Mechanical Properties Of Materials Research Articles

Stress-Strain Behavior and Strength Development of High-Amount Phosphogypsum-Based Sustainable Cementitious Materials.

Phosphogypsum is a common industrial solid waste that faces the challenges of high stockpiling and low utilization rates. This study focuses on the mechanical properties and internal characteristics of cementitious materials with a high phosphogypsum content. Specifically, we examined the effects of varying amounts of ground granulated blast furnace slag (5-28%), fly ash (5-20%), and hydrated lime (0.5-2%) on the stress-strain curve, unconfined uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus (E50) of these materials. The test results indicate that increasing the ground granulated blast furnace slag content can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of phosphogypsum-based cementitious materials. Additionally, increasing the fly ash content can have a similar beneficial effect with an appropriate amount of hydrated lime. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of the cementitious materials using a scanning electron microscope revealed that the high sulfate content in phosphogypsum leads to the formation of calcium aluminate as the main product. Concurrently, a continuous reaction of the raw materials contributes to the strength development of the cementitious materials over time. The results could provide a novel method for improving the reusing phosphogypsum amount in civil engineering materials.

‘HARDNESS TESTS IN DENTISTRY’- AN EPIGRAMMATIC REVIEW

In the field of dentistry, several types of hardness tests are used to assess the mechanical properties of dental materials. These tests provide valuable information about a material's resistance to indentation, wear, and deformation. Hardness tests help dental professionals select appropriate materials for specific applications, ensuring that the chosen materials can withstand the functional demands of the oral environment. The hardness of dental materials often correlates with their wear resistance, strength, and overall performance, making hardness testing an essential part of material evaluation. There are many tests are in practice to test the hardness of various dental materials. Few of the tests are using in very regular practice to test the hardness. Hence this terse review aimed to discuss various commonly using hardness tests in dentistry, their indications, advantages and disadvantages.

Macroscopic and microscopic investigations of determining elasto-mechanical properties of limequat fruit.

Given the paramount importance of agricultural products in global health and food security, and the increasing consumer demand, understanding the mechanical behavior of these materials under various conditions is necessary yet challenging. Due to their heterogeneous and non-uniform nature, determining their mechanical behavior is complex. This study employs atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the modulus of elasticity of limequat fruit at the microscopic scale and compares it with macroscopic methods. The analyses revealed a statistically significant difference (at the 1% level) in the mechanical behavior determined at the macroscopic scale. The highest modulus of elasticity, 0.752 MPa, was observed using Hertz's theory under complete placement between two parallel planes. The lowest, 0.059 MPa, was noted when a spherical probe compressed a rectangular sample. The average modulus of elasticity of the limequat peel was 2.007 MPa. At the microscopic scale, the modulus of elasticity of the fruit tissue ranged from 0.370 to 0.365 MPa, and for the peel, it was 0.246 MPa. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Working principles of this innovative technique were elaborated. The AFM technique used provide elasto-mechanical properties determination of cell walls of single living cells extracted from biological materials on the nanoscale. By combining AFM topographical image and nano-indentation of living fruit cells it will be possible to investigate cells' elasto-mechanical properties. Atomic force microscopy holds great potential for monitoring fruit mechanical properties of biological materials.

Exploring the constituents and thermal characteristics of miscanthus floridulus for biomass composites

Miscanthus floridulus (MF) possesses notable attributes including high photosynthetic efficiency, rapid growth, robust adaptability, and substantial biomass yield. It is widely researched in fields such as genetics, special materials, bioenergy, and ecological protection. However, the research on the addition of MF for biomass composites remains limited due to the absence of comprehensive analysis concerning the composition, internal molecular structure, and properties of MF. A thorough exploration of the fundamental properties of MF has the potential to broaden their advantages and facilitate the advancement of biomass. This investigation delves into the structural characterization and properties of MF, focusing on its stems, leaves, and tassels. Firstly, the primary constituents of MF comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose predominates in the stem, exhibiting the highest crystallinity, while lignin content peaks in the tassel with the lowest crystallinity. The leaf falls between these extremes in terms of crystallinity. Secondly, carbon and oxygen elements constitute over 95 % of MF's primary components, alongside trace elements like phosphorus and sulfur. Additionally, chemical structure of MF features abundant characteristic functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and benzene rings. Studies indicate that samples with low hemicellulose and high lignin content demonstrate superior thermal stability. Consequently, the stem of MF exhibits optimal low-temperature thermal stability, while the tassel excels in high-temperature conditions. Finally, the data highlights a significant influence in the mechanical properties of polylactic acid materials upon the addition of MF. With a 5 % addition of MF, the tensile modulus and flexural strength of the PLA composite reached their optimal values of 933.91 MPa and 55.28±8.77 MPa, respectively. This research establishes a theoretical groundwork for integrating MF into biomass composite materials.

Synergistically Constructing High-Dielectric Poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)/Silica/Cellulose Nanofiber Composite Insulation Paper through Dynamic Covalent Chemistry and Hydrogen Bonding.

The rapid advancement of modern power equipment and high-power devices has imposed increasingly stringent demands upon the mechanical and dielectric properties of electrical insulation materials. Herein, we report a poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) composite insulating paper with excellent dielectric breakdown strength, reliable mechanical properties, and high thermal stability. Enhanced surface activity of PMIA is achieved through surface modification, facilitating the synergistic integration of modified PMIA (MPMIA), bovine serum albumin (BSA)/silica (SiO2), and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) into composite paper using dynamic covalent bonds and hydrogen bonding. The prepared MPMIA-BSA/SiO2-CNF composite paper exhibits a laminated stacked structure with high tensile strength (32.68 MPa) and strain at break (9.57%). Meanwhile, MPMIA-BSA/SiO2-CNF composites have excellent dielectric breakdown strength (24.75 kV/mm) and good temperature resistance. Therefore, the MPMIA-BSA/SiO2-CNF composite paper has a broad application prospect in the field of high-voltage and high-power electrical equipment insulation.

A molecular dynamics investigation of nano-twins and nano-precipitates effects in CoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys

Abstract This study systematically investigates the effects of twin boundaries and precipitates on the performance of CoCrFeNi HEAs matrix using molecular dynamics simulation methods. By constructing corresponding HEAs models and conducting simulations of their structural evolution and mechanical behavior at the nanoscale, the influence mechanisms of nanotwins (NTs) and nano-precipitates (NPs) on the mechanical properties of the material were explored through in-depth analysis of simulation results. The findings suggest that twin boundaries effectively impede the movement and slip of dislocations and stacking faults in the material. As a result, this enhances its mechanical properties and inhibits plastic deformation, ultimately improving its ductility. Meanwhile, precipitates also impact the material's performance, and the shape of precipitates may exert different effects on the material, while the phase interface between precipitates and the matrix can hinder the expansion of defects. The presence of twin boundaries can enhance the strengthening effect of precipitates, further improving the material's performance. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of HEAs materials, offering important references for the design and optimization of HEAs materials.

Self-Assembly Behavior of Collagen and Its Composite Materials: Preparation, Characterizations, and Biomedical Engineering and Allied Applications.

Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein and has many applications in biomedical, food, cosmetic, and other industries. Previous reviews have already introduced collagen's sources, structures, and biosynthesis. The biological and mechanical properties of collagen-based composite materials, their modification and application forms, and their interactions with host tissues are pinpointed. It is worth noting that self-assembly behavior is the main characteristic of collagen molecules. However, there is currently relatively little review on collagen-based composite materials based on self-assembly. Herein, we briefly reviewed the biosynthesis, extraction, structure, and properties of collagen, systematically presented an overview of the various factors and corresponding characterization techniques that affect the collagen self-assembly process, and summarize and discuss the preparation methods and application progress of collagen-based composite materials in different fields. By combining the self-assembly behavior of collagen with preparation methods of collagen-based composite materials, collagen-based composite materials with various functional reactions can be selectively prepared, and these experiences and outcomes can provide inspiration and practical techniques for the future development directions and challenges of collagen-based composite biomaterials in related applications fields.

Mechanical properties of CFRP and shrinkage compensating concrete actively confined and strengthened short columns under freeze–thaw cycles

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of CFRP precast tubes filled with shrinkage‐compensating self‐consolidating concrete (SSCC) for strengthening columns. Compared to ordinary self‐consolidating concrete (OSCC), SSCC can address the stress hysteresis issue caused by the poor cooperation between CFRP and concrete structures, while also enhancing the mechanical properties of columns. Experimental and theoretical studies were conducted to examine the tensile mechanical properties of CFRP materials and the axial compressive mechanical properties of CFRP precast tubes strengthened with OSCC or SSCC under freeze–thaw cycles. Various variables were considered, such as freeze–thaw cycles, types of strengthening concrete, and the number of CFRP layers. The results indicate that freeze–thaw cycles do not affect the ultimate tensile strength of CFRP but significantly reduce its ultimate tensile strain. SSCC‐strengthened specimens exhibit higher load‐carrying capacity and better ductility compared to OSCC‐strengthened specimens. In addition, compared to the strengthening of two‐layer CFRP and SSCC, the strengthening of one‐layer CFRP and SSCC more effectively demonstrates the advantage of the post‐tensioning effect. However, the ductility coefficient of the columns decreases with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, regardless of the number of CFRP layers or type of strengthened concrete. Modified theoretical model accurately predicts the normalized peak stress and strain of the strengthened specimens.

Alkali-Silica Reaction and Residual Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Mortar Containing Waste Glass Fine Aggregate and Supplementary Cementitious Materials

This paper presents the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and waste glass fine aggregate (GA), on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in high-strength and normal-strength mortar using an accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT). Residual mechanical properties and scanning electron micrographs were used to assess the changes in the matrix. GA reduced the mechanical properties of both normal-strength (NGA_OPC) and high-strength mortars (HGA_OPC), contributing to a decline in overall performance. This phenomenon was a result of the slipping of the GA from the matrix owing to its smooth surface. However, the inclusion of reactive SF and GGBS in the HGA improved the slip phenomenon of the GA, leading to a significant enhancement in its mechanical properties. Following the ASR expansion measurement, HGA_OPC demonstrated an ASR expansion rate approximately three times higher than that of NGA_OPC. This was attributed to the dense structure of HGA_OPC, which resulted in greater expansion than that of NGA_OPC. However, with the incorporation of SCMs into both HGA and NGA, a significant reduction in ASR expansion was observed. This was attributed to the delayed ASR of GA due to alkali activation or the pozzolanic reaction of the SCMs. Continuous exposure to the AMBT environment can lead to the destruction of GA. This was caused by the inner ASR that originated from the surface crack of the GA, which resulted in a reduction in the flexural strength of the mortar. The HGA with SF exhibited the highest resistance to ASR expansion and residual mechanical properties’ degradation. Therefore, various durability and long-term performance-monitoring studies on ultra-high-performance concrete or high-strength cementitious composites with very high SF contents and GA can be conducted.

Simulation and mechanical testing of 3D printing shin guard composite materials

ABSTRACT This study critically examines the composite material's mechanical properties and performance for 3D-printed shin guards. It contains a thermoplastic polymer matrix with short carbon fibre reinforcement. Shin guard stress and deformation under impact loading were modelled using FEA models. The composite material was 3D-printed and tested for tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The entire cycle of FEA models and careful mechanical testing allows for the development and evaluation of new composite materials and designs. The finite element analysis, such as maximum von Mises stress, is 2890.5 MPa. The carbon fibre-reinforced composite's mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance, showed a considerable improvement over those of the unreinforced polymer. The solid design could be heavier and less adaptable than the pattern. Compared to unreinforced polymers, carbon fibre improves strength, stiffness, and impact resistance for the 3D-printed composite. This result thus proves that 3D-printed carbon fibre-reinforced composites could make superior sports protective equipment like shin guards. The FEA calculations and extensive mechanical testing provide a dependable framework for creating and testing these new composite materials and systems.

Ultrahigh‐Pressure Structural Modification in BiCuSeO Ceramics: Dense Dislocations and Exceptional Thermoelectric Performance

AbstractDislocations as line defects in crystalline solids play a crucial role in controlling the mechanical and functional properties of materials. Yet, for functional ceramic oxides, it is very difficult to introduce dense dislocations because of the strong chemical bonds. In this work, the introduction of high‐density dislocations is demonstrated by ultrahigh‐pressure sintering into a typical ceramic oxide, BiCuSeO, for thermoelectric applications. The ultrahigh‐pressure induces shear stresses that surpass the critical strength for dislocation nucleation, followed by dislocation glide and profuse multiplication, leading to a high dislocation density of ≈9.1 × 1016 m−2 in Bi0.96Pb0.04CuSeO ceramic. These dislocations greatly suppress the phonon transport to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, reaching 0.13 Wm−1 K−1 at 767 K and resulting in a record‐high zT of 1.69 in this oxide thermoelectric ceramic. This study demonstrates the feasibility of generating dense dislocations in ceramic oxides via ultrahigh‐pressure sintering for tuning functional properties.

Tunable wave coupling in periodically rotated Miura-ori tubes.

Origami folding structures are vital in shaping programmable mechanical material properties. Of particular note, tunable dynamical properties of elastic wave propagation in origami structures have been reported. Despite the promising features of origami metamaterials, the influence of the kinematics of tessellated origami structures on elastic wave propagation remain unexplored. This study proposes elastic metamaterials using connected Miura-ori tubes, the kinematics of which are coupled by folding and unfolding motions in a tubular axis; achieved by periodically connecting non-rotated and rotated Miura-ori tubes. The kinematics generate wave modes with localized deformations within the unit cell of the metamaterials, affecting the global elastic deformation of Miura-ori tubes via the coupling of wave modes. Dispersion analysis, using the generalized Bloch wave framework based on bar-and-hinge models, verifies the influence of kinematics in the connected tubes on elastic wave propagation. Furthermore, folding the connected tubes changes the coupling strength of wave modes between the kinematics and global elastic deformation of the tubes by breaking the ideal kinematics. The coupling of wave modescontributes to the formation of the band gaps and their tunability. These findings enable adaptive and in situ tunability of band structures to prohibit elastic waves in the desired frequency ranges.This article is part of the theme issue 'Origami/Kirigami-inspired structures: from fundamentals to applications'.

Light-Driven, Reversible Spatiotemporal Control of Dynamic Covalent Polymers.

Dynamic covalent polymer networks exhibit a cross-linked structure like conventional thermosets and elastomers, although their topology can be reorganized through externally triggered bond exchange reactions. This characteristic enables a unique combination of repairability, recyclability and dimensional stability, crucial for a sustainable industrial economy. Herein the application of a photoswitchable nitrogen superbase is reported for the spatially resolved and reversible control over dynamic bond exchange within a thiol-ene photopolymer. By the exposure to UV or visible light, the associative exchange between thioester links and thiol groups is successfully gained control over, and thereby the macroscopic mechanical material properties, in a locally controlled manner. Consequently, the resulting reorganization of the global network topology enables to utilize this material for previously unrealizable advanced applications such as spatially resolved, reversible reshaping as well as micro-imprinting over multiple steps. Finally, the presented concept contributes fundamentally to the evolution of dynamic polymers and provides universal applicability in covalent adaptable networks relying on a base-catalyzed exchange mechanism.

Effect of nano-Ti-Li-Al hydrotalcite-like on the hydration and hardening properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials

The use of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials (SCBMs) in grout reinforcement projects is common, and they also perform well in road repair and other facilities. To obtain high workability and permeability, a large water-to-cement ratio is generally used, which reduces the early mechanical properties of SCBMs. The early mechanical properties of cement-based materials can be improved by adding nanomaterials. The cement hydration product monosulfate (AFm) belongs to the hydrotalcite-like family, which is also called layered double hydroxide (LDHs). At present, there is no literature on the influence of nano-Ti-Li-Al layered double hydroxide materials (TiLiAl-LDHs) on SCBMs. In this study, two types of nano -TiLiAl-LDHs with different Ti/Li/Al molar ratios (Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs and Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs) were synthesized. Nano-Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs promoted the hydration of the slurry and improved the early mechanical properties of SCBMs to a greater extent than nano-Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs. However, the cause of this phenomenon remains unclear. Nano-TiLiAl-LDHs act as nucleation sites for ettringite (AFt) and AFm, both of which are cement hydration products. Among them, Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs preferentially provided nucleation sites for AFt, whereas Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs preferentially provided nucleation sites for AFm. Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs and Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs can release titanium, lithium, and carbonate ions in the SCBMs paste, and Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs release more lithium ions (up to 50 mg/L) while Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs release more titanium ions (up to 100 mg/L). Li+ can consume AlO2− and OH− in the slurry and form amorphous lithium aluminum compounds. Although Li+ inhibits the formation of AFt products, it promotes the hydration of anhydrous calcium sulfoaluminate (ye’elimite). Ti4+ reacts with OH− to form a complex that inhibits the formation of AFt, thus reducing the hydration of SCBMs. CO32− promotes the formation of calcium carbonate and indirectly promotes the dissolution of ye’elimite and gypsum. The nucleation effect and release of titanium, lithium, and carbonate ions acted synergistically to influence the hydration and hardening processes of SCBMs. Compared with Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs, Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs has a greater ability to enhance the hydration and mechanical properties of the slurry owing to its strong nucleation and release of higher concentrations of lithium ions and lower concentrations of titanium ions.

From process to property: multi-physics modeling of dislocation dynamics and microscale damage in metal additive manufacturing

AbstractMetal additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to tailor the mechanical performance of materials. Due to the complex thermal history and unique microstructure, AM materials are reported to contain distinct dislocation networks with a high dislocation density, which affect the plastic deformation behavior and fracture. However, it is challenging to experimentally observe the formation of such dislocation structures. In this work, a multi-scale multi-physics crystal plasticity modeling framework that integrates the process-structure-property relationship in metal AM is developed. The temperature field obtained from thermal-fluid flow simulations of the AM process and the microstructure from the phase field model of grain growth are combined into thermo-mechanical crystal plasticity simulations to obtain grain-scale thermal stresses. These stresses are used as input to simulate the evolution of dislocation structures within individual grains. Taking AM 316L stainless steel as the material of interest, the effect of initial dislocation configuration on the slip plane and cross-slip mechanism on the dislocation structure formation are investigated. Furthermore, a phase field damage model is implemented to study the initiation of microscale damage and their relationship with dislocation structures, which is a main novelty of this work. This modeling framework provides comprehensive simulations of all aspects of metal AM and offers insights into the dislocation mechanisms and damage formation at microscale in AM materials, which could be used to guide the manipulation of the mechanical properties of AM materials.

The effect of deuterium on defect production in irradiated tungsten

For fusion test reactors and power plants, one significant concern is the retention of hydrogen isotopes in the wall materials. The build-up of the radioactive and scarce fuel isotope tritium is of special concern, but knowing the retention of the other isotopes, such as deuterium, is also important. Deuterium is known to affect the mechanical properties of the wall material and most experiments are carried out on deuterium retention as it is safer to use than tritium. In addition to affecting the mechanical properties of the wall material, deuterium retention has been observed to affect the defect accumulation in the material. In this study, we investigate the phenomena and mechanisms responsible for the greater defect accumulation observed in tungsten when deuterium is present during irradiation. This is achieved computationally, utilizing molecular dynamics simulations and appropriate analysis tools. We found that deuterium will affect both the primary defect production as well as the recombination rate of defects in irradiated tungsten.

Designed honeycomb lattice for improving vibration control

Honeycombs represent common cellular structures characterised by two-dimensional arrays of unit cells arranged in-plane and stacked parallelly in the out-of-plane direction, exhibiting a periodic structure. Due to the interconnected network of these unit cells, honeycombs possess higher porosity and lower mass density than their matrix materials, resulting in superior specific stiffness/strength and specific energy absorption. The arrangement of repeating unit cells profoundly impacts the mechanical properties of these lightweight materials. This study explores a 2D metamaterial cellular system inspired by the lightweight characteristics of honeycombs. In this system, squared honeycomb cells with additional lumped masses can influence vibrating modes. Unlike conventional methods employing discrete mass-spring resonators, this approach intentionally adds masses to create complete or incomplete stop bands wherein wave propagation is either wholly or partially suppressed along specific directions. The dispersion curves of wave bands and the sensitivity of bandgaps concerning design parameters are estimated using the finite element method and Block's theorem. Numerical simulations demonstrate the stop band behaviour, providing insights for optimisation strategies and a deeper comprehension of these remarkable cellular material systems and improvements in the design with enhanced vibro-acoustics performance and control.

Perception of audified acoustic emissions from compression of microscopic samples

Recording of acoustic emissions (elastic waves emitted by dislocation motion) during compression of microscopic samples is a novel emerging tool for the investigation of mechanical properties of materials. Yet the resulting signals can be so noisy and complex that they don't easily allow for identifying the deformation mode or the material involved. This study aims at testing if the human auditory system can pick patterns in the audified recordings (i.e. transposed from the ultrasonic to the audible range) that match the physical characteristics of the samples. In a Free Sorting Task, participants sorted sounds into groups according to perceived similarity. The sounds originated in recordings varying according to material, deformation mode, and size of the sample. During clustering and multidimensional analysis, sounds were found to be first grouped according to spectral features: Zinc and Magnesium recordings respectively produced high-pitched and low-pitched sounds. Sounds were further discriminated according to perceived sound level (soft vs. loud for slipping vs. twinning) and number of perceived sound events (no clearly associated physical parameter). Correlations were found between subjective groupings and audio descriptors, so that audio-inspired mechanical investigations can now be envisioned.

Extrusion and Injection Molding of Polyethylene Loaded with Recycled Textiles: Mechanical Performance and Thermal Conductivity

The aim of this project was to assess the thermal conductivity of polyethylene (PE) filled with carbon black (CB), specifically for geothermal pipes. The project explored the potential modification of PE’s thermal conductivity by incorporating recycled textile fibers. Different types of shredded recycled fibers were tested, including two types of polyamide fibers with varying contaminations and one type of polyester fiber. Following several preparation steps, various composite materials were manufactured and compared to bulk PE using various testing methods: Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis (DSC), mechanical testing (flexural and tensile), and laser flash analysis (LFA). The results revealed alterations in the mechanical properties of the composite materials in comparison to PE filled with CB. The LFA tests demonstrated the effectiveness in reducing polymer thermal diffusivity at higher temperatures, particularly when the material was loaded with recycled polyester fillers.

Short arm splints for wrist stabilization: A mechanical material test and cadaveric radiography study.

Documentation of the wrist stabilizing effect and mechanical properties of common splinting materials is warranted to support evidence-based condition-specific recommendations for wrist immobilization. The objectives of this study were to assess the wrist stabilizing properties of volar and dorsal short-arm splints made of four different materials and evaluate the mechanical properties of the splinting materials. Dorsal and volar short arm splints made of plaster of Paris (PoP) (eight layers), Woodcast (2 mm, rigid vented), X-lite (classic, two layers) or a 3D-printed material (polypropylene) were sequentially mounted on 10 cadaveric arm specimens and fixed in a radiolucent fixture. This enabled the evaluation of maximum wrist flexion and extension relative under an orthogonal load of 42 N via radiographic images. In addition, a three-point bending test was performed on ten sheet duplicates of each of the four splinting materials. When applied as a volar splint, PoP had the highest capability to resist wrist flexion and extension. However, when applied as a dorsal splint, Woodcast exhibited a lower wrist flexion and a similar wrist extension. The 3D-printed splints-both volar and dorsal-showed the highest mean wrist flexion and extension. The mechanical properties of the Woodcast, X-lite and 3D-printed splinting materials were very similar. PoP exhibited distinct properties with a stiffness of 146 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 120-173) N/mm and a deflection at F max of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5-0.7) mm compared to ≤7.7 (95% CI: 7.4-7.9) N/mm and ≥20 (95% CI: 18-22) mm for the other materials. PoP displayed better wrist stabilizing properties and material stiffness than Woodcast, X-lite and 3D-printed polypropylene. When considering wrist stabilizing properties, PoP may still prove to be the preferred choice for wrist immobilization. Not applicable.