Mechanical Properties Of Aluminum Alloys Research Articles

Estimation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Based on Indentation Curve and Projection Area of Contact Zone

This study proposes a method for determining aluminum alloys’ yield stress and hardening index based on indentation experiments and finite element simulations. Firstly, the dimensionless analysis of indentation variables was performed on three different aluminum alloys using the same maximum indentation depth to obtain load-displacement curves. Then, laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the residual indentation morphology. And four dimensionless parameters were derived from the load-displacement curves while another dimensionless parameter was obtained from the projection area of the contact zone. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm was employed to solve these five dimensionless parameters and estimate the yield stress and hardening index. Finally, the predicted results are compared with uniaxial tensile experiments and the results obtained are essentially the same. The yield stress and hardening index can be predicted using this method. And an example is used to verify that this method enables predictions for unidentified “mysterious material” and the expected results agree with the experiments.

Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy induced by turning and ultrasonic surface rolling process

The microstructure and mechanical properties have a significant impact on the service performance of materials. This paper compared the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy subjected to turning and ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP). It was found that both turning and USRP can cause grain refinement and increased microhardness. The grain refinement induced by USRP was attributed to dislocation proliferation and T-phase fragmentation; At the same time, a quantitative relationship model between microhardness and microstructure during turning and USRP was constructed. The results showed that precipitation had the greatest impact on the microhardness induced by turning, while dislocations and grain refinement had the greatest impact on the microhardness induced by USRP; In addition, the mechanical performance response mechanism of the materials after turning and USRP was elucidated, and it was found that USRP can significantly enhance the yield strength of the materials.

Quenching optimization of a hot stamping line for aluminum automotive components

The rising cost of fuel and harder environmental regulations driving the need for more eco-friendly vehicles have compelled automotive manufacturers to search for innovative lightweight solutions. Consequently, hot stamped aluminum alloys are gaining prominence due to their exceptional specific strength and improved formability compared to cold formed components. Unfortunately, the current state of knowledge in the field lacks the necessary depth to establish a reliable, fast and optimized process for aluminum hot forming. To address this gap, a collaborative effort between Mondragon Unibertsitatea (knowledge provider), Fagor Arrasate (hot stamping line supplier), and Batz (tool manufacturer) has been initiated. The collaborative endeavour aims to conduct semi-industrial trials involving the hot stamping of an authentic automobile bumper employing high-strength 6xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys. The hot stamping trials have been performed under different in-die quenching times and mechanical properties of the stamped bumpers have been empirically tested. These results have helped to define the optimal quenching time. With that aim, first, a thermophysical and rheological characterization of the aluminum has been performed, followed by the development of a model to predict mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. This predictive model, together with the aluminum material data, has been then integrated into the simulation framework to enable accurate forecasting of mechanical properties and, consequently, the identification of the optimal quenching duration. The results revealed that quenching times as brief as 1 second could be employed while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties in a rapid cycle hot stamping process. These expedited quenching times have the potential to boost production by an impressive 70 % when compared to the conventional hot stamping process applied to the equivalent steel bumper.

Optimizing friction stir processing parameters for aluminium alloy 2024 reinforced with SiC particles: A taguchi approach of investigation

The present investigation focuses on the microstructural behavior and mechanical properties of Aluminium alloy 2024 reinforced with SiC nanoparticles by applying the Friction Stir Processing (FSP) technique. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to find the optimal process parameters. The experiment used the expected best process parameters, which confirmed the predicted highest value for the mechanical characteristic. Traverse speed, axial load, and rotating speed are the main factors affecting aluminum metal matrix composite. Hence, this experiment examined the effects of five different tool spinning speeds, specifically 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm. Weld samples are fabricated wherein the stir zone contains SiC nanoparticles. The results of the study indicate that the optimal welding rotational speed of 1000 rpm has a significant impact on the microstructure, wear rate, and microhardness. Specifically, it was observed that the stirred zone exhibited enhanced wear resistance compared to other zones. The study's findings revealed that after implementing friction stir processing (FSP), a well-defined shear zone was observed on the advancing side of the stir zone. Additionally, it is found that the uniform dispersion and strong bonding of SiC particles with an aluminium matrix further enhance wear resistance.

The influence of La and Ce additions on the solidification of alloys from the Al–Fe system

AbstractAluminium alloys are popular in modern applications due to their lightweight, high strength and ductility. Alloys in the 8xxx series have similar properties to those in the 1xxx series, but are stronger, are more malleable and have higher stiffness. The addition of rare earths (RE) can refine the as-cast microstructure and, as a result, can increase the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys at room and high temperatures. The effects of rare earth (Ce and/or La) additions to Al-1.4Fe alloys were investigated. Thermal analysis of the solidification behaviour of the reference alloy showed the occurrence of three reactions corresponding to the formation of α-Al, eutectic (α-Al + AlxFey) and Fe intermetallics, respectively. The results showed similar reactions for the Ce- and/or La-modified alloy, but at slightly different temperatures, indicating a change in the forming phases due to the addition of Ce and/or La. In all cases, the microstructures were typically hypoeutectic, consisting of the primary α-Al and the eutectic (α-Al + AlxFey). The effect of grain refinement of the primary α-Al grains of the as-cast alloy was observed by the addition of RE, while La showed the strongest effect. The effect of the RE additions showed no obvious differences in the morphology of the eutectic AlxFey, although they were present in these phases. When Ce and/or La were added, (α-Al + Al11Ce3) and/or (α-Al + Al11La3) eutectics were formed, while Fe was not detected in these eutectics.

Improving Thermal and Mechanical Properties of CuـAl Based Alloy Used for High-Temperature Applications (A Review) By IJISRT

Despite the increased usage of composite materials, high-strength aluminum alloys maintain significance in airframe construction. Aluminum's attributes of being lightweight, relatively low-cost, heat- treatable, and capable of withstanding high-stress levels contribute to its continued importance. These properties also reduce manufacturing and maintenance costs compared to other high-performance materials. Recent advancements in aluminum aircraft alloys have enabled them to compete effectively with modern composite materials. This study delves into the latest developments, focusing on improving the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys and utilizing high-performance joining techniques. Cu-Al-based alloys represent a new class of functional materials. Due to their unique thermoelastic martensite structure, their exceptional damping performance has garnered attention in materials science and engineering. However, challenges such as elastic anisotropy and larger grain sizes can lead to brittle fractures, impacting the material's mechanical properties. It is widely acknowledged that achieving a finer grain size is pivotal when creating Copper Aluminum alloys with exceptional mechanical attributes and effective damping characteristics. Smaller grain sizes allow for the combined use of fine grain strengthening and interfacial damping, resulting in alloys demonstrating exceptional overall characteristics. This paper presents several standard approaches for preparing Copper Aluminum alloys, subsequently examining research efforts dedicated to enhancing grain size through alloying and heat treatment. Moreover, nanomaterials are being investigated as potential agents for reinforcing Cu–Al-based alloys, leading to substantial improvements in their mechanical characteristics and damping capacities. The study aims to serve as a valuable reference for future research in developing structure-function integrated materials capable of simultaneously offering high strength and high damping characteristics.

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS WHEN MODIFIED WITH POWDER COMPOSITIONS

Purpose. To determine the effect of modification with powder compositions on the structure and mechanical properties of cast and deformed aluminium alloys. Research methods. Metallographic analysis, stereometric metallography, testing of strength and plastic properties of cast alloys AL4, AL4C of the Al-Si system and deformed alloys 1545 of the Al-Mg-Sc system, 2219 of the Al-Cu-Mn system in their original and modified state. Results. Meltings of AL4, AL4C, 1545, 2219 alloys were carried out in the initial state and with melt treatment with a complex nano-disperse modifier of magnesium silicide Mg2Si and silicon carbide SiC with a particle size of 50...100 nm. The optimal content of Mg2Si+SiC (0.10%) for increasing σ0.2 of aluminium alloys was determined. A 1.6-fold reduction in the grain structure of cast alloys was achieved. The dependence of the particle size and the amount of the modifier on the mechanical properties of the alloys was established. In industrial experiments, the most effective particle size of Mg2Si+SiC was established for increasing σ0.2 of AL4, AL4C alloy from 115 to 260 MPa in the as-cast state. The increase in the strength properties of the modified alloys is 44 % compared to the original state. Scientific novelty. Further development, insight into the influence of melt modification on the parameters of the structure and properties of aluminium alloys was obtained. The use of nanodispersed complex modifier Mg2Si+SiС with a particle size of 50...100 nm is proposed. It has been confirmed that the use of complex nanodisperse modifiers allows you to actively influence the structure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys. Practical value. It has been experimentally proven that the rational amount of the introduced complex modifier is 0.10% of the mass of the melt. A significant grinding of the grain structure and an increase in the strength properties of cast and deformed aluminium alloys were achieved as a result of the modification.

Effect of post-weld heat-treatment and solid-state thermomechanical treatment on the properties of the AA6082 MIG welded joints

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and solid-state thermomechanical treatment (TMT) via friction stir processing (FSP) have been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. The current work investigates the effects of PWHT and TMT on the microstructure and mechanical performance of AA6082-T6 welded butt joints welded using the MIG process. The 5 mm thick AA 6082-T6 plates were joined in butt configuration using MIG welding with ER 5356 filler wire, 120 A current, 0.3 mm/s weld speed, and argon shielding gas at 15 L/min flow rate. PWHT was performed on the MIG welds per the T6 temper procedure. TMT was implemented via FSP using a pinless tool rotating at 800 rpm and traversing speed at 200 mm/min with a 3° tilt angle. Microstructural analysis, hardness mapping, tensile testing, and fracture surface evaluation were utilized to characterize the as-welded, PWHT, and TMT samples. The results demonstrate that both PWHT and TMT significantly refine and homogenize the microstructures of the welded joints. However, the TMT samples displayed superior hardness and tensile strength compared to the as-welded and PWHT conditions. The TMT-processed welds achieved approximately 99% joint efficiency versus only 69% and 85% for the as-welded and PWHT samples. In summary, PWHT and especially TMT via FSP are effective at enhancing the mechanical properties of MIG welded AA6082-T6.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Die Shape on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy by Hot Direct Extrusion Process

This experimental study examined the impact of die shape on the mechanical characteristics of the AA7075, the aluminum alloy, extruded by hot direct extrusion. These characteristics include the extrusion load, hardness and compression tests, and stress-strain curve. Three alternative widths of the extruded metal exit zone (16, 18, and 20 mm) and three different die angles (15°, 30°, and 45°) were considered in the experiments. According to the findings, the extrusion load for the extruded items was the highest at an angle of 30° and the lowest at an angle of 15°. In terms of the hardness test of extruded materials specimens, the hardest areas were located at the outer circumference for all extrusion diameters and angles. Although the extruded samples’ compression test results showed variations in the samples’ loads before and after extrusion, it was also noticed that some of the other samples’ stress and strain curves converged while others had only slight differences.

Experimental Investigation of Effects of Manganese IV Oxide on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy.

Aluminium and its alloys have proven to be highly valuable for a variety of technical applications due to its superior strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance. As a result, there are numerous financial and environmental advantages to recycling it. The goal of this work is to significantly expand the engineering uses of recycled aluminium alloy by improving its mechanical characteristics by treatment with of MnO2. 30 kg of recyclable scrap aluminium alloy was initially acquired for the investigation in the form of ingots. Then, 5 kg of each was re-melted in three distinct samples. The first sample was re-melted and then left to cool naturally without any further intervention. 24g of dark powder from a dry cell thrown away was applied to the second sample, and 24g of MnO2 was applied to the third. Every sample underwent standard cooling procedures. The samples were then subjected to impact, tensile, and hardness testing by ASTM E8M-91 standard test protocols. The three samples were also subjected to XRD analysis. The sample treated with MnO2 had the highest hardness value, measuring 124 HV; the sample treated with powder from a discarded battery came in second, with 108.33 HV. With 99.30 HV, the control sample had the lowest value. The control sample had the highest UTS value of 92.74 MPa, the MnO2-treated sample had a UTS value of 68.23 MPa, and the sample treated with discarded battery powder had the lowest UTS value of 30.71 MPa. The control sample had the maximum impact strength value of 12.20 Joules, the discarded battery powder treated sample had an impact strength value of 11.96 Joules, and the MnO2-treated sample had an impact strength value of 11.32 Joules. The results of the study show that the recycled aluminium alloy becomes harder when MnO2 is added. Nevertheless, the inclusion of MnO2 shows a notable decline in the UTS of recycled aluminium alloy as well as a minor decrease in its impact strength.

The effect of cooling plate, mechanical vibration, and grain refinement on the microstructure and hardness of A380 produced by sand mold

ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of aluminium alloys can be increased by controlling the grain size and morphology of the alloy. In these studies, mechanical vibration, cooling slope plate (CSP), and grain refiner were applied on sand mould casting using A380 alloys. The hardness, and microstructure of the cast samples are investigated. These processes lead to the refinement of grain structures and a decrease in the tendency for dendritic structure formation. The Effect of the solidification time (modulus) on the microstructure is investigated. It was determined that the solidification time varies depending on the section thickness, which affects the SDAS values. It was observed that the lowest SDAS values were in CSP and the highest values were in grain refiners added casting. The lowest hardness value was recorded at CSP casting. Meanwhile, the grain refiner added vibration casting exhibits the highest hardness.

Changes in the structure and mechanical proper-ties of the aluminum alloy of the Al–Mg–Sc system as a result of treatment with a complex nanomodifier

Problem. On the basis of domestic and foreign research and the analysis of physicochemical properties of elements, the choice of scandium as a microalloying element of high-strength aluminium alloys is substantiated. The main criteria for the ability of scandium and its advantages over transition metals are given. Goal. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of a complex nanomodifier on the change in the structure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 1545 of the Al–Mg–Sc system. Methodology. For the first time, the treatment of aluminium melt with a complex nanodisperse modifier of the composition Mg2Si+SiС was proposed. The strength properties of aluminium alloys are significantly influenced by the size of the particles of the strengthening phase. Industrial experiments using dispersed particles of Mg2Si+SiС in a wide range of sizes of 50-100 nm. 
 Results. The technology of modifying aluminium melt with a complex modifier has been developed. Originality. A homogeneous structure of the modified alloy 1545 with a grain size 2.7 times smaller than the original state was achieved. Practical value. In the work, the grain size was determined and it was established that the grain size of alloy 1545 was 15.6 mm2 before modification, and 5.7 mm2 after modification. As can be seen from the given data, as a result of the modification, the grain structure of alloy 1545 was crushed by 2.7 times. It was established that the maximum values of σ0.2 and σv correspond to the optimal content of the powder composition: 0.10% with a further increase of the modifier, the strength properties decrease, while the increase in the strength properties of the modified alloy is 12...18% compared to the initial state.

Evaluations of low-temperature mechanical properties and full-range constitutive models of AA 5083-H112/6061-T6

The low-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys (AAs) are important for the analysis and design of infrastructures in cold regions and LNG storage tanks made of AAs. This paper investigated the stress-strain behaviours of AA 5083-H112/6061-T6 materials through conducting tensile tests on 32 AA coupons at 20 ℃ ∼ −165 ℃. All the tested AA coupons exhibited ductile failure modes. Their results showed that the stress-strain curves of AA 5083-H112 exhibited the Portevin-Le Chatelier effects that gradually weakened with the decreasing temperature. Reducing the temperature from 20 ℃ to −165 ℃ increased the elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths of AA 5083-H112 (or 6061-T6) by 5.1% (6.5%), 8.7% (12.0%) and 7.8% (13.1%), but reduced the fracture strain by 16.4% (12.4%). The fracture surfaces of all AA 5083-H112 and 6061-T6 coupons displayed localised cross-sectional area reductions and substantial plastic deformation. Meanwhile, precipitation-hardened AA 6061-T6 exhibits a more pronounced enhancement compared to strain-hardened AA 5083-H112. Furthermore, regression analyses were performed to establish prediction equations for the low-temperature mechanical indexes of AAs. Subsequently, a full-range constitutive model was proposed to estimate the stress-strain behaviours of AA 5083-H112 and 6061-T6. Validations against reported experimental observations demonstrated that the developed model reasonably described the stress-strain responses of AA 5083-H112 and 6061-T6 from 20 ℃ to −165 ℃.

Experimental and computational investigation on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 6063/waste eggshell powder metal matrix composite

AbstractIn the present investigation, food industries′ waste eggshell is used to fabricate the metal matrix composite i. e., made by stir casting method. Further, two different composition samples have been prepared, with a mixing of 6 weight‐% eggshell and 12 weight‐% eggshell carbonized powder in matrix material aluminium alloy 6063. Sample B (aluminium alloy 6063+6 weight‐% eggshell) and sample C (aluminium alloy 6063+12 weight‐% eggshell) in the aluminium alloy 6063 powder (sample A) are mixed with the help of the mechanical stir casting method. The final test results revealed that hardness increased by 16.73 % and 27.57 % value for sample B and sample C respectively than aluminium alloy 6063 (sample A). In addition, the tensile strength and impact hardness of sample B and sample C also increased by 17 % to 31 % value respectively in comparison to aluminium alloy 6063 (sample A). In the last power law, hardening parameters have been evaluated for sample B for performing the finite element analysis of the tensile test process. The finite element analysis model has shown good agreement with experimental results.

Effect of reinforcement particles and multipass of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy

The present study focuses on the successful fabrication of aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) using friction stir processing (FSP) and micro-sized SiC as reinforcement particles (RPs). The microstructure of Al6061-T6/SiC AMMCs in the stir zone was examined using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of SiC particles and the refinement of grain structure resulted in upgraded mechanical properties of the AMMCs achieved through three FSP passes. These enhancements were concerning from the reduction in grain size and more orderly dispersal of SiC particles. Moreover, the microhardness of the AMMCs enhanced by 41.79%, by augmenting the FSP passes, which can be characterized by the refinement in grain structure, facilitated by the dynamic recrystallization (DRx) mechanism.

Study on the tensile properties of Al-Zn-Mg alloy based on molecular dynamics

To explore the mechanical properties of Al alloy under fire or high-temperature environments and ensure its safety in practical applications, this study investigates the failure mechanisms and deformation behavior of Al alloy under tensile loading from a microscopic perspective. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method is employed to examine the failure behavior of Al alloy, revealing the failure mechanisms at the microscale and the variations in alloy’s mechanical properties under different loads. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for subsequent research on high-temperature resistant Al alloys. The study reveals that Al alloy exhibits a tensile strength of 6.89 GPa at 300 K, with a low occurrence of dislocations during the early stages of tension and a relatively long stage of elastic deformation. As the temperature rises, at 700 K, the tensile strength decreases to 4.42 GPa, representing a reduction of 35.84%. The elastic modulus also decreases from 62.84 GPa to 33.19 GPa. The mechanical properties of aluminum alloys are significantly influenced by temperature changes. The increase in temperature intensifies atomic motion, accelerating the diffusion rate of atoms in the alloy. This leads to thermal expansion of the material and changes in the bonding forces between atoms, thereby affecting the mechanical properties of the material. The yield stress of Al alloy exhibits a positive correlation with strain rate; with an increase in strain rate from 0.001 ps−1 to 0.02 ps−1, the tensile strength increases from 6.54 GPa to 7.04 GPa. Therefore, appropriately increasing the strain rate can enhance the material’s mechanical performance.

Significant improvement of the room and cryogenic mechanical properties of an AlN particle reinforced Al matrix composite by alloying element magnesium

Nowadays, the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys have been studied extensively, but the study of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) at extreme temperatures, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, is rare. In this work, an AlNp reinforced AMCs with excellent room and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties was manufactured by adding magnesium, and the corresponding microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms were systematically investigated. There are two kinds of particles in AlNp/Al, the small AlNp and the large AlB2p. With the Mg content increased, the AlNp became more dispersed and the AlB2p transformed into AlMgB4p. In addition, Mg atoms also dissolved in the matrix, which played a positive role in improving the mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength of the composites at RT was increased to 317 MPa, 419 MPa, and 485 MPa from 251 MPa after adding 1, 3, and 5 wt% Mg respectively. The cryogenic strength was further increased to 519 MPa, 592 MPa, and 611 MPa from 469 MPa, while keeping a decent ductility of about 5.6%, which was due to the more uniform microstructure avoiding crack generation.

Optimization of process parameters for producing AA6061/SiC nanocomposites by friction stir processing Optimization of process parameters for FSW AA7075/TiC, B4C, Al2O3 nano Hybrid composites by Taguchi technique


 
 
 
 A significant area of research now being pursued by the foundry industry is how to enhance the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys by reinforcing them with micro ceramic particles. The mechanical and Microstructural studies of commercial AA 7075 stir die castings reinforced by various weight ratios of titanium carbide (TiC), boron carbide (B4C), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) have been examined in the current study. Further, friction stir welding (FSW) process has been carried out based L16 Orthogonal Array (OA). Optimal decision making approach for the improvement of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process was performed by Taguchi method. Investigations were conducted on the effects of three variables on UTS, including rotating speed, transverse speed and tilt angle. The maximum ultimate tensile stress was found to be around 162 M Pa for sample 8 (1.5 wt% TiC, 0.5 wt% B4C and 0.8 wt% Al2O3) welded at speed 900 rpm, feed 45 mm/min, and Tilt angle 2.50.
 
 
 

Research on the Influence of the Heat Treatment Temperature on the Cavitation Behavior of the Aluminum Alloy 2017 A

The good mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 2017 A have determined its use in a wide range of applications in which cavitational solocitations occur, such as hydraulic actuation installations, heat engine blocks, boat propellers and sloops, pumps in the cooling system of thermal engines, wings and ogives of airplanes. Currently, research is focused on the development of procedures for improving the resistance to cavitational erosion of these materials. This paper presents the results of the research on the cavitation erosion behavior of the material subjected to thermal aging treatment at different temperatures of 140 °C and 180 °C respectively and a constant holding time of 12 hours. The research was carried out according to the ASTM G32-2016 norms, on a vibrating device with piezoceramic crystals from the Cavitation Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Timisoara. The research results, based on characteristic curves, mechanical properties, micro and macro structural images, showed that the sample kept for 12 h at a temperature of 180 °C is weaker than the control sample, during the sample time kept for 12 h at a temperature of 140 °C, has a small increase, even if, compared to the control sample (without heat treatment), the hardness is lower.

Comparison of k-nearest Neighbor & Artificial Neural Network prediction in the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys

Discovery of new materials is increased after the introduction of high accuracy machine learning techniques in the field of material science. Traditional way of discovering new composites requires lot of experimentation and laboratory measurements which consumes more energy and time. Property prediction using latest machine learning technology which saves lot of energy and time by avoiding experimentation and laboratory measurements. As a result, many researchers utilized the data analysis techniques to predict the properties of different material with high accuracy. So, in this research, the methodology is developed to predict the mechanical properties such as yield strength, hardness and tensile strength using ANN (Artificial Neural Network) and KNN (K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm). In Tensile strength and Hardness prediction, KNN has the higher R square value and Lower RMSE value compared to ANN which leads to more accurate predictions. But in the case of Yield strength prediction, ANN has the high R square value and Low RMSE value. The testing data size is varied from10 to 50 percent and RMSE values are calculated to prove the above results and also to find optimum testing data size. The suited algorithm is selected based on the R square and RMSE values and test size also varied to find the optimum test size of data to achieve more accuracy in prediction.