Mechanical Engineering Products Research Articles

Creation of promising technologies for producing holes in parts of a high-frequency ion engine

The article considers application areas of various machining methods for perforating holes in parts with unpredictable surface fluctuations. The most effective methods of obtaining holes in parts of a high-frequency ion engine are shown. Studies of perforation technologies using various machining methods have been carried out. Qualitative relations between the geometric dimensions of a spherical billet perforated using a mechanical method, and the quality of the product surface layer are considered. An analysis of modern machining methods is carried out; promising technologies for obtaining holes in parts with a variable profile are presented. The necessity of using high-tech technologies for perforation in high-frequency ion engine parts is justified. The results obtained allow us to significantly expand the production technological capabilities, as well as significantly improve the technical characteristics of special equipment products in mechanical engineering.

ТРЕНДИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО, НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЄС СТОСОВНО ДОПУСКУ НА РИНОК СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ЗАСОБІВ

The purpose of the research is to summarize the trends of legislative, regulatory and legal regulation of the EU regarding the admission to the market of agricultural vehicles. Research methods - used methods of systematization and analysis of regulatory and legislative documents of the European Union on the admission to the market of agricultural and forestry vehicles. Research results. EU countries are taking a number of measures to increase the safety of cars at the legislative level. Such conditions are updated as the requirements for the development and manufacture of new models of agricultural and forestry vehicles, new technical and technological solutions of safety requirements are updated and the number of components, systems, technical units to which the requirements are established is expanded. For agricultural vehicles, the result was a new Regulation 167/2013 which applies to EU approval of agricultural and forestry tractors, their trailers and trailers, systems, components and individual technical units. In 2019, the EU countries submitted reports to the EU Commission on the operation of the regulation, which in turn must submit a report by 31.12.2022 with proposals for changes and updates of legislation, if necessary. Other agricultural machinery falls within the scope of Directive 2006/42 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on machinery, which also applies to mobile machinery and covers safety aspects of agricultural vehicles not covered by Regulation 167/2013. From 2019, the Machinery Directive is under revision. A draft regulation on mechanical engineering products was published in Brussels on 21.04.2021 (After the draft regulation of the European Commission was issued, discussions were held in parallel in the European Council and the European Parliament. Compromise amendments to the revision of the Machinery Directive 2006/42 / EU were voted and approved on 02.05.2022. The next step will be to start discussions and deliberations between the Commission, the Parliament and the Council of the EU to reach an agreement on the differences in mid-June 2022. Harmonization of road safety requirements for off-road mobile vehicles (NRMM) in the EU has been an important topic among politicians and other stakeholders for decades. A number of activities were carried out, in particular: A study commissioned by the Executive Agency for Small and Medium Business (EASME) in 2016 and published a report of the European Commission "EU study on harmonization of mobile traffic requirements" prepared by EASME consultant in 2019. In October 2021 A bilateral meeting was organized between the Industrial Working Group on Off-Road Mobile Technology (ITF NRMM) and representatives of the Commission of the Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and Small and Medium Business (DG GROW) to clarify some aspects of drafting proposals for establishment road requirements for NRMM. In the second quarter of 2022, the DG GROW Commission plans to prepare draft proposals for further discussion. Conclusions. EU countries are taking a number of measures to increase the safety of cars at the legislative level. This gives both producers and consumers of agricultural and forestry machinery a number of advantages: - no need for duplication / additional tests and / or documentation for placing machines on the market in several EU countries; - reduction of costs of manufacturers due to reduction of tests and terms of administration; - reduction of technical barriers to access to other EU markets with a small number of machines; - providing buyers with a wider range of goods to choose from; - reduction of supply chain costs, for example, in the absence of the need to add special kits for lighting and signaling, turning them into a burden for end users; - introduction of modern technical requirements in countries where this is not the case. Key words: safety requirements, EU directive, legislative acts, normative legal acts, EU regulations, agricultural and forestry vehicles, trends.

Improving the Logistics of Maritime Container Transportation in the Context of Financial Sanctions

The study analyzed the development of container transportation in the face of financial instability, challenges and risks. We proposed the directions of interaction between economic entities at the international level, including in terms of logistics processes. We studied the impact of sanctions on the container / liner shipping market, the number of ships, and total capacity of container ships of companies included in the top 10 Alphaliner ratings. Russia imports ingredients for food and chemical industries, components for the automotive industry and other mechanical engineering, household appliances, consumer goods and exports products of the timber industry complex, fertilizers, non-ferrous metals, petrochemicals and other goods. The study revealed that the flow of sanctions affects not only the Russian econo­my, but also exports of products that are significant for the West. When building international supply chains, it is important to reorient the vector of interaction towards Chinese transport companies that are actively integrating into the Russian market. The study highlighted competitive advantages and disadvantages for each transport company. Based on the results of the study, we identified strategic guidelines for the development of the container transportation market of the Russian Federation considering the needs of economic entities. Provided that the new project will meet modern world requirements for the quality of services provided, the payback of significant capital investments is predicted in the shortest possible time.

НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ АКТУАЛИЗАЦИИ ТЕОРИИ БАЗИРОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВАНИИ АНАЛИЗА СТЕПЕНЕЙ СВОБОДЫ ПРЕДМЕТА БАЗИРОВАНИЯ

The disadvantages of the traditional description of a mechanical engineering product are considered, which are based on features focused on single, typical and group operations of the technological process. It is proposed to design and manufacture individual elements of parts and the product as a whole from the standpoint of operation and monitoring of its condition using the modular approach in engineering and technology. The representation of parts by sets of modules makes it possible to identify the locating, working and binding modules of the surfaces and on their basis to build a unified classification of parts focused on various stages of the product life cycle. The fundamentals of the locating theory are updated, taking into account the revision of the existing description from theoretical mechanics by means of the position of 3 coordinate points; for the transition to a new description from the theory of machines and mechanisms by depriving of object of locating the degrees of freedom (mobility) in the technical system (design, technological, measuring one). It is shown how the design of the production technology of the product and the measurement of its characteristics is carried out in a system that includes equipment and facilities as mechanisms, the closing link of which are locating items.

Application of cast parts in mechanical engineering

Information about the volumes of castings production in various countries of the world is given. The situation with the castings production in the Republic of Belarus is considered in more detail. An outlook on the ways of further foundry production development is presented. Recommendations have been developed on the main areas of application of cast products in mechanical engineering.

THE MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS AND PARTS BY 3D-PRINTING METHOD FROM COMPOSITE FILAMENTS WITH HIGH METAL CONTENT

It is established that one of the most promising areas of development of modern engineering is the development of new technologies for rapid production (rapid manufacturing), the essence of which is the layered design of powder products based on CAD model, ie model whose three-dimensional geometry is described digitally by using solid modeling programs (AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Compas-3D, CATIA, ProE, etc.). The main advantages of using additive technologies, including 3D printing with filaments containing metals. The types of 3D printers that print metal are considered. The use of metal powders in 3D printing technologies is described. The main characteristics and properties of such metals, TI titanium, stainless steel SS, aluminum Al, copper Cu, FE iron and alloys based on them can be used as materials or additives in additive technologies. The advantages of their use over traditional technologies (casting, rolling, etc.) are described. The scheme of technological process of manufacturing products of industry mechanical engineering by a 3D printing with a high metal content is given. Each of the stages of the technological process is considered and described. Stainless steel metal powder was selected for the manufacture of filament and its chemical composition is investigated. Experimental studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical, thermophysical and rheological characteristics of polymeric materials used for the manufacture of 3D prints. On the basis of the studies, it is proposed to use Plastic powder as a connecting element in the filament. The design of the auger for supplying the material of the extrusion machine is designed and manufactured. The form of the extrusion head is developed and selected, which sets the diameter of the filament being made. A 3D printer for printing products and parts with a high metal content was selected and improved. Experimental studies of the wear of the 3D printer’s extruder nozzle on contact with the abrasive thread.

Интеграция среднего и высшего профессионального образования в системе подготовки студентов (на примере Пензенского государственного технологического университета)

Secondary vocational education is now an important level of training for qualified professionals. It is designed to meet the needs of the individual, society and the state for an education that provides an opportunity to enter the labour market in a fairly short period. Graduates of secondary vocational education institutions often continue their studies at universities, which is due to some reasons. Our article is to determine how secondary vocational education has become an important part of the multilevel structure in training future specialists, what is the integration of secondary and higher vocational education in the system of their training, what is the reason for students to choose the training programs of secondary vocational education level, whether they work by the specialty obtained in college or not, and what is the reason for them to continue their education in higher educational institutions after completing their studies in secondary vocational institutions. In order to investigate the questions posed, a survey was conducted among students who have secondary vocational education and are currently enrolled in higher vocational education programs on a part-time basis. 253 students of Penza State Technological University studied in the following fields of study (44.03.04 “Professional Training (within a particular field)”, 09.03.03 “Applied Informatics”, 12.03.04 “Biotechnical Systems and Technologies”, 15.03.05 “Design and Technological Support of Mechanical Engineering Production”, 09.03.02 “Information Systems and Technologies”|, 27.03.02 “Quality Control”, 19.03.01 “Biotechnology”) participated in the survey. This university has been a multilevel educational complex for about 20 years, training students in different fields of training at all existing levels of professional education. The conducted survey allowed evaluating the current state and prospects of development of the phenomenon under study. The application of a set of complementary theoretical methods will contribute to the solution of the set tasks: analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, questionnaire survey, description, the statistical method of processing the materials under study. All these methods will make it possible to analyze already existing scientific knowledge on the issue, as well as to supplement it with new conclusions and findings.

Tuning of characteristics of dynamic driving suspensions in an autonomous robot with omnidirectional wheels

1. Adascalitei F., Doroftei I., 2011, Practical applications for mobile robots based on Mecanum wheels – a systematic survey, Proceedings of International Conference on Innovations, Recent Trends and Challenges in Mechatronics, Mechanical Engineering and New High-Tech Products Development – MECAHITECH’11, Romania, 3, 112-115. Google Scholar

Development of a technology of protective functional gradient coatings of titanium diboride by magnetron sputtering

This work presents the results of studying a composition based on titanium diboride TiB2. Functional gradient coatings with high values of microhardness (28–32 GPa) and corrosion resistance in synthetic seawater, alkali (NaOH) and acid (HCl) were obtained using the method of magnetron sputtering. The obtained functional gradient coatings are recommended for the protection of products of precision mechanical engineering and instrument making.

Implementation of tracking system correction methods in the Simulink package from MATLAB CAD

CNC equipment is flexible, versatile, and has high performance. The use of such equipment significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, CNC machines are quite complex, and their acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to write various programs. Variants of the implementation of sequential, parallel correction and feedback correction methods in the Simulink package from MATLAB CAD are proposed. When performing the work, customizable library blocks are used, which are available for students to access on the official website of the software manufacturer. Schemes for each correction method with a description of the included blocks are presented. The output of the results and the comparison of the obtained data is carried out using a software oscilloscope built into the package, which allows clearly understanding the difference between the schemes. A comparison is made on the example of various types of signals for the most objective assessment of the quality of signal correction by one method or another. The practical significance of the work is familiarization with the MATLAB CAD Simulink package and consideration of possible ways to implement these correction schemes, as well as availability of the same schemes for self-construction in this CAD. This work can be used not only for teaching students of higher educational institutions in the field of development, debugging and coding of electronic and radio-electronic devices in terms of describing the algorithm of their work, but also for organizing laboratory work on courses of disciplines related to this topic, as well as when creating and designing real devices in production. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Coatings of Machinery Products

The questions of application of nanomaterials in mechanical engineering are considered. Concept of electrochemical processing products in mechanical engineering with the use of a solid nanodisperse phase is defined. The characteristics and methods of application in the processes of electrodeposition of carbon nanomaterials are determined. The results of experimental investigations of electrolytic chrome plating with multi-walled carbon nanotubes of the "Taunit" series are presented.

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Electrolytic Chromium Plating

The questions of the application of nanomaterials in mechanical engineering are considered. The concept of electrochemical processing products in mechanical engineering with the use of a solid nanodisperse phase is defined. The characteristics and methods of application in the processes of electrodeposition of carbon nanomaterials are determined. The results of experimental investigations of electrolytic chrome plating with multi-walled carbon nanotubes of the "Taunit" series are presented.

Functional modeling of the process of bringing innovative products to the market in mechanical engineering

The research is aimed at building a functional model ofmarket launch process of innovative mechanical engineering products. The subject of the study was the innovative process of a machine-building enterprise. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis and analysis of dynamic series, the concept of DCOR modeling, and IDEF0 methodology. As a result of the study, the patterns of innovative development of machine-building industries in Russia have revealed. The decomposition of the DCOR model of market launch process of innovative products adapted to the machine-building industry has proposed. The levers of successful market launch of innovative products have offered. A functional model of market launch process of innovative mechanical engineering products has developed. The model has formalised in the IDEF0 notation, which in general can contribute to the opening and use of a “window of opportunity” for the implementation of breakthrough innovation. The formulated conclusions contribute to the development of the theory of innovation in the context of machine-building industry and can be applied in planning and forecasting the innovative development of industrial enterprises.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПОЛУМАРКОВСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ МЕХАНОСБОРОЧНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА С УЧЕТОМ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДОВ ОТКАЗОВ

A technique is proposed for studying the productivity and reliability of technological processes of mechanical assembly production at the stages of the life cycle of mechanical engineering products. A semi-Markov mathematical model is proposed that makes it possible to analyze, for example, the technological processes of manufacturing threaded connections. In the proposed model, the distribution functions (DF) of the service time of a unit of production are determined, taking into account failures. FDs make it possible to ensure informational consistency of models of various hierarchical levels and to study the relationship between the stages of the life cycle of mechanical engineering products.

On the Microstructure, Microhardnessand Wear Behavior of Gray Cast Iron Surface Layer after Laser Strengthening.

Cast iron is one of the most common structural materials and is widely used in mechanical engineering production. Taking into account its rather low mechanical properties, different technologies are currently used in industry, among other areas, for the mechanical and thermal strengtheningof the surface layer, as well as surface alloying of workpieces. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of changes in the microstructure, microhardness of the surface layer and its wear resistance under lubrication friction conditions and changed surface energy density in order to ensure the effectiveness of laser strengthening of gray cast iron. In this research, the efficiency of gray cast iron GJL200 laser strengthening was described. The basic properties of the surface layer of gray cast iron under laser strengthening, including the microstructure, microhardness, tribological and wear behavior, were compared with the properties of cast iron in the initial state. It was found that laser strengthening under the right choice of the surface energy density ensured a five-to-tenfold increase in the wear resistance of gray cast iron in comparison with the initial state. This was due to forming unconventional pseudo-vermicular graphite shapes at the friction zone, as well as a spongy-capillary effect appearance. The appropriate selection of surface energy density values provided stable and low coefficients of friction and a very significant increase in the wear resistance compared with the values reached for a cast iron in the initial state. This fact is new and very important for the engineering practice. The values of the surface energy density can be easily controlled, which means that different parts can be operated efficiently after laser strengthening.

Operation description and creating an analog VGA output on the debugging board when making programs for CNC machines

The priority task of the development of mechanical engineering is complex mechanization and automation of technological processes of mechanical processing. This problem can be solved by the introduction of machine tools and machine complexes with numerical control. CNC equipment combines the flexibility of universal and high performance of special automatic equipment, which significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, such equipment is quite complex, and its acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to create various programs. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the VGA interface, as well as a practical implementation of this interface, written in the Verilog programming language, on the Terasic DE10-Lite debugging board, with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G programmable logic integrated circuit and other peripheral modules. The practical significance of the work is familiarizing with programmable logic integrated circuits of the Intel FPGA family, obtaining basic knowledge in working with the Quartus Lite computer-aided design system (CAD), and learning the basics of programming programmable logic integrated circuits in the Verilog language. In the course of the work, the algorithm for writing code in the Verilog programming language for implementing the VGA interface on the DE10-Lite debugging board was described in detail. The software and mathematical excerpts used in the work are publicly available on the Internet, which allows anyone to carry out similar work and make sure that the written codes and the obtained conclusions are correct. This work can be used not only for writing programs for machine tools, but also for teaching students in the field of developing electronic devices in terms of their algorithmization and for organizing laboratory work, as well as for creating and designing real devices both in production and within a higher educational institution, for example, for developing laboratory work using specialized CAD. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

Some Evaluations on the Technical State of Metal Products and Determination of their Safe Operation Period on the Basis of Criterial Control

Over a long period of operation, under the influence of corrosion and stresses from the acting forces, metal structures lose their strength. There is a need for their periodic non-destructive testing. The development of new methods is relevant in the field of control of building metal structures, such as bridge structures, structures of building cranes and other mechanical engineering products. The applied methods should be reliable and should not require huge material and labor costs. In this work, informational relationships between acoustic characteristics and parameters of metal microstructure are established. The proposed method can be useful for specialists and experts in the field of monitoring the technical condition of metal products requiring non-destructive testing. The safety of the operated objects depends on the accuracy of the applied criteria, as well as the degree of resource saving due to the full use of the product resource.

Application of the Acoustic Emission Method for Estimating the Residual Life of Elastic Elements at the Stage of Preparing a Product for Operation

The article discusses the experimental substantiation of predicting the operational properties of elastic elements by the acoustic emission (AE) method, as well as the use of the non-destructive method of acoustic emission as an element of digital certification of critical mechanical and instrument engineering products.

Trade Relations between Canada and China in the XXI century

In recent decades, China has moved up among the countries that are Canada's main trading counterparties and today is its second most important economic partner after the United States. At the same time, for China, Canada's role as a supplier and a market is not so great. To the Chinese market Canada supplies mainly raw materials, agricultural and forestry products. Moreover, over the past 20 years, the structure of Canada's exports to China has changed markedly in favor of the raw materials sector. The opposite trend is characteristic of Chinese supplies to the Canadian market, where an increasing weight is enjoyed by high value-added goods, including high-tech products, as well as products of the metalworking and chemical industries. The balance of Canadian-Chinese trade is traditionally positive for China. In the first months of 2022, there were noticeable changes in the dynamics and structure of Canada's foreign trade turnover with China. There is a drop in Canadian exports to China, in particular, a reduction in the supply of agricultural and mechanical engineering products. In general, Canadian-Chinese trade relations are becoming hostage to the intensification of confrontation between China and the United States, Canada's main military-political ally and foreign economic partner.

ГАЗОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЦЕССА ВПУСКА С РАЗНЫМИ КОНСТРУКЦИЯМИ КАНАЛА В ГОЛОВКЕ БЛОКА ЦИЛИНДРОВ В АВТОМОБИЛЬНОМ ДВИГАТЕЛЕ

Piston engines remain main power installation for many products of transport mechanical engineering. The aim of the paper is to study a structure of air flows in an admission system and a cylinder of an automobile engine at various designs of channels in a head of a cylinder block on the basis of physical and mathematical modeling. Results of modeling are qualitatively confirmed by experimental data of thermograms gained with the use of a thermal imaging photography method. The paper presents description of a mathematical model and a method of conducting laboratory experiments. The paper shows that the application of square and triangle channels leads to significant change of dynamics of flow in the admission system. In particular, in profiled channels of the cylinder head vortex structures are formed. It is established that the use of profiled channels in the admission system leads to large-scale turbulence in the engine cylinder. Common influence of mentioned gas dynamics phenomena may insignificantly decrease hydraulic resistance in the admission system and also may enhance processes of mixture formation and combustion in the cylinder of the piston engine.