Certification Mechanisms Research Articles

Would COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination Status Certificates Erode Civil Liberties?

Empirical evidence on whether COVID-19 testing and vaccination status certificates might erode civil liberties has been scarcely documented in the literature. Using and replicating data from Ada Lovelace Institute, Censuswide, Ipsos, Patch, Promoleaf, and Verywell, I performed analyses and made estimates regarding mechanisms for unfailing and precise COVID-19 certification. Descriptive statistics of compiled data from the completed surveys were calculated when appropriate.

Decentralized Certificate Management for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) Implementation in Telecommunication Networks

The certificate management complexity and cost increase when PKI technology is leveraged into Network Function Virtualisation (NFV), a significant enabling technology for 5G networks. The expected security of PKI cannot be met due to the unavailability of the certificate revocation inquiry in the telecommunication operator’s core network. This paper analyses the issues and challenges during the NFV implementation and proposes a blockchain‐based decentralized NFV certificate management mechanism. During instantiation, the Virtual Network Functions (VNF) instance generates certificates according to the certificate profile provided in the VNF package. The certificate management unit is responsible for the certificate enrolment, renewal, and revocation. The certificates submitted to the decentralized certificate management system by the instance will be recorded into the ledger after validation and consensus. The experiment and analysis show the transaction throughput, and the transaction delay is noncritical in practice, which could be fulfilled by the proposed mechanism. The certificate inquiry performance is critical, which can be facilitated by the decentralized deployment of inquiry nodes.

WITHDRAWN: Ultra-secure transmissions for 5G-V2X communications

Abstract Contact with Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a field that concerns many academic institutions as well as the industry. Standards for these communications have been developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Such standards define a protocol stack that builds on top of the 802.11p Wi-Fi protocol, which does not provide protection. Many businesses and research institutes are now interested in using this emerging technology in V2X communications due to the successful implementation of 5G. The possibility of exchanging 802.11p with 5 G allows, among many other changes, to improve the efficiency of the protection mechanisms specified by the ETSI. The new features could also carry new vulnerabilities at the same time. The aim of this work is to examine how security is affected by the implementation of 5 G in V2X communications. We show that the transition from 802.11p to 5 G is feasible, but not easy, and the remainder of the protocol stack needs certain changes. In addition, some potential changes are suggested to the protection mechanisms offered higher up in the stack. Improvements include the elimination of the existing authentication certificate mechanism, since some 5G features would render it redundant. Finally, the pros and cons of implementing 5G are discussed in V2X communications.

Board Structure, Ownership and Performance of Indian IPOs: An Empirical Investigation

This paper is an attempt to explore the signaling effect of corporate governance mechanisms on IPOs of emerging market economy. Using a sample of 124 Indian IPOs for the period April 2009 to March 2015, the study tries to find out the impact of board characteristics and share ownership of different stakeholders on short and long term IPO performance. In Indian context, this paper makes the first attempt to highlight the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on long run IPO performance, measured by market adjusted buy and hold returns (BHR). The results of the analysis show that in Indian context, subscription rate, equity retention by executive and non-executive directors and promoter CEO have significant impact on IPO underpricing. Board size, promoter CEO and retained strategic investors ownership have significant impact on IPO long run performance. Overall the results show that corporate governance attributes play a limited role in explaining underpricing and long run IPO performance in Indian context. However, investors can use the corporate governance attributes as certificate mechanisms to select potentially high value IPOs for both short and long-term investments. The issuing firms can restructure their boards and ownership patterns to enhance the value of the firm, to get fair value of their IPOs and benefit their long-term shareholders.

The Analysis of Risks to Personal Data Security

Article 32 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation imposes the obligation to implement appropriate safeguards to protect personal data. It states that the application of adequate measures is to be preceded by a risk analysis and evaluation. In the current paper, as the main risk factors, probability and consequences were assumed that take into account the basic attributes of information, i.e. confidentiality, integrity and availability. Next, a risk analysis methodology based on the risk matrix is proposed. The issue discussed in the publication is currently valid and still requires careful analysis in order to develop universal standards aimed at establishing certification mechanisms as well as quality labels and markings in terms of personal data protection.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF CERTIFICATION OF PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The development of certification programs for professional qualifications in different countries is a response to changes in the labor market, which are becoming increasingly dynamic. Nowadays in Ukraine there is a creation and formation of mechanisms for certification of qualifications of specialists and graduates of educational institutions of different levels, taking into account the integration of the requirements of educational and professional standards. In world practice, professional certification, or certification of professional qualifications, means objective independent confirmation of the employee's qualifications required to perform certain tasks or solve specific tasks.An analysis of available open sources, including websites of international professional associations, using methods of comparison, comparison and generalization of information. The results of the analysis of the experience of creating certification systems in the field of electrical engineering, certification procedures, applied methods, models and indicators, consumers of the results of certification of qualifications, the processes of interaction of certification systems with stakeholders are presented.

Animal Welfare Promotion as a Mechanism of Moral Certification: Microhistorical Evidence From 19th Century Switzerland

Abstract How do nonhuman animal welfare campaigns influence the institutional use of nonhuman animals? This article narrates an episode of nineteenth century history of Geneva, pertaining to the use of nonhuman animals in science, to argue that welfare advocacy is a risky, and indeed sometimes counterproductive, endeavor. In the late nineteenth century, the mainstream Genevan animal welfare group (SGPA) refused to condemn vivisection, and decided to side with Moritz Schiff, a controversial physiologist, provided that he later accepted respecting certain welfare standards in his experiments. The SGPA defended Schiff against the charges of the Genevan abolitionists, and thus provided a metaphorical certificate of “humane treatment” to the vivisector. Behind this moral shield, the laboratory could expand its practices, undisturbed by the need to legitimize them. This episode illustrates the phenomenon of “capture” of the welfarist group by the institutions from which animals are supposed to be protected in the first place.

Direct demand-pull and indirect certification effects of public procurement for innovation

Public procurement has been increasingly adopted as a demand-side policy instrument to stimulate innovation, but empirical evidence on the effectiveness of public procurement remains scarce especially evidence using firm-level data. This paper theoretically analyzes the demand-pull and certification mechanisms through which public procurement can lead to innovation and empirically examines and disentangles their impacts on firms’ innovation outcomes. While the demand-pull effect is well acknowledged, we argue that public procurement may also act as a certificate or signal to external investors and may stimulate innovation by alleviating the financial constraints of innovating firms. Based on a unique sample of high-tech firms in China, empirical results indicate that public procurement significantly increases firms’ R&D investment, promotes high-tech product sales, and enhances firms’ access to external finance. A quantitative framework of causal mediation analysis is used to disentangle the direct demand-pull and indirect certification effects. Despite the dominance of the demand-pull effect, the certification effect is found to be more pronounced for financially constrained small and young firms. Our study provides justification for the use of public procurement as an innovation policy instrument and implications for better policy design and implementation.

The EU Cybersecurity Act and European standards: an introduction to the role of European standardization

Regulation (EU) 2019/881 [1] of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and on information and communications technology cybersecurity certification and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act) establishes, for the first time, a voluntary framework for European Union (EU)-wide cybersecurity certification for information and communications technology (ICT) products, services and processes. In doing so, the Cybersecurity Act provides the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) with a new mandate: ENISA will be involved in the development of the European cybersecurity certification framework by coordinating the establishment of specific cybersecurity certification schemes. Following the request of the European Commission, ENISA is currently preparing two schemes: the first one relates to the existing SOG-IS (“Senior Officials Group Information Systems Security”) MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreement) [2]—the second one concerns cloud security [3]. These initiatives take place in a context where the EU cybersecurity landscape remains fragmented due to the lack of cross-European interoperable solutions and the lack of EU mechanisms for certification. It is recognized that certification plays an important role in increasing trust and security in ICT products, services and processes. However, cybersecurity certification exists mainly at national level: a certificate issued by a national certification authority is not in principle recognised in another Member State. Hence, when operating across borders, companies may have to certify in several Member States. The establishment of tailored and risk-based EU cybersecurity certification schemes aims at addressing these issues: by increasing trust in those ICT products, services and processes that have been certified under specific certification schemes, and by avoiding the multiplication of overlapping national cybersecurity certification schemes.

The Competitive Effects of the GDPR

Abstract The GDPR is the Magna Carta of data protection, the importance of which cannot be overstated. Yet, as this article shows, the price of data protection through the GDPR is much higher than previously recognized. The GDPR creates two main harmful effects on competition and innovation: it limits competition in data markets, creating more concentrated market structures and entrenching the market power of those who are already strong; and it limits data sharing between different data collectors, thereby preventing the realization of some data synergies which may lead to better data-based knowledge. To illustrate its claims, the article analyzes the competitive dynamics created by the GDPR, focusing on how it affects the options available to firms for amassing the data necessary for their operations, and their resultant ability to realize economies of scale and scope in data analysis. It identifies seven main parallel and cumulative market dynamics that may limit data collection and data sharing, only some of which have been recognized so far. As shown, under some market conditions, the GDPR has unintended and so far unrecognized effects on competition, efficiency, innovation, and the resultant welfare. The dynamics identified in this article offer partial explanations for some of the troubling empirical evidence regarding investment in EU data-driven markets following the adoption of the GDPR. Furthermore, the analysis enables us to identify which effects are short-term and which are here to stay. The effects on competition and innovation identified may justify a reevaluation of the balance reached to ensure that overall welfare is increased. The article suggests some means of reducing harmful competitive effects, while still protecting the vital goal of privacy, including reaching a better balance between data protection and competition law, reducing uncertainty in the GDPR, creating certification mechanisms for GDPR compliance, and structuring of mandatory data-sharing obligations under other laws in a way, which is sensitive to the dynamics of data markets.

A Novel Assessment and Administration Method of Autonomous Vehicle

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As a promising strategic industry group that is rapidly evolving around the world, autonomous vehicle is entering a critical phase of commercialization from demonstration to end markets. The global automotive industry and governments are facing new common topics and challenges brought by autonomous vehicle, such as how to test, assess, and administrate the autonomous vehicle to ensure their safe running in real traffic situations and proper interactions with other road users. Starting from the facts that the way to autonomous driving is the process of a robot or a machine taking over driving tasks from a human. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of autonomous vehicle which are different from traditional one, then demonstrates the limitations of the existing certification mechanism and related testing methods when applied to autonomous vehicle. Based on the above analysis, a novel assessment mechanism focusing on complete vehicle behaviors is proposed, which takes safety, timeliness, accuracy, and smoothness as the four rules of autonomous vehicles. Then, a novel comprehensive evaluation scheme based on scenario is proposed, which combines simulation test, real vehicle test and verification test under actual driving situation. In addition, a novel administration mechanism covering vehicle development, type approval and in-use management is proposed to address the fact that the performance of autonomous vehicles is dominated by software rather than hardware and is changed by software updates throughout the life of the vehicle.</div></div>

Market simulation of traceable food in China based on conjoint-value analysis: a traceable case of pork

The food-traceability system is considered to be one of the main measures to fundamentally prevent food-safety problems. It is of great value to study consumer demand for traceable food and market simulations that can adjust the production and supply structure of traceable food and promote traceable market development. Having sampled and interviewed 2,121 consumers in China, consumer preferences for traceable pork with different levels of safety information, and the respective market share of traceable pork with different product profiles were investigated using conjoint value analysis and the randomized first choice method. Results showed that Chinese consumers prioritized the certification of a traceable-pork safety-information attribute. Furthermore, consumers were willing to pay extra costs in order to obtain traceable safety information. However, this additional expenditure should account for no more than 30% of the price of ordinary pork, or consumer demand for safe pork decreases. Results of a market simulation also identified a type of traceable pork that had an optimal combination of attributes and met the needs of Chinese consumers. Consequently, the government should gradually promote a multilevel traceable-food market system in China by developing a combination of a certification mechanism and traceability system, and increasing financial subsidies for the construction of the traceability system.

Research on China’s Management Mechanism of Green Product Standardization - Based on Comparison of Chinese and Foreign Green Product Standards

Green products are medium and high-end products that conform to the construction of ecological civilization, and it is extremely necessary to promote the standardization of green products. Therefore, this paper makes a comparative study of Chinese and foreign green product assessment standards, studies the coordination and management mechanism of green product standard development and green product certification of China, analyzes the progress and problems of China’s green product assessment standardization, and thus puts forward relevant suggestions.

Statistical In-depth Security Analysis For Vehicle To Everything Communication Over 5g Network

Many researchers have invested their time, effort, and energy on the research area of “Vehicular-to-everything” which is also known as V2X in term of security and vulnerabilities. For communications like V2X, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has been engaged in order to formulate quality standards for these types of the methodological communication system. The Wi-Fi protocol 802.11p has no capability to offer any sort of security and privacy of data. However, upon the development that took place in the field of 5G technology, now many companies, as well as researchers, have locked the attention to use this technology so that the V2X communication can serve the people with better security and protect them from the harmful acts. If the 802.11p can be exchanged with the 5G, it will surely bring advancements to the ETSI security mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is possible to have counterattack from the new features that will have been installed. It will be made sure that the attacks can be encountered with efficiency rest assured. This thesis stands for taking a point on the aspects of Statistical in-depth security analysis for Vehicle to everything communication over 5g network and how 5G can put effect on the security of the communication. In this thesis, it has been investigated that it is not impossible to make a transit from the 802.11p to 5G NR in term of security aspects. However, it needs some alteration in the protocol stack. That is why different types of improvements have been proposed in this thesis so that the security mechanisms will get stronger and better. The advancements due to the improvement will eradicate the present certificate mechanism which is needed for the authentication. This will be done only because the prospects and aspects of 5G will provide the communication with so many features that authentication will not be needed in that regard. In the end, the positivity and negativity of the introduction of 5G in V2X communication will be discussed along with further recommendations.

Mecanismos de certificação para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura com potencial de mitigação das mudanças climáticas

Os aumentos de temperaturas médias globais e da ocorrência de eventos climáticos extremos poderão afetar a oferta de alimentos a médio e longo prazos. A agricultura, a pecuária e as atividades florestais respondem por quase 30% das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) – os principais causadores do aquecimento global. As mudanças climáticas decorrentes de processos antrópicos geram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma agricultura com potencial de mitigação e redução dos GEE. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi identificar ferramentas e metodologias de cálculo de emissões, bem como seu uso, para subsidiar sistemas de certificação climáticos para sistemas agrícolas e alimentos. Verificou-se que existem plataformas suficientes para o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de certificação, que seguem principalmente as diretrizes do IPCC para inventários de GEE e a avaliação de ciclo de vida. Apesar do grande número de rótulos ecológicos existentes, apenas um deles foi identificado como selo de certificação climática para cadeias produtivas agrícolas – o selo sueco Klimatcertifiering för Mat. Embora existam oportunidades de mercado, uma eficiente comunicação do propósito dos selos climáticos ainda demanda aperfeiçoamentos.

Sistem Jaminan Halal: Studi Komparatif Indonesia dan Malaysia

Consumption of the halal product industry in Indonesia has great potential to be developed, because Indonesia is a Muslim-majority country. In recent years, the development of halal food consumption trends has increased significantly, not only in Muslim-majority countries but this is also experienced by Muslim minority countries. Halal food market demand encourages food producers to obtain halal certification from local authorities. This study aims to compare the mechanism and application of halal certification in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach and the type of research used in this study is a literature study that collects information relevant to the research objectives. The conclusion of this study is that both Indonesia and Malaysia, both apply almost the same principles, authority and halal certification mechanism. One of them is for every producer who will propose halal certification, is required to go through a series of tests in which the test results will be submitted to the Fatwa Commission which is authorized to decide whether or not a product is halal.

Research trend: Bringing the private to the public: Private actors in timber legality systems

Illegal logging and trade are one of the most important issues in world politics, strongly connected with deforestation and forest degradation, especially in developing countries with tropical forests. As a result, many different international policies designed to tackle these issues have been developed over the years, led both by state and non-state actors. Although the role of state actors in certification mechanisms has been previously analyzed, the response of non-state forest certification actors to potentially competitive systems of legality has not yet been analyzed. The case of Argentina presented in this paper shows how a coalition between international actors such as the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and land owners, with great power in the country, gathered through forestry associations have managed to create a timber legality verification mechanism, even with financing from the national state. In this case, the state gives up its regulatory power and the possibility of increasing its institutional capacities vis-à-vis private actors. Addressing the response of private certification actors to legality mechanisms will allow for important and in-depths insights into the relationship between state and non-state actors and potential future joint mechanisms designed to address illegal logging and deforestation.

Improve education quality, cultivate excellent nurses-Training of nursing talents under the background of building a powerful country in higher education

Quality is the life of higher nursing education. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the higher nursing education in China has made great progress. Some reform and construction have been carried out around the internal personnel training system for improving the quality of education, the establishment of a perfect education quality culture and the external certification and evaluation supervision mechanism. The strategy of building a strong country in higher education takes the quality improvement as the most important task in the future education. The higher nursing education in China needs to combine the characteristics of the times, build a first-class nursing specialty with Chinese characteristics, and train excellent nurses. Key words: Nursing care; Education; Talent cultivation quality; Talented nurse; Specialty certification

The Certification as a Mechanism for Control of Artificial Intelligence in Europe

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most significant technological contributions that will permeate the life of western societies in the coming years, providing significant benefits, but also highlighting risks that need to be assessed and minimized. A reality as disruptive as AI requires that its technology and that the products and services supported by it provide enough guarantees of its proper functioning. The present work analyzes and makes a proposal for the application of the mechanisms of Certification of Conformity to the maintenance of the afore mentioned guarantees.

The Impact of Farmland Ownership Certification on Farmland Abandonment：Based on the Property Rights Incentive

In China’s specific land conditions, farmers have acquired the right to land contractual management by virtue of the fairness of their collective membership. Due to the pattern of equal distribution of land”, it inevitably leads to the phenomenon of land fragmentation, thus further squeezing out farmers’ agricultural input and causing the problem of farmland abandonment in today’s observable non-agricultural employment opportunities. Therefore, the Chinese government hopes to be able to adopt a new round of reform of the farmland property right system, i.e. the certification of farmland ownership, in order to increase farmers’ expectations of property rights and improve the efficiency of wasteland disposal. The existing researches still have doubts about the incentive effect of property right of farmland ownership certification, and have not been able to discuss the transmission mechanism of farmland ownership certification for farmland abandonment based on the incentive effect of property right. Therefore, based on the incentive effect of property rights, this study integrates the certification of farmland ownership, agricultural investment and farmland abandonment into a complete theoretical framework. Agricultural investment consists of three aspects: capitalization investment in agricultural production, specialized investment in agricultural production and cooperative investment in agricultural production. The data of 13,750 respondents from 29 provinces of CLDS are used for empirical tests. The research conclusions are as follows: （1）Farmland ownership certification can strengthen the exclusiveness, safety and stability of farmers’ farmland property rights and reduce the phenomenon of farmland abandonment to a great extent. （2）Farmland ownership certification can reduce the risk of agricultural investment being hitchhiked” and produce the property suitable incentive effect of agricultural investment, thus enhancing farmers’ behavior of agricultural investment in abandoned land. （3）The confirmation and certification of farmland property rights can improve the enthusiasm of farmers for agricultural investment, and especially promote farmers to increase the capitalization of agricultural production investment in abandoned land, i.e. to become specialized farmers in agricultural production, thus playing a role in reducing the occurrence of farmland abandonment. This study also has the following research significance: （1）It clarifies the property true incentive effect of farmland ownership certification in the process of farmland abandonment, and affirms the role of farmland ownership certification policy of empowerment. （2）It clarifies the intermediary effect of agricultural investment in the process of farmland ownership certification on farmland abandonment, further reveals the relationship between farmland ownership certification, agricultural investment and farmland abandonment, and provides reference basis for the government to formulate supporting policies for farmland ownership certification.