Зернова продуктивність сої за різних систем обробітку ґрунту у Західному регіоні України

Abstract

The purpose of research is determination of an effective soil cultivation method that will create favorable soil conditions for plant growth and development, accumulation of crop seeds and provides high economic efficiency of culture growing on sod-podzolic soils in the Western region of Ukraine. Research methods - hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation. Research results. The scheme of the experiment involved studying the impact on yield and efficiency of soybean cultivation of the following factors: – factor A (soil type): a) turf deeply gley sandy; b) sod-slightly podzolic sandy loam; – factor B (tillage): a) traditional (plowing with a reversible mounted plow PON-5/4 to a depth of 25 cm); b) mulching (disking in two tracks with a harrow BDV-3.6 to a depth of 15 cm). The plow and the disc harrow were aggregated with HTZ-150 K tractors According to the quality scores, the turf deeply gleyed sandy soil of plot I by all criteria prevails over similar parameters of sod-slightly podzolic sandy soil of plot II, which indicates its higher fertility. The agrochemical score of the soil in plot I is 56 and is higher than in plot II, where it is equal to 37 points. In the area and density of the stem in the gathering period was 1.7-1.9 pcs./m2 greater compared to this indicator in the II site. On the site and plants grew better and evolved. Biological yield on the site and amounted to 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was greater than in the II region by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of research, deterioration of grain performance in variant with mulk treatment is also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional treatments was 13.6 % and 12.0 % more comparable to variants of mulum grinding. In section I, the density of stems during the harvest period was 1.7-1.9 units/m2 higher compared to this indicator in section II. In the area I plants grew and developed better. Biological yield in plot I was 1.77-2.01 t/ha and was higher than in plot II by 41.6 % and 43.6 %. According to the results of the research, the deterioration of grain productivity indicators in the variant with mulching was also noted. Biological yield of seeds in areas with traditional tillage was 13.6% and 12.0% higher compared to mulching options. According to research, it can be stated that soil fertility has a greater impact on soybean grain productivity than tillage systems. The costs of growing soybeans, depending on the type and mechanical composition of the soil and the method of tillage ranged from 18860 to 19735 UAH / ha. Higher tillage costs were obtained in section I, which was characterized by heavier mechanical composition of gley soils. However, the soils of plot I have higher fertility and optimal acidity, which allowed to obtain higher grain productivity than in plot II – 1.77-1.01 t/ha against 1.25-1.40 t/ha. Due to higher yields, the unit cost of production in section I was 9818-10765 UAH/t and was lower by 4019-4323 UAH/t compared to section II. Conclusions. The use of traditional tillage requires higher costs, but due to higher yields, and hence the growth of income from the sale of seeds, greater profits and the level of profitability of production. Therefore, it should be noted that in the conditions of Western Ukraine, the traditional method of tillage based on plowing is a more effective method than mulching.