Mechanical Properties Of Epoxy Resin Research Articles

Recent studies on multiscale modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced composites

Multiscale modeling has garnered attention as an analytical method for investigating the mechanical behavior of composite materials. This paper introduces a comprehensive multiscale modeling approach developed by the authors’ group, which enables comprehensive analysis of the material properties from the atomic-scale reaction characteristics to laminate-scale fracture analysis; an overview of relevant literature is included as well. First, the methods of analysis at the atomic/molecular, microscopic, and mesoscopic scales are separately explained. Finally, a multiscale modeling approach that integrates these models and bridges the gaps between the scales is presented. The multiscale model is used to predict the fracture behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced composites based on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.

Sustainable lignin-based high-efficiency flame-retardant epoxy resins with excellent mechanical properties

As an abundant natural aromatic polymer, how to realize the high-value utilization of lignin (LA) is still a difficult problem. Herein, a sustainable flame retardant (LA@APP) was synthesized through hydrogen bonding interactions between LA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), then flame retarded alone epoxy resin (EP/LA@APP). With loading of 6 wt% LA@APP, the LOI of EP/LA@APP6 rose to 27.9 % and achieved UL-94 V0 rating. Meanwhile, EP/LA@APP6 presented a 63.5 % reduction in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and an 51.3 % decrease in peak of smoke production rate (pSPR). LA@APP could promote the EP composites to form the denser and more continuous expanded charring residuals than APP during the combustion process, effectively shielding the underlying epoxy substrate and thus enhancing fire safety. Additionally, the shell layer of LA@APP, abundant in hydroxyl groups and methoxy groups, effectively improved the compatibility and interfacial interaction with EP. Therefore, the tensile, flexural and impact strength of EP/LA@APP6 reached 50.8 MPa, 86.1 MPa and 7.81 kJ/m2, higher than those of pure EP at 48.3 MPa, 81.5 MPa and 7.45 kJ/m2. This flame retardant with simultaneously enhanced fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin was expected to realize the high-level utilization of lignin.

Influence of substrate temperature on plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to improve the surface flashover performance of epoxy resin

Abstract Epoxy resin composites are widely used as insulating and supporting materials in high-voltage power systems due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. However, long-term operation under high-voltage direct current (HVDC) induces surface flashover. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been shown to effectively improve the surface insulation properties of epoxy resin. However, the influence of substrate temperature on the film composition, stress, morphology, and surface flashover performance remains unclear. This study uses PECVD to treat epoxy resin, enhancing its surface flashover performance. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is used as the precursor to deposit nano-scale SiOx films on the epoxy resin surface. The effects of different substrate temperatures on the surface flashover voltage, physicochemical properties, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin are characterized. The results show that the surface flashover voltage increases and then saturates with increasing substrate temperature, improving by 27.4% at 60°C compared to untreated samples. The surface roughness of epoxy resin decreases after plasma deposition, while highly oxidized silicon-containing functional groups are introduced. When the substrate temperature increases from 20°C to 60°C, the interfacial bonding strength improves by 25.9%. This study provides a simple, efficient, and controllable method to enhance the surface flashover performance of epoxy resin, promoting the application of this technology in engineering practice.

MOF-derived strategy for in-situ assembly of nickel phyllosilicate nanoflowers: Enhancing smoke suppression, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resins

Epoxy resin (EP) is a highly versatile polymer extensively used in high-end applications, including aerospace components, electronics encapsulation and adhesives. To custom-design flame retardant materials for high-performance epoxy resins, a MOF-derived zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@nickel phyllosilicate (ZIF@Ni-PS) was synthesized through the in-situ assembly of nickel phyllosilicate nanoflowers. The results showed that the smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the EP composites containing 5 wt% ZIF@Ni-PS were significantly enhanced. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the peak smoke production rate (pSPR) were reduced by 33.2% and 12.7%, respectively. The presence of ZIF@Ni-PS promoted the formation of a dense, high-quality carbon layer that isolated heat and oxygen transfer, effectively reducing heat release during combustion and suppressing smoke generation. Furthermore, the imidazole ring and Zn ions on the surface of ZIF@Ni-PS facilitated the formation of coordination and hydrogen bonds with the epoxy (EP), thereby enhancing the dispersion, compatibility, and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin matrix. This study presents a straightforward preparation method for high-performance EP composites, providing a novel pathway for EP research.

Influence of different composite curing agents on the rapid curing characteristics and mechanical performance of epoxy resins

To address the need for rapid in situ plugging and repair of hydraulic machinery and chemical pipelines and to resolve the issue that a single curing agent cannot simultaneously achieve rapid curing and excellent mechanical properties in epoxy resin systems, this study explores the use of composite curing agents. In particular, effective formulations are designed for mixing fast and slow curing agents, studying their effects on the curing behavior, curing quality, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins and elucidating their influence mechanisms. The results indicate that three resin systems meet the requirements for rapid curing (curing time within 30 min): 4A6B/EP, 2A8B/EP, and 0A10B/EP. Among them, 4A6B/EP exhibits the best curing quality and mechanical properties. In particular, 4A6B/EP demonstrates the lowest values of curing shrinkage rate, internal curing stress, average pore size, porosity, and cumulative pore volume. Its low internal stress and low defects reduce the stress concentration, while more efficient deflection and branching of internal cracks enhance its deformation resistance. Consequently, 4A6B/EP shows the highest microhardness, fracture toughness, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation after fracture. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of rapid curing characteristics and mechanical properties, the 4A6B/EP system offers the best overall performance. Therefore, it is recommended as the preferred resin system for rapid plugging and repair of composite materials, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for boosting the application of epoxy resin composite materials in high-tech fields.

Ionic Liquid-Modified Copper for the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin/Expanded Graphite Composites.

In this study, diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/expanded graphite (EG)/copper (Cu) powder composites with high thermal conductivity were prepared for use as thermal interface materials. To construct an excellent thermally conductive network, the Cu surface was modified using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide. In addition, the effect of the Cu content on the thermal conductivity, thermal stability, flexural properties, impact strength, and morphologies of the DGEBA/EG/Cu composites was investigated. The results indicated that the addition of 10 wt % Cu increased the thermal conductivity of the composites from 7.35 to 9.86 W/(m·K). Conversely, the thermal stability of the composites decreased with the addition of Cu. The flexural strength and impact strength of the composites increased from 27.9 MPa and 0.81 kJ/m2 to 39.6 MPa and 0.96 kJ/m2, respectively, as the Cu content increased from 0 to 10 wt %. Moreover, the flexural modulus of the composites increased from 9632 to 11,309 MPa with the addition of 10 wt % Cu. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the DGEBA/EG/Cu composites revealed sheet-shaped blocks with numerous microcracks on the fracture surfaces.

Research progress on high-temperature properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for cables

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) cable has advantages of lightweight, high strength, and excellent durability, providing a new materials for cables and bringing out potential breakthrough in spanning capacity of structures. At present, CFRP cable has already been applied in some engineering bridges. The fire resistance performance of CFRP cable is critical for ensuring structure safety when suffering accidental fire disaster, and clarifying mechanical performance deterioration and failure mechanism of CFRP cable at elevated temperature is fundamental for research of its fire resistance. This paper summarizes current research progress on high-temperature properties of CFRP cable from two levels, including epoxy resin matrix and CFRP composites. Firstly, at resin matrix level, mechanical properties of epoxy resin and its degradation at elevated temperatures are reviewed and analysed, and potential ways to improve high-temperature performance of epoxy resin are suggested. Secondly, at CFRP composites level, high-temperature properties test methods and mechanical performance of CFRP composites in longitudinal direction and transverse direction at elevated temperatures are summarized and discussed. In addition, research shortage of high-temperature properties of CFRP cable is summarized, and corresponding further research is recommended.

Preparation of halogen-free flame retardant curing agent and its application in epoxy resin

9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-N-Aminoethylpiperazine (DOPO-AEP), a phosphorus and nitrogen intumescent flame retardant curing agent was prepared by using acetonitrile as solvent using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and N-aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) as raw materials. The structure of the flame retardant curing agent DOPO-AEP was analyzed Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the synthesis method of the target product was determined. In addition, the content of char residue was determined by thermogravimetric analyzer, and its thermal properties were comprehensively explored, and based on the obtained results, the curable epoxy resin was selected to prepare DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites. According to the amount of DOPO-AEP added product, different proportions of DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites were prepared, and the actual impact of flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resin in different proportions was explored. When the content of DOPO-AEP is 35%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP reaches 29.9, which has a significant increase compared with the limiting oxygen index of pure epoxy resin of 19.8, but compared with the content of DOPO-AEP of 30%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP is 28.7, and there is no significant increase change. Comprehensive analysis shows that when the component content of DOPO-AEP is 30%, the flame retardant system has a tensile strength of 29.0 MPa, an impact strength of 4.5Kj/m2 and a flexural strength of 73.9 MPa, and its limiting oxygen index is as high as 28.7, and the comprehensive performance of the system is the best. By testing the surface morphology of the flame retardant composites after combustion by SEM, it was found that a dense char layer was formed on the surface of the epoxy resin cured char residue and foamed obviously, indicating that the flame retardant curing performance of DOPO-AEP was good.

DOPO chemically modified mesoporous silica composites: Preparation, flame retardancy, and thermodynamic properties

AbstractOrganic flame retardant 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) was used to decorate the pores of mesoporous silica (m‐SiO2) nanospheres to prepare a new composite flame retardant (DK‐SiO2). The content of DOPO in DK‐SiO2 is about 17 wt%. Due to the chemical bonding, DK‐SiO2 not only enhances the flame retardant performance, but also effectively avoids adverse effects of DOPO on the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP). At 9 wt% loading, the limiting oxygen index of the EP increased from 25.7 to 31.2, and successfully passed the UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Besides, DK‐SiO2 can significantly reduce the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of EP, with reductions of 26%, 32%, and 20.8%, respectively. Compared with the simple blended sample, DK‐SiO2 not only has better flame retardant performance but also shows significant advantages in thermodynamic properties. The glass transition temperature, impact, and tensile strength, as well as storage and flexural modulus have been improved. This excellent flame retardant performance is mainly attributed to the gas‐condensed synergistic flame retardant mechanism between DOPO and m‐SiO2. The good thermodynamic performance is due to the excellent dispersion of DK‐SiO2 nanospheres in the EP.

A bio‐based reactive P/N synergistic flame retardant for improving the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

AbstractA high‐efficiency bio‐based P/N synergistic flame retardant (PVFD) is synthesized by combining furfurylamine and vanillin. The compound incorporates two different valence states of phosphorus as flame retardant structures, namely phenylphosphoryl dichloride (PPDC) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐ phosphophenyl‐10‐oxide (DOPO). PVFD and epoxy resin (EP) can cure into a cross‐linked network, thus not only improving the mechanical properties of EP but also achieving P/N synergistic flame retardant effects. Experimental results demonstrate that EP/PVFD‐5 obtained by adding 5 wt% of PVFD to EP passes the UL‐94 test and achieves V‐0 grade, whose limiting oxygen index (LOI) is up to 38.0%. EP/PVFD‐5 exhibits a decrease of 10.14% in peak heat release rate (PHRR), 16.90% in total heat release (THR), and 10.0% in total smoke release (TSP), while the residual carbon content increases by 8.5%. Additionally, the bending strength, bending modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of EP/PVFD‐5 increase by 3.9%, 4.9%, 45.1%, and 26.3%, respectively.Highlights The bio‐based raw materials we used are eco‐friendly and readily available. PVFD, an efficient P‐N synergistic compound, was synthesized. PVFD promotes the char formation of EP and dilutes the O2 concentration. PVFD does not cause the degradation of mechanical properties of EP.

Enhanced Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy and Epoxy-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene Modification

Enhanced Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy and Epoxy-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene Modification

Syringaldehyde‐DOPO derivative for enhancing flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

AbstractWith the wide application of epoxy resins in adhesives, electronic packaging materials, and aerospace fields, it is necessary to prepare high‐performance flame‐retardant epoxy resins to reduce the fire risk caused by their flammability. In this study, the rigid structure intermediate Schiff base (DMDA‐SH) was synthesized by condensation reaction of syringaldehyde (SH) with O‐Tolidine (DMDA). Then, DMDA‐SH‐DOPO, a novel P/N‐structured biobased flame‐retardant curing agent, was synthesized by addition reaction with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxaza‐10‐phosphame‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and was applied to the preparation of intrinsic flame‐retardant epoxy resin. As expected, DMDA‐SH‐DOPO has good flame‐retardant properties due to the synergistic action of N/P elements. Epoxy resin with only 2.5% DMDA‐SH‐DOPO (P = 0.16%) can pass the UL‐94 V‐0 test. Compared with DGEBA/DDM, DMDA‐SH‐DOPO‐7.5's (P = 0.49%) peak heat release rate was reduced by 48.4% and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 27%, making it a flame‐retardant material. From the point of view of carbonaceous residue performance, the expansion height of carbon residue after DMDA‐SH‐DOPO‐7.5 combustion is significantly increased, and the amount of carbon residue at 800°C is increased by 36.4%. In addition, appropriate DMDA‐SH‐DOPO can effectively improve the bending property of epoxy resin. This study provides a new idea for preparing renewable high‐performance intrinsic flame‐retardant epoxy resin.

Mechanical properties analysis of cross-linked epoxy resin

Abstract For this study, bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) was used as the resin matrix, and 3,3’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (33DDS) was used as the curing agent. The effects of different cross-linking densities on the mechanical properties of epoxy resins were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the changes in the mechanical properties of epoxy resins under five different cross-linking density levels were predicted [1]. The results showed that as the cross-linking density of the epoxy resin increased, the mechanical parameters (such as elastic modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus) of the epoxy resin system also increased. This indicates the importance of improving the curing process of epoxy resin to enhance its mechanical properties.

A Numerical Model to Predict the Relaxation Phenomena in Thermoset Polymers and Their Effects on Residual Stress during Curing-Part I: A Theoretical Formulation and Numerical Evaluation of Relaxation Phenomena.

This paper analyzes the effect of crosslinking reactions on a thermoset polymer's viscoelastic properties. In particular, a numerical model to predict the evolution of epoxy's mechanical properties during the curing process is proposed and implemented in an Ansys APDL environment. A linear viscoelastic behavior is assumed, and the scaling of viscoelastic properties in terms of the temperature and degree of conversion is modeled using a modified version of the TNM (Tool-Narayanaswamy-Mohynian) model. The effects of the degree of conversion and structural relaxation on epoxy's relaxation times are simultaneously examined for the first time. This formulation is based on the thermo-rheological and chemo-rheological simplicities hypothesis and can predict the evolution of epoxy's relaxation phenomena. The thermal-kinetic reactions of curing are implemented in a homemade routine written in APDL language, and the structural module of Ansys is used to predict the polymer's creep and stress relaxation curves at different temperatures and degrees of conversion.

Molecular dynamics study on the influence of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of epoxy resins for high voltage bushing.

Thermal aging significantly deteriorates the mechanical properties and service performance of epoxy resins used for the high-voltage bushing. Current studies on the thermal aging behavior of epoxy resins mainly focus on experimental observations. However, an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of thermal aging of epoxy resins requires the monitoring of structural evolution of epoxy resins during thermal aging at the molecular level. To thoroughly analyze the intrinsic factors affecting structural evolution and the effect of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin for high-voltage bushing, epoxy resin models with different crosslinking degrees were established and thermal aging treatments at various temperatures and time periods were carried out by molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the tensile strength of the epoxy resin was enhanced with the increase of the crosslinking degree, which was related to the elevation of the proportion of C-N and O-H bonds in its structure. With the increase of thermal aging temperature, the tensile strength of the epoxy resin decreased, which was related to the formation of weak bonds. At the early stage of thermal aging and after a period of high-temperature thermal aging, the strength of epoxy resin significantly decreases. The thermal aging of the epoxy resin is accelerated under external loading. In addition, the crosslinking degree and curing agent also affect the thermal aging resistance of epoxy resins. The results of this study can provide guidance for predicting and improving the thermal aging resistance of epoxy resins. Materials Studio was used to construct molecular models and complete crosslinking reactions. DGEBA and 44DDS (or 33DDS) were mixed at a ratio of 2:1, followed by crosslinking reaction. During this process, the Nose method was used to control temperature, the Berendsen method was used to control pressure, and the polymer consistent force field (PCFF) was used to control the motion and force of atoms. Isobaric-isothermal ensemble (NPT ensemble) was used to heat up epoxy resin models to various thermal aging temperatures of 400K, 500K, 600K and 700K. The models were maintained at these temperatures for different thermal aging times of 100ps, 200ps, 300ps, 400ps, 500ps, 600ps, 700ps and 800ps. Afterwards, the models were cooled down to 300K and subjected to uniaxial tensile testing at this temperature with a strain rate of 1 × 109s-1. The structural configurations and stress-strain data during the tensile process were recorded. The flow stress of the material was derived by counting the average stress in the 20-50% strain interval.

Optimized Functionalization of Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Epoxy Resin Composites

Optimized Functionalization of Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Epoxy Resin Composites

Fast and complete recovery of magnesium from sea bittern to synthesize magnesium hydroxide hexagonal nanosheet for enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Magnesium is the most abundant element in sea bittern, of which preferential and high-efficient recovery is significant for extraction of other valuable elements, such as lithium etc. In this work, a two-step method was proposed to rapidly and completely extract magnesium from sea bittern. Firstly, solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was directly added to sea bittern to convert magnesium to mesh-structure magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) intermediate, where Mg(OH)2 seeds were pre-added to accelerate the filtration process. Subsequently, mesh-structure Mg(OH)2 intermediate was hydrothermally transformed to Mg(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheet with size of 40–60 nm. The synthesized Mg(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets after modification by sodium stearate were applied to enhancement in flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP). When the addition amount of Mg(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets is 9 wt%, in contrast to pure EP, the formed composite showed decreased heat release rate, smoke production rate, total heat release and total smoke production by 63.5 %, 66.3 %, 39.2 % and 46.2 %, respectively. Simultaneously, tensile and bending strength of this composite were increased by 104.0 % and 61.9 %. This work gives a high-value route for magnesium in sea bittern without diluting sea bittern concentration, which would contribute to the high-value utilization of sea bittern in a cost-effective way.

Interface construction of phosphorus-based hybrid with micro/nano hierarchical structure toward intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resins with robust mechanical properties

The facile strategy for constructing phosphorus-based hybrid (APP@Zn-PT) is proposed to the simultaneous optimization of flame-retardant properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resins (EP), which is a long-term concern for the intumescent flame-retardant systems. Herein, APP@Zn-PT was fabricated via the assembly of nano-sheet phosphorus-containing triazole-zinc complex (Zn-PT) on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate micro-particles (APP). Notably, EP modified with APP@Zn-PT synchronously displayed highly fire-safe performance and excellent mechanical properties, which is seldom found in the traditionally intumescent flame-retardant EP systems. In the presence of 7 wt% APP@Zn-PT, EP acquired a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 31.1 %, and succeeded to meet the requirement for a UL-94 V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the results of cone calorimeter test (CCT) showed that the crucial parameters involving smoke production and heat release of EP/APP@Zn-PT presented significant decrease, that total smoke production (TSP) was dropped from 55.7 m2 of EP to 36.2 m2, and the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) was decreased from 1156 to 384 kW/m2. In addition, the interfacial interaction of APP@Zn-PT in epoxy matrix was improved as compared to APP due to the embedment of nano-sheet Zn-PT, which possessed reinforcing effect as well, and thereby the mechanical performances of EP/APP@Zn-PT were superior to neat EP and EP/APP. Generally, this work lays a foundation for the construction of phosphorus-based micro-nano hybrids, showing a great potential in high-performance polymers for practical application.

Cyano group‐containing DOPO derivative for improving the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins

AbstractIn order to obtain an efficient flame retardant and smoke suppressor without sacrificing mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP). A cyano group‐containing 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) derivative (CP‐DOPO) was proposed and synthesized through one‐step Atherton–Todd reaction between DOPO and 4‐cyanophenol. The comprehensive performance analysis of CP‐DOPO‐based EP composite was conducted by measuring the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties. The flame‐retardant test findings shows that the EP/4CP‐DOPO sample achieves UL‐94 V‐0 rating with 4 wt% low addition of CP‐DOPO. Moreover, EP/6CP‐DOPO sample presents a LOI of 36.5%, a 28.1% reduction in the peak heat release rate, and a 42.1% substantial decrease in total smoke production, demonstrating its desirable flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties. Significantly, different from the traditionally additive flame retardants, the mechanical properties of EP matrix will not be affected by the incorporation of CP‐DOPO but a 17.7% increasement of flexural properties compared to EP. This research not only provides an ingenious strategy for designing and preparing high‐effective flame retardant but also enhances the comprehensive performance of EP resins in practical applications.

Improving Processability and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins with Bio‐Based Flame Retardants

AbstractIntegrating flame retardant additives into epoxy resins is an essential strategy for improving their fire resistance. However, introducing flame retardant groups often compromises the processability and mechanical integrity of the resins. In this research, we synthesized a novel, bio‐based flame retardant, referred to as DPN, using naringenin and chlorodiphenylphosphine as precursors via a straightforward single‐step process. The addition of DPN dramatically decreased the viscosity of Hydantoin Epoxy Resin, from 7468 mPa·s to 1285 mPa·s. Furthermore, when cured with 4,4‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), the composite containing 5 equivalents of DPN (DPN‐5) exhibited a remarkable improvement in mechanical strength, reaching 190 MPa, significantly outperforming the pure thermoset (DPN‐0: 104 MPa), while preserving high transparency. Combustion tests further confirmed that DPN significantly boosts the flame resistance of the thermoset, with DPN‐5 achieving a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 37% and securing a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Cone calorimetry analysis showed that DPN‐5 effectively reduced heat and smoke production during combustion, achieving a 13.4% reduction in Peak Heat Release Rate and a 28.2% decrease in Total Heat Release compared to DPN‐0. This study underscores the potential of multifunctional bio‐based flame retardants derived from renewable resources in advancing the development of high‐performance materials.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.