilling additional works during the construction of high-rise buildings, in this way forming a single transport and technological complex.

LOCAL MANIFESTATION OF TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE OF MIDDLE PRYDNISTERIA

The article describes in detail the phenomenon of temperature inversions using the Ternava River canyon (Middle Prydnisteria) as an example. Reverse frosts are one of the most dangerous agrometeorological phenomena. They can occur as a result of temperature inversions. Their manifestation is uneven and depends on the local conditions of the area, especially the topography. The relevance is that on the basis of such studies, a comprehensive assessment of the thermal regime and taking into account the influence of temperature inversions on the development of agricultural crops can be carried out. The conducted research is at the intersection of scientific and practical research in a number of spheres of economic and scientific activity. The territory of the study is the territory of an orchard, near the settlement of Kytaygorod, where a gentle slope turns into a sharp ledge of the Ternava river terraces. The purpose of the research is to record the temperature difference during the night in each of the points in order to understand the mechanism of atmospheric air movement during the formation of temperature inversions. An inversion is a phenomenon when the air temperature in some layer increases with height, instead of decreasing. Inversions affect the development of atmospheric processes and have stable stratification, and their power is small. In the conditions of the variegated topography of the Middle Prydnisteria, it is most often possible to find the manifestation of radiation temperature inversions, which arise as a result of the nocturnal radiation cooling of the earth's surface and the adjacent air layer. They begin to form immediately after sunset, intensifying during the night and reaching maximum values in the morning. In our case, the situational factors contributing to the formation of a temperature inversion are the lowering of the relief in the river valley, where cool air can descend and accumulate. An important factor is the significant height difference, which contributes to the differentiation of air temperature with a significant amplitude. Our studies proved that the temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the canyons can reach more than 5 °С. The measurements carried out on October 10 and 11, 2023 showed that the air temperature in the evening before sunset in the upper part of the slope was 7.8-7.9 °C, and at the bottom of the canyon it was 8.6 °C, which, in our opinion, is due to stronger heating canyon walls, which in this part have a western direction. At 21:00, at the bottom of the canyon, the air temperature drops to a level lower than at the top of the slope, which corresponds to the "classic" course of temperature inversion formation, during which, in the absence of wind, cold air descends into the relief. Further measurements show that the temperature differentiation of the air increases, and in the lowest areas the air temperature reaches negative values. The impact of temperature inversions on agriculture depends on the conditions and phases of plant development, as well as the level of temperature reduction in a specific area. The greatest impact of temperature inversions occurs when the air temperature drops to sub-zero values, as cold air remains near the surface where plants are located. This is especially important for gardens and vegetable gardens, as well as field depressions, where sensitive plants can suffer from negative temperatures. Low temperatures can damage buds, flowers and fruits, which can affect yield and product quality. Reducing the negative impact of low temperatures is a rather difficult and extremely necessary task for many branches of crop production. This need is especially acute in viticulture, horticulture and vegetable growing. In the conditions of Middle Prydnisteria, the main way to combat negative temperature indicators caused by temperature inversions is to use the territory taking into account its relief features and hardening of plants. The practical significance of scientific research lies in expanding the possibilities of adapting modern agriculture to global climate changes, developing preventive measures to combat frosts, and solving the tasks of agrometeorological maintenance of agricultural production. Key words: temperature inversions, radiation inversions, advective inversions, microclimate, Middle Prydnisteria.

Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Localizes Proximal to Sphingomyelin Synthase Isoforms but Is Not Involved in Sphingomyelin Synthesis.

Ceramide (Cer) is synthesized de novo in the bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cytosolic leaflet of the trans-Golgi apparatus for sphingomyelin (SM) synthesis. As the active site of SM synthase (SMS) is located on the luminal side of the Golgi membrane, Cer translocates to the lumen via transbilayer movement for SM synthesis. However, the mechanism of transbilayer movement is not fully understood. As the Cer-related translocases seem to localize near the SMS, the protein was identified using proximity-dependent biotin identification proteomics. Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), which is thought to act as a scramblase for phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, was identified as a protein proximal to the SMS isoforms SMS1 and SMS2. Although five isoforms of PLSCR have been reported in humans, only PLSCR1, PLSCR3, and PLSCR4 are expressed in HEK293T cells. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that PLSCR1 and PLSCR4 partially co-localized with p230, a trans-Golgi network marker, where SMS isoforms are localized. We established CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PLSCR1, PLSCR3, and PLSCR4 single-knockout cells and PLSCR1, 3, 4 triple knockout HEK293T cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the levels of species with distinct acyl chains in Cer and SM were not significantly different in single knockout cells or in the triple knockout cells compared to the wild-type cells. Our findings suggest that PLSCR1 is localized in the vicinity of SMS isoforms, however is not involved in the transbilayer movement of Cer for SM synthesis.

Evidence for the differential efficacy of yaw and pitch gaze stabilization mechanisms in people with multiple sclerosis.

People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) who report dizziness often have gaze instability due to vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) deficiencies and compensatory saccade (CS) abnormalities. Herein, we aimed to describe and compare the gaze stabilization mechanisms for yaw and pitch head movements in PwMS. Thirty-seven PwMS (27 female, mean ± SD age = 53.4 ± 12.4 years old, median [IQR] Expanded Disability Status Scale Score = 3.5, [1.0]. We analyzed video head impulse test results for VOR gain, CS frequency, CS latency, gaze position error (GPE) at impulse end, and GPE at 400 ms after impulse start. Discrepancies were found for median [IQR] VOR gain in yaw (0.92 [0.14]) versus pitch-up (0.71 [0.44], p < 0.001) and pitch-down (0.81 [0.44], p = 0.014]), CS latency in yaw (258.13 [76.8]) ms versus pitch-up (208.78 [65.97]) ms, p = 0.001] and pitch-down (132.17 [97.56] ms, p = 0.006), GPE at impulse end in yaw (1.15 [1.85] degs versus pitch-up (2.71 [3.9] degs, p < 0.001), and GPE at 400 ms in yaw (-0.25 [0.98] degs) versus pitch-up (1.53 [1.07] degs, p < 0.001) and pitch-down (1.12 [1.82] degs, p = 0.001). Compared with yaw (0.91 [0.75]), CS frequency was similar for pitch-up (1.03 [0.93], p = 0.999) but lower for pitch-down (0.65 [0.64], p = 0.023). GPE at 400 ms was similar for yaw and pitch-down (1.88 [2.76] degs, p = 0.400). We postulate that MS may have preferentially damaged the vertical VOR and saccade pathways in this cohort.