Mechanical Composition Of Soil Research Articles

ІЛЕ АЛАТАУЫНДА КЕЗДЕСЕТІН SEDUM HYBRIDUM L. ЖӘНЕ SEDUM EWERSII LEDEB. ПОПУЛЯЦИЯЛАРЫНЫҢ ҚАЗІРГІ ТОПЫРАҚ ЖАҒДАЙЫ

The article describes the natural soil conditions of Sedum hybridum L. and Sedum ewersii Ledeb—populations area based on the results of field and laboratory soil studies of soils. Soil types, morphological features, chemical composition, nutrient elements, amount of humus, absorbed bases and salt composition, and mechanical composition of soils are determined. The following soil types were identified during field studies: Kokzhailau Gorge (population 1) – chernozem, Turgeni Gorge (population 2) – chernozem, near Kastek River (population 3) – chestnut soil. The humus content in the 0-80 cm layer of chernozem (population 1) of Kokzhailiau gorge is very high, ranging from 5.55-12.81%, the reaction of the soil medium is within pH 7.10-7.40, i.e. CO2 content ranges from 0.16 to 0.34. On chernozems of Turgeni gorge (population 2) humus content in 0-60 cm layer is very high, within 5.90-20.88%, reaction of soil medium within pH 6.15-7.07, amount of CO2 within 0.21-0.34. On chestnut soils near the Kastek River (population 3), the humus content in the 0-73 cm layer was in the range of 1.57-6.92%, the pH ranged from 7.13-8.23, i.e. it was alkaline, the CO2 content was in the range of 0.16 - 0.34. The composition of salts in the chernozems of the Kokzhailau gorge: CO3 - not detected; HCO3- - 0,24- 0,48 ; Cl- – 0.04; CO4- – 0,12-0,92; Sa+ – 0,29-0,49; Mg 2+ – 0,20-0,98; Na+ – 0,05-0,06; To+ – 0,05-0,23; The amount of salts is 0.060-0.083%. It was found that the soils of all 3 populations are not saline, since the amount of salts does not exceed the salinity limit.

Качество древесного опада как информативный индикатор функциональной классификации лесов

Relevance and goals. In the context of global climate change, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. There is still no functional classification of forests according to the effectiveness of carbon accumulation function. The aim of this paper is to discuss an approach to such classification based on the assessment of tree litter quality. Objects and methods. To test the approach to the identification of functional types of forests based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the location in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks, data on soils and vegetation obtained at 23 testing sites in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaf forests of the European part of Russia on the territory of Bryansk Polesie and Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain were used. For indirect (Landolt’s ecological scales using the SpeDiv program) assessment of differences in the soil richness in forests belonging to different functional types, the species composition at 160 geobotanical plots in forest sites in the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma Regions, Krasnodar Territory, and the Republic of Adygea (Northwestern Caucasus) were analyzed. Results. Examples of functional forest types for coniferous — broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia are given. The differences in soil carbon stock between forests belonging to different functional types were found, and a preliminary assessment of the influence of the location in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soils on the accumulation of carbon in soils in the same functional forest types is given. Conclusion. Based on the quality of the tree litter, 15 functional forest types were identified, which are confirmed by examples of forests in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Northwestern Caucasus. The validity of identification of functional forest types for the efficiency of carbon accumulation in soils based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the influence of “external factors” (the location of forests in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks), was confirmed by data obtained at 23 sites. Using this approach allowed us to reveal differences in the soil carbon stock and related characteristics of soil fertility estimated on an ecological scale between the functional forest types, identified on the base of tree litter in the mixed, coniferous-broad-leaved forests at the same location in the geochemically linked landscape. Differences in soil carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of the same functional forest types formed on clay loam and sandy loam soil-forming rocks were also revealed. Differences in soil carbon stocks in forests belonging to the same functional type, but formed at different locations in the geochemically linked landscape, have been confirmed: soil carbon stocks were higher in forests at the transit landscapes compared to those in autonomous ones.

Evaluation of mulberry varieties by initial phenological phases as a tool to increase the productivity of silkworm feeders

Relevance. The mulberry gene pool of the RS of Sericulture — branch «The North Caucasus FARC», is located in areas with various mechanical composition of soils. Monitoring and screening of the mulberry gene pool is a priority in the work of the station to preserve the general collection, select varieties for feeding mulberry silkworms in order to improve the feeding base of sericulture.Methods. The research was carried out on mulberry plantations of the Sericulture Station. The object of research: two fodder varieties — Georgia and PS-109, which have a high productivity potential for silkworm rearing. The evaluation of varieties was carried out according to the phenological phases of development, the yield of mulberry leaves and the yield of silk products, statistical data processing — according to the method of O.V. Yanzer, E.Yu. Terentyeva, forage testing on the Caucasus-1 breed — according to the method of A.A. Klimova.Results. A comparative description of the initial vegetation phases of Gruziya and PS-109 varieties growing in areas that differ in the mechanical composition of soils is presented. Different dynamics of leaf development has been established in the same variety from different areas. It is mathematically proved that the uneven development of the mulberry leaf blade from different sites reduces the yield of the leaf of the required quality by 19.6%, silk productivity — by 28.4%. Preliminary assessment of varieties based on the dynamics of the initial phases of mulberry development makes it possible to assess the volume and quality of the sheet in the pre-feeding period and ensure high productivity of mulberry silkworm feeds.

Ampelocalamus luodianensis (Poaceae), a plant endemic to karst, adapts to resource heterogeneity in differing microhabitats by adjusting its biomass allocation

Karst landscapes typically have extremely poor soil fertility, water retention, and water holding capacity, making these landscapes extremely unusual among terrestrial ecosystems. Owing to the complexity of karst areas on a microsite level, a variety of different microhabitats have often been created in a very small area in karst areas, and the differences have facilitated the differentiation of species within the region. This study involved an experiment on Ampelocalamus luodianensis (Poaceae), a bamboo species that specializes in karst habitats, to discover the adaptation strategies this plant uses in this area. Furthermore, a random sampling method was used to measure different variables and their correlation, such as plant biomass, soil temperature, soil mechanical composition, alkali nitrogen, Olsen-K, PZOS (meaning effective phosphorus), soil water content, pH, and organic matter. The findings showed that the distribution of biomass varied in different years in the same habitat. In particular, the ratio of above-ground biomass to below-ground biomass during a quadrennium at the earthy surface was visibly lower than in the remaining three microhabitats. Also, the highest above-ground biomass to below-ground biomass ratios of annual, triennial, and quadrennial A. luodianensis were of those plants living in stone crevices, while biennial ratios of plants in stone gullies were affected by the mechanical composition of soil and by temperature. In conclusion, plant biomass allocation in A. luodianensis was affected by a combination of environmental factors. Thus, the biomass allocation strategy of A. luodianensis was in line with the isokinetic/allometric biomass allocation theory, which was relevant to soil mechanical composition and temperature, perhaps caused by the plant itself and the special karst environment. Data is contained within the article or supplementary material.

НЕУЧТЕННЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЕ ЗАПАСЫ УГЛЕРОДА В ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЧВАХ

The sources of uncertainties in estimating soil carbon stocks in forest ecosystems, including abiotic (mechanical composition of soil) and biotic (plants, earthworms) factors, are discussed. The results of comparative assessment of soil carbon storage in coniferous-broadleaved and taiga forests based on direct measurements and pedotransfer functions are presented. It is shown that the estimation of soil carbon stocks in forests based on both direct measurements and pedotransfer functions requires, along with other soil formation factors, taking into account the most dynamic ones, including plants and soil biota, as well as the history of nature management. The calculation of soil carbon stocks should be carried out with account of fine earth (<2 mm fraction) content.

Качество древесного опада как информативный индикатор функциональной классификации лесов

Relevance and goals. In the context of global climate change, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. There is still no functional classification of forests according to the effectiveness of their carbon storage function. The purpose of this article is to discuss an approach to such classification based on the assessment of the quality of tree litter. Objects and methods. To test the approach to the identification of functional types of forests (FTL) based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks, data on soils and vegetation obtained at 23 sites operating in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaf forests of the European part of Russia on the territory of Bryansk Polesie and Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain were used. For indirect (on the ecological scale of E. Landolt using the SpeDiv program) to assess differences in the soil richness of forests belonging to different FTLS, the species composition of 160 descriptions of forest vegetation of the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma regions, Krasnodar Krai and the Republic of Adygea (North-Western Caucasus) was analyzed. Results. Examples of functional forest types (FTL) for coniferous and broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia are given. The differences in the level of soil carbon accumulation between different FTLS are shown, and a preliminary assessment of the influence of the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soils on the accumulation of carbon in soils within FTLS is given. Conclusion. Based on the quality of the fall of tree litter, 15 FTL were identified, which are confirmed by examples based on geobotanical descriptions of forest communities common in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-deciduous forests of the North-Western Caucasus. The validity of the allocation of FTL for the efficiency of carbon accumulation in soils based on the quality of plant litter, taking into account the influence of “external factors” (the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks) is confirmed by data obtained at 23 sites; estimates of the carbon reserves in the soil, as well as the soil richness estimated on an ecological scale, revealed differences between the allocated FTLS. Differences in carbon stocks in forest ecosystems in the same FTL formed on loamy and sandy loam soil-forming rocks were revealed. Differences in soil carbon reserves in forests belonging to the same FTL, but formed at different positions in the landscape, have been confirmed; in transit landscapes, soil carbon reserves are higher than in autonomous ones.

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL FLUSHING IN THE ULAN RIVER BASIN AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC GEOSYSTEMS

Soil flushing is one of the intensive and widespread geomorphological processes that negatively affect land resources and the national economy as a whole. The use, protection and restoration of the natural environment are the most important measures aimed at preventing the flushing of soils from land resources. Currently, the fight against factors causing soil erosion is an urgent problem in the field of agriculture. These problems are directly related to the studied territory of the Ulan River basin in the East Kazakhstan region. To preserve the river flow and soil fertility, an important role is played by the assessment and mapping of territories subject to erosion processes. To determine the degree of soil erosion in the river basin, the universal formula RUSLE is used. The formula provides coverage of various parameters calculated using GIS. As a result of the conducted research, the ArcGIS program has developed maps-schemes of the Ulan River basin (the territory of the river basin, soil types and mechanical composition of soils, the slope of the riverbed, plant species and land use), and also determined the indicator of soil flushing of the basin territory, which ranges annually from 0.1 to 7.81 t/ha. The constructed schematic maps are based on satellite images of 2020 SRTM. The results obtained can be used as a basis for the development of measures to preserve and improve soil fertility of a certain land plot within the framework of continuous monitoring and management of land resources. And further studies and analyses aimed at changing the indicator of soil flushing will allow to identify and study the factors of the formation of anthropogenic geosystems.

Анализ метагеосистем полигона «Инерка» посредством ансамблей моделей машинного обучения

The article describes a geoinformation algorithm for interpreting Earth remote sensing data based on the Ensemble Learning methodology. The proposed solution can be used to assess the stability of geosystems and predict natural (including exogeodynamic) processes. The difference of the created approach is determined by a fundamentally new organization scheme of the metaclassifier as a decision-making unit, as well as the use of a geosystem approach to preparing data for automated analysis using deep neural network models. The article shows that the use of ensembles, built according to the proposed method, makes it possible to carry out an operational automated analysis of spatial data for solving the problem of thematic mapping of metageosystems and natural processes. At the same time, combining models into an ensemble based on the proposed architecture of the metaclassifier makes it possible to increase the stability of the analyzing system: the accuracy of decisions made by the ensemble tends to tend to the accuracy of the most efficient monoclassifier of the system. The integration of individual classifiers into ensembles makes it possible to approach the solution of the scientific problem of finding classifier hyperparameters through the combined use of models of the same type with different configurations. The formation of a metaclassifier according to the proposed algorithm is an opportunity to add an element of predictability and control to the use of neural network models, which are traditionally a “black box”. Mapping of the geosystems of the Inerka test site shows their weak resistance to recreational development. The main limiting factors are the composition of Quaternary deposits, the nature of the relief, the mechanical composition of soils, soil moisture, the thickness of the humus horizon of the soil, the genesis and composition of vegetation.

Зернова продуктивність сої за різних систем обробітку ґрунту у Західному регіоні України

The purpose of research is determination of an effective soil cultivation method that will create favorable soil conditions for plant growth and development, accumulation of crop seeds and provides high economic efficiency of culture growing on sod-podzolic soils in the Western region of Ukraine. Research methods - hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation. Research results. The scheme of the experiment involved studying the impact on yield and efficiency of soybean cultivation of the following factors: – factor A (soil type): a) turf deeply gley sandy; b) sod-slightly podzolic sandy loam; – factor B (tillage): a) traditional (plowing with a reversible mounted plow PON-5/4 to a depth of 25 cm); b) mulching (disking in two tracks with a harrow BDV-3.6 to a depth of 15 cm). The plow and the disc harrow were aggregated with HTZ-150 K tractors According to the quality scores, the turf deeply gleyed sandy soil of plot I by all criteria prevails over similar parameters of sod-slightly podzolic sandy soil of plot II, which indicates its higher fertility. The agrochemical score of the soil in plot I is 56 and is higher than in plot II, where it is equal to 37 points. In the area and density of the stem in the gathering period was 1.7-1.9 pcs./m2 greater compared to this indicator in the II site. On the site and plants grew better and evolved. Biological yield on the site and amounted to 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was greater than in the II region by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of research, deterioration of grain performance in variant with mulk treatment is also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional treatments was 13.6 % and 12.0 % more comparable to variants of mulum grinding. In section I, the density of stems during the harvest period was 1.7-1.9 units/m2 higher compared to this indicator in section II. In the area I plants grew and developed better. Biological yield in plot I was 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was higher than in plot II by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of the research, the deterioration of grain productivity indicators in the variant with mulching was also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional tillage was 13.6% and 12.0% higher compared to mulching options. According to research, it can be stated that soil fertility has a greater impact on soybean grain productivity than tillage systems. The costs of growing soybeans, depending on the type and mechanical composition of the soil and the method of tillage ranged from 18860 to 19735 UAH / ha. Higher tillage costs were obtained in section I, which was characterized by heavier mechanical composition of gley soils. However, the soils of plot I have higher fertility and optimal acidity, which allowed to obtain higher grain productivity than in plot II – 1.77-1.01 t/ha against 1.25-1.40 t/ha. Due to higher yields, the unit cost of production in section I was 9818-10765 UAH/t and was lower by 4019-4323 UAH/t compared to section II. Conclusions. The use of traditional tillage requires higher costs, but due to higher yields, and hence the growth of income from the sale of seeds, greater profits and the level of profitability of production. Therefore, it should be noted that in the conditions of Western Ukraine, the traditional method of tillage based on plowing is a more effective method than mulching.

Changes in soil physical properties under the effect of irrigation

The mechanical composition of soils in the middle reaches of the Zarafshan River (Jambay, Samarkand, Payarik, Ishtikhon, Kattakurgan and Narpay districts) and the processes of formation of soil layers under the influence of irrigation water of general physical properties were scientifically analyzed. In this case, the inflow of the Zarafshan River played an important role in the formation of light agroirrigation strata. An increase in nutrients and humus with an increase in the amount of physical sludge over a long period of time (35–40 years) is positively assessed for thickening of the soil layer, but leads to an increase in bulk mass of 0.15–0.3 g / cm3 and soil compaction.

USING SPATIAL DATA TO SIMULATE RAIN RUNOFF

The paper presents the main stages of spatial data preparation for computer models of runoff formation by the example of the Charysh River basin. DEM was employed to construct a system of sub-basins and a hydrological graph as well as to calculate morphometric characteristics of its elements. Sources of data on vegetation and mechanical composition of soils are given Using the Harmonized World Soil Database and the soil map of Altai Krai, a map of soil texture (grain-size composition) of the Charysh River basin was created. Two ways of precipitation accounting (the weather station data; the Persiann-CDR data set) were compared. Calculations of runoff from the the Charysh catchment were made for two models.

Characteristics of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil in Different Reclamation Years of Opencast Coal Mine Dump in Grassland

Taking the reclamation waste dump of the open-pit mining area in the east of Inner Mongolia Steppe as our study area, we sampled field investigation and laboratory measurements to study the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in the waste dump of the open-pit mining area during its recovery years. The objective of this study was aiming to provide theoretical support for the ecosystem restoration and reconstruction in the open-pit mining area of grasslands in the Northwest of China. The results showed that: 1) the mechanical composition of soil all layers in different reclamation years was mainly composed of silt, except for 20-30cm; the silt content was significantly higher than the control area (CK), and the silt content of surface soil (0-5cm) in reclamation 3 years (2016) was significantly higher than CK, but the sand content was significantly lower than CK; 2) In the early stage of vegetation restoration and succession, the physical and chemical properties of soil in different reclamation years were significantly different. With the increase of reclamation years, TOC and TN content decreased, but TP content did not change significantly during reclamation years. Based on the above results, the change characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties in the early stage of vegetation restoration succession were discussed. The research results have certain theoretical significance and practical guidance value for the ecological restoration and reconstruction of open-pit mining areas in the north of Northwest China.

Agroecological features of technozems micromorphology

The pedozems of reclaimed lands of Research Agricultural Station of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economy University (DSAEU) were studied in orderto diagnose their condition taking into account the,cutaneous complex. It is noted that under the influence of environmental factors formation of the initial process of soil formation in the experimental areas is observed. It is established that use of ecological micromorphology and cutaneous complex on technozem is a reliable information tool, which reveals the influence of environmental factors on the soil genesis of reclaimed soils. It was found that in profiles with strong biological influence biogenic microaggregates are formed and the general micromorphological characteristics which define features of profiles of the studied pedoses improve. Peculiarities of micromorphological structure of pedozems of the trial plot of agricultural reclamation are revealed. The agroecological substantiation of the process of soil formation of the studied technosoils is given. It is established that the most characteristic neoplasms of the studied profile are skeletons, clay and iron-claycutanes. This type of neoplasm is of hemogenic origin, and the presence of clay cutanes indicates the development of the process of leaching and in-soil loam. Dominance in the mechanical composition of dust soils of dusty fraction is established. Humus-clay microstructure inthe upper horizons (0–30 cm) and iron-humus-clayin the lower horizons (30–175), well-rounded grainsand their coordinated angles indicate the intensityof the weathering process in the experimental areas.Good aggregation of the upper humus horizons is due to the influence of biogeocenotic cover and indicates the intensity of the structure of the upper horizons. Conducted micromorphological studies allow to diagnose artificially created soils under the influence of crops, in addition to the already available data on the macromorphological structure of the profile and mechanical composition of soils to provide more complete information on the process of soil formation.

Using the method of relief plasters to highlight potentially erosion-hazardous areas on agricultural land

With the strong development of soil erosion, land fertility decreases, crops are damaged, ravines turn agricultural land into uncomfortable land and make field cultivation difficult, siltation of rivers and reservoirs occurs. In this regard, issues of land protection from erosion are relevant. The article discusses the issues of identifying potentially erosion-hazardous lands using the method of relief plasters, previously used in landscape science. This method allows to facilitate the identification of destructive processes at an early stage of development and to prevent them in advance. The location of the zones identified by this method (morphoisographs), and their dynamics, characterizes the changes associated with ecological-landscape measures, for example, planting of forest belts, afforestation of ravines and, accordingly, redistribution of surface and underground waters. A morphoisograph, as the line most sensitive to negative phenomena (changes in the chemical, biological, and mechanical composition of soils, soil erosion, etc.) can become the main criterion for identifying potentially unstable zones. The authors highlighted agricultural land that is potentially unstable to erosion. The introduction of a morphoisograph into ecological landscape design expands the possibilities of detailed accounting for the development of erosion processes in the future.

Definition of Fuel and Lubricant Consumption Rates and Production of Tractor Units As Part of John Deere Tractors

Tractors are mainly applied in agriculture. The share of import in the structure of tractor machinery market is constantly growing. One of the information sources for the optimization of the machine and tractor fleet and the development of standards to satisfy the needs of typical farms in tractors and agricultural machines for crop production are the performance standards of machinery and fuel consumption. The recommended norms of fuel production and consumption imply the rational use of shift time, optimal composition of machine-tractor units and effective operation modes of tractors and self-travelling agricultural machines. In recent years, many tractors and agricultural machines of foreign companies, including John Deere, are working in the fields of Trans-Urals, Siberia and Russia as a whole. The standards of production and consumption of fuels and lubricants for these agro-climatic conditions are not available for all machine-tractor units. Therefore, it is becoming ever more relevant for agricultural producers to develop such. The studies to establish fuel consumption standards and performance rates of machine-tractor units as part of John Deere tractors were carried out in the fields of agricultural enterprises of the Tyumen Region. The paper presents the results of the study. For example, the productivity of a tractor for a field located at a distance of 5–6 km and an average length of furrow of 1300 m can be in the range of 5.8–6.0 ha/h. Taking into account natural and climatic conditions and different physical and mechanical composition of soil, as well as configuration of fields and length of furrows during processing, the data on the consumption of basic lubricants were obtained. Recommendations on the use of consumption rates for fuels and lubricants of modern tractors in various technological operations in agriculture will greatly facilitate planning and calculation of operating costs of machine-tractor units. The paper considers recommendations on the use of correction factors to the nominal range of fuel consumption depending on soil type for John Deere tractors of the 9th series on the example of disk tillage. Software for economic evaluation of agricultural machinery as part of agricultural technology was developed.

Physico-chemical properties of soils under different land uses in Longleng district soils of Nagaland

Land use effect on soil physico-chemical properties were studied in four villages, viz. , Tamlu village, Tamlu town, Kangching and Namsang in Longleng district, Nagaland, under four land uses, viz., Jhum, lowland rice, forest and orange in each village. The soils were characterised by strong to moderate acidic in soil reaction (4.3 to 6.7), high in organic carbon content. The mean cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged between 13.78 to 31.68 c mol (p + ) kg -1 . The mean bulk density and particle density ranged from 1.18 to 1.51 g cm -3 and 2.2 to 2.34 g cm -3 , respectively which generally increased with profile depth and were influenced by organic carbon content and mechanical composition of soils. Water holding capacity (WHC) varied from 40.20 to 54.20 per cent and was higher in the soils under cultivated lowland rice land use as compared to other land uses. The maximum per cent aggregates (WSA>0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter in surface soils was found under Jhum land use. The bulk density, particle density, WHC and mean weight diameter had significant correlation with organic C.

Three-dimensional stochastic simulations of soil clay and its response to sampling density

Clay is an active component in the mechanical composition of soil. The quantitative study of the spatial distribution of soil clay content is crucial to soil microecological research and agricultural or environmental management. The main purpose of the paper was to simulate soil clay content in three dimensions and reveal its response to sampling density based on sequential Gaussian simulation. The results showed the following: (1) With a reduction in samples, especially in the A horizon, spatial correlation was relatively enhanced and randomness weakened. (2) The spatial distribution of soil clay showed soil had high clay content in the mid-eastern region of the Haidian District, Beijing, and clay content was generally low in the other areas; (3) With a decrease of sampling density, the simulated spatial distribution of clay became gradually more homogeneous. The stochastic simulation results for two kinds of sampling densities, i.e., SD1 and SD4 were closer to the original measured values; the general distribution was discrete and could more accurately reflect the local volatility of the original data distribution; (4) Considering the root mean square error (RMSE), accurate plot, standard error map, and quartile deviation map, SD1 had the best effect of three-dimensional stochastic simulation, followed by SD4; (5) For soil clay, three-dimensional sampling can be applicable to reduce samples required in the lower horizon in order to reduce the sampling workload.

Effect of soil parameters on the threshold wind velocity and maximum eroded mass in a dry environment

The present study aims to investigate the relationships between several soil parameters (texture, organic matter and CaCO3 content) and the threshold wind velocity and erodibility of different soil types. Our aim was to determine the role of these soil parameters play in soil loss due to wind erosion and also to statistically evaluate these correlations. The erodibility studies were carried out in wind tunnel experiments, and the resulting data were analysed with multiple regression analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test. We found that both the threshold wind speed and the erodibility of soils were mostly determined by silt fraction (0.05–0.02 mm), while sand fractions had a lesser effect on it. Our experiences with organic matter and CaCO3 similar, i.e. in spite of their correlation with the erosion, their contribution was not significant in the multivariate regression model. Consequently, based on mechanical composition of soils, one can predict threshold wind velocity and erodibility of soils.

Influence of physiographic conditions on the quality of agricultural production area.

Physiographic conditions are factors that, in the process of spatial planning, limit opportunities for agricultural production as well as residential use of land. Physiographic conditions are linked to land use preferences, including their residential or agricultural potential. Agricultural production area in its substantive and measurable aspect [25, 17, 20] should be analyzed and evaluated in the context of the utility of its resources for agricultural needs. From the agricultural point of view, the core features of soils are quality and fitness for agricultural use. What is also important is the pos sibility of defining and evaluating cultivation difficulty or degree of soil erosion risk. These issues require a d etailed analysis of relief configuration. Also it is necessary to confront the results of the study of land slopes with information about mechanical composition of soils. Another important element of the analyses is the land use map. GIS tools play a crucial role in modelling spatial phenomena [6], as they make it possible to conduct a comprehensiv e anlysis of available spatial data [16, 22], including the modelling of erosion processes [5]. The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate the resources of agricultural production area in the context of soil fitness for agricultural production and potential risk of surface water erosion.

Stages of development and palaeogeographical inheritance of the recent soils features in the center of the Russian plain

In the article an attempt was undertaken to make palaeogeographical analysis of the history of development of the present soils in the center of the Russian plain on the basis of the soils study in a series of sections, located in different microrelief elements of the cryogenic genesis in the Bryansk region. The analysis of the data on soil morphology, chemical and mechanical composition of soils, and peculiarities of microstructure made it possible to determine that the appearance of certain features in the soils structure was predetermined as far back as during the Late Pleistocene cryogenic period; i.e. before the beginning of the Holocene (up to 10 000 y. B.P.). The studied soils are considered as polygenetic formations. Six stages of their formation were singled out.