Meat Diet Research Articles

Feeding practices and other factors associated with faecal consistency and the frequencies of vomiting and diarrhoea in captive tigers (Panthera tigris)

Gastrointestinal (GI) health is important to the welfare of captive tigers, and diet is considered a likely influencing factor. A survey was performed to collect information on GI health indicators and diet of tigers housed in zoological facilities across the globe. Completed surveys were received for one tiger from each of 32 facilities. Three (9%) tigers were reported as being diagnosed as having current GI disease; 24 (75%) had ideal (soft with shape) faeces ‘often’ to ‘always’ during the four weeks before survey completion. Potential associations between current GI disease and other variables could not be explored because of the low disease prevalence. Commercial raw meat diets were the most commonly fed diet type, and the most common food source was horse. Upon multivariate analysis, including country as a covariate, the odds and frequency of vomiting during the previous six months increased with the frequency of feeding muscle meat and chicken, and decreased as the frequency of feeding long bones increased. The odds and frequency of diarrhoea over the previous six months increased with the frequency of feeding beef and muscle meat; and the frequency of liquid faeces in the previous four weeks increased with oral antimicrobial treatment and increasing frequency of feeding beef. Although limited by the small sample size, these findings characterised the nutritional care that captive tigers currently receive and provided preliminary insight into dietary associations with indicators of GI health. The findings support the need to consider species-specific dietary adaptations and for further investigations into the health impact of diet in captive tigers.

Сучасний стан та тенденції ринку м’яса

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the meat market in Ukraine, to identify trends in its development. Research methods. The following methods have been used generally accepted methods and techniques: a set of scientific methods of abstract and logical method (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogy and comparison, formalization) for develop theoretical positions and analyze the situation in the meat market; statistical when assessing the meat market; tabular for visual representation of the research results; graphic for identify and illustrate trends of the research economic phenomena. Research results. The meat market is an important component of the food market of the country, on the stability of which the living standards of the population and the food security of the country largely depend, has been generalized. Meat and meat products are among the most important foods. It has been found that the meat market operates in rather difficult economic conditions. Meat producers increase production volumes with the decline of certain branches of animal husbandry In the livestock industry of Ukraine there are transformational processes that cause changes in the meat market structure. The meat market structure is considered and the peculiarities of its functioning are revealed. Poultry meat has been found to have a monopoly on the meat market. The increase in poultry meat production is primarily due to the growing demand from the population and the food industry. The basis of the "meat diet" is poultry meat, as the most available type of meat has been determined. Scientific novelty. Production of poultry meat in Ukraine is the most profitable has been specified. The rapid return on investment in poultry production has led to increased investment in the industry, the construction of modern large poultry farms and the creation of powerful vertically integrated companies. Pork production has stabilized somewhat. However, African swine fever causes significant damage. Raising cattle remains a non-profit business. The trend of cattle slaughter continues in Ukraine,. At the same time, the main producers of cattle meat are households. Analytical assessments and determinations of factors influencing meat production and further development of the meat market have been further developed. Practical significance. Analytical materials of the article have been based on relevant official statistics, which can be can be used for addressing development of the meat market. Research results can be useful for all meat market participa nts. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 19.

A population-based survey for dietary patterns and prediabetes among 7555 Chinese adults in urban and rural areas in Jiangsu Province

Background: Prediabetes is an important public health problem concern globally, to which dietary patterns have shown varied effects. This study aims to analyze the relationship between dietary patterns and prediabetes in Chinese adults. Methods: A total of 7555 adults from Jiangsu province, China, were recruited using a stratified multistage cluster sampling method. Information on diet intake, demographic, blood glucose and other indices were collected by structured questionnaires. Four dietary patterns of Meat diet, Healthy diet, Traditional diet and Fried food with staple diet were identified using Principle Component Analysis and followingly divided into T1 - T4 groups according to their quartiles of factor scores. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between dietary patterns and prediabetes. Results: Healthy diet was found to be associated with the lowest prevalence of prediabetes (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting the confounding factors demonstrated that the lowest odds ratio with prediabetes was associated with the third quartile (T3 group) of Healthy diet (Odds Ratio = 0.745, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.645–0.860, P < 0.01), compared with the lower quartile (T1 group). The Meat diet was a potential risk factor for the isolated IFG (Odds Ratio = 1.227, 95%Confidence Interval: 1.070–1.406, P-value<0.01) while Fried food with staple diet was positively linked to the presence of IFG combined with IGT (Odds Ratio = 1.735, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.184–2.543, P-value < 0.01). Conclusions: Dietary patterns rich in meat but low in fresh fruit, fresh vegetable, milk, and fish are positively associated with higher risk of prediabetes, particularly the IFG. Higher Healthy diet consumption was associated with significantly lower risk of prediabetes.

Dietary Red Meat Adversely Affects Disease Severity in a Pig Model of DSS-Induced Colitis Despite Reduction in Colonic Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression.

Diet plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis and management of ulcerative colitis (UC), and epidemiologic studies indicate an association between red meat intake and increased risk of UC development. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a red meat diet on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in pigs. Weaned pigs (42 days old) were fed either a control diet or a diet substituted with 15% minced, cooked and dried beef from experimental day 0 to 14. From day 14 to 18, half of the pigs on each diet received a daily oral dose of DSS. Dietary red meat aggravated the severity of colitis based on clinical signs of disease (negative performance score) and histopathological parameters in the colon such as erosion/ulceration and the overall inflammation score but no negative effects were observed on systemic health or small intestinal permeability. Importantly, dietary meat also caused a potential beneficial reduction in the colonic expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-6, the pro-inflammatory enzyme PTGS2 and in the chemokine IL-8. The present study emphasizes the potential of diet to modulate mucosal inflammation and that a red meat diet might be a risk factor for the development of inflammatory bowel disease.

Dietary Fiber-Bound Polyphenols Modify Canine Fecal Endocannabinoid Levels and Improve Stool Firmness

Abstract Objectives Not all dietary fibers are equal in effect. Fiber may entrap bioactive polyphenols (PP), enabling them to bypass digestion and arrive in the colon. We documented effects of fiber combinations on stool firmness and fecal metabolomics in dogs fed a hydrolyzed meat diet, hypothesizing that fiber-bound PP would deliver these bioactives to the colon, improve stool firmness and alter the fecal metabolome. Methods Dogs were group housed, provided daily exercise in outdoor grassy runs, had access to natural light that varied with season and were fed to healthy body weight. Health was monitored through clinical and physical indices. Fecal collections were under IACUC protocols. Fibers were measured by AOAC and PP by Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Nine foods using a base of hydrolyzed chicken and cornstarch together allowed parsing of the effects of fiber-bound PP-containing food ingredients (active blend; AB). Control food had cellulose as a fiber source, AB added pecan, citrus, beet, flax and cranberry. Cellulose, psyllium and pumpkin were explored as supplements to AB. Additionally, other fiber sources were tried alone and in combination: pea fiber, tomato pomace, maize dextrin, silica dioxide inulin, fructooligosaccharide. Dogs (n = 6) offered a diet for 10 days, with daily stool scoring on day 6–10 for firmness on an ordinal scale. A sample for fecal metabolomics by LC-MS was frozen within one hour of defecation on day 10. Linear Mixed Modeling was used to examine diet effects. Results The AB was 65% fiber and 20% PP by weight, with PP mostly in bound form. Stool firmness was highest from dogs fed the AB-containing foods; inclusion of cellulose was not required for maximal stool score. AB-containing foods increased fecal fiber-derived sugars, PP and microbial products of PP metabolism; this was not apparent from foods devoid of PP sources. Across foods, inclusion of whole flax increased fecal levels of long chain 2-acylglycerol endocannabinoids while decreasing levels of very long chain acylethanolamide endocannabinoids. Colonic microbial lipolysis may have contributed to the appearance of 1-acyl and 2-acylglycerols. Conclusions It would appear that provision of microbiome-nourishing fibers, along with fiber-bound PP, may differentially alter acylglycerol and ethanolamide endocannabinoid levels and increase stool firmness. Funding Sources Hill's Pet Nutrition.

Investigation of an Alternative Collection Method for Food Intake Biomarkers Discriminates a High Fat-High Protein Meat-Based Diet from a High Carbohydrate Vegan Diet

Abstract Objectives Due to the challenges associated with accurate monitoring of dietary intake in humans, the use of food intake biomarker (FIB) analysis as a complement to dietary questionnaires has been explored. However, numerous limitations exist including the requirement of 24-hour urine collection, currently the best method of FIB assessment. As a potentially more convenient and accurate means of monitoring dietary intake, we explored the utility of postprandial dried blood spot (DBS) collection. The hypothesis of this study was that metabolic profiles in both DBS and urine under controlled feeding conditions would similarly reflect differences in diets of varying food type and macronutrient distribution. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design including healthy volunteers (n = 8) from the San Luis Obispo, CA. The standardized isocaloric diet interventions included a high fat, high protein meat diet (HFPM) versus a high carbohydrate vegan (HCV) diet. Participants attended two intervention days, separated by a two-week washout. During each intervention day, a finger-prick blood sample was collected one hour before each meal (at 8 am, 12 pm, and 4 pm). Participants also collected their urine for 24-hours. DBS and urine samples were analyzed by LC-MS in order to identify diet-discriminatory biomarkers. Results Both the DBS and urine sample analysis identified biomarkers that differentiated the HFPM and HCV diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Most notably, in both the DBS and urine, post-HFPM consumption had higher levels of amino acids and creatine while the HCV diet was associated with elevated sorbitol and hippuric acid (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Unique to DBS, the HFPM diet had higher ketone bodies and triacylglycerols with &amp;lt;54 total carbons while post-HCV diets had higher levels of triacylglycerols with ≥54 total carbons (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Exclusive to urine sample metabolite changes, post-HFPM had elevated cis-trans hydroxyproline and several nucleoside mono- and di-phosphates (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions DBS and urine collections were similarly capable of differentiating the diets consumed in this study. The potential use of DBS as a more efficient method of FIB identification deserves further investigation. Funding Sources Cal Poly CAFES SURP and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition.

Quantifying the Biomagnification Capability of Arctic Wolf and Domestic Dog by Equilibrium Sampling.

The mechanism underlying contaminant biomagnification is a decrease in the volume (V) and the fugacity capacity (Z) of food during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Traditionally, biomagnification is quantified by measuring contaminant concentrations in animal tissues. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study to noninvasively derive the thermodynamic limit to an organism's biomagnification capability (biomagnification limit -BMFlim) by determining the ratio of the V·Z-products of undigested and digested food. We quantify Z-values by equilibrating food and feces samples, which have been homogenized and spiked with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with silicone films of variable thickness coated on the inside of glass vials. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method for wolf (Canis lupus hudsonicus) and domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). For an adult wolf eating a relatively lean meat diet, a BMFlim (averaged over several PCB congeners) of approximately 41 was observed, whereas the BMFlim reached 81 for an adult domestic dog eating a lipid-rich diet. Besides the dietary lipid content that strongly affects the Z-value of the diet, the capability of an animal to digest its diet also influences the BMFlim by controlling the Z-values of their feces and the volume reduction of the food in the gastrointestinal tract. Less efficient digestion leads to a lower BMFlim in a juvenile dog (approximately 35) compared to its older self, even though their diets had similar lipid contents. The effect of the volume reduction (VD/VF ranging from 4 to 15) was comparable to the effect of the Z-value reduction (ZD/ZF from 3 to 20).

Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in raw meat intended for pet consumption.

The discovery of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in cattery-confined breeding cats indicating prior or current exposure (Shapiro etal., 2015) prompted an investigation into possible sources of infection. One hypothesis was that raw meat diets containing reservoir species may provide a source of C. burnetii transmission. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether C. burnetii DNA was present in raw meat sold exclusively for companion animal consumption. The sample population consisted of raw meat packages (n=58) of primarily kangaroo origin, with three to four aliquots (50-120mg) randomly selected from each package. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole tissue in each of these aliquots using a modified protocol. Three quantitative PCR assays were used for the detection of C.burnetii targeting the IS1111 gene, the heat shock operon htpAB and the C.burnetii outer membrane protein-coding gene, com1. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in 25/58 samples (43%) using the IS1111, htpAB and/or com1 PCR assays and confirmed by DNA sequencing. All samples amplifying a product in the com1 assay also amplified a product in the htpAB and IS1111 assays. A total of 17/58 (29%) packets were positive with all three genes, 4/58 (7%) were positive with two genes (IS1111 and htpAB) and 4/58 (7%) were positive with the IS1111 gene only. Coxiella burnetii DNA was five times more likely to be found in offal than skeletal muscle meat samples. All meat samples in which C.burnetii DNA was found were from kangaroo tissues, while samples labelled as non-kangaroo meat (n=4) were negative. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) identified three different genotypes of C.burnetii that have all been identified previously from Australian human clinical Q fever cases. Further investigations are required to determine the potential role of certain raw meats in the transmission of C.burnetii to cats and humans.

What do minerals in the feces of Bearded Vultures reveal about their dietary habits?

The diet of Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus consists mainly of bones, which are completely digested in the gastrointestinal tract, unwanted bone minerals being discarded via the feces. Chemical analyses of feces therefore provide a noninvasive technique for studying the diet of this species. We analysed the inorganic and organic remains in feces collected from Bearded Vulture nests in the Spanish Pyrenees and discussed these results with the diet of individuals determined by video camera observations. Of the food items delivered to the nest, taxonomically 65% were bone fragments of Ovis/Capra spp. (range 56–75%) and anatomically 76% (74–81%) bones from the extremities, indicating a selective preference. At least 15% of the diet was meat based, mainly originating from small prey (e.g. small carnivores, birds). The fecal analyses show that calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant mineral constituents, accounting for 41.3–44.4% of the mineral part of the feces. Among the minor elements identified, the variation in the concentrations of iron, silicon and zinc suggest differences in food selection between territories, although this could be related to varying amounts of accidentally ingested soil particles present in the food. We found variation in the content of uric acid in the feces, ranging between 0.5 and 4.6%. Higher values of uric acid might be due to a more meat or marrow bone-based diet. However, no relationship was found between the amount of calcium and uric acid levels, suggesting that the metabolites of meat digestion (uric acid) and those of bone digestion (calcium) are not negatively correlated as expected. In conclusion, our chemical analyses of feces collected from the nests of Bearded Vultures confirm that their diet consists mainly of bone remains and that these bones are digested completely. However, the direct observations of the prey items delivered to the nest produced more detailed information than the chemical analyses.

Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners' motivation.

The present study aimed to explore the motivations of Brazilian dog owners and their knowledge about the risks related to raw meat-based diets (RMBD) as well as to evaluate important enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and C. difficile, in feces of dogs fed different diets. The majority of the pet owners (69.3%) reported to have chosen this diet for their dogs, considering it to be more "natural". A large number of owners declared that RMBD do not pose health risks for their animals (87.9%) or humans (98.8%), even though almost one third of the respondents (34.8%) declared having at least one individual at high risk of infection in contact with RMBD-fed dogs. Stool samples from 46 RMBD-fed dogs and 192 dogs fed commercial dry feed were collected. The present study revealed that dogs fed raw meat diets were almost 30 times more likely to be positive for Salmonella spp. than dogs on a conventional diet. Some of the serovars detected were commonly associated with human salmonellosis, such as S. Typhimurium and S. Saintpaul, and were multidrug resistant. RMBD-fed dogs were more likely to be positive for C. perfringens type A (p = 0.008) and one C. perfringens type F was isolated from these animals. Two toxigenic strains (4.3%) of C. difficile were isolated only from raw meat-fed dogs, all of which were under antibiotic therapy. These toxigenic C. difficile isolates were classified as RT106/ST54 and RT600/ST149, previously associated with infection in dogs and humans. The present work revealed that the owners have a tendency to ignore or are unaware of the risks associated with raw meat diets for dogs. Also, the higher fecal shedding of important enteropathogens in dogs fed RMBD suggests that this diet poses a risk for the animals and the people in contact with them.

Abstract P144: The Modification Effect of Genetic Variants on the Association Between Dietary Red Meat Intake and Telomere Length

Background: Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences (TTAGGG) combined with associated protein at the end of eukaryote chromosomes. They shorten with each cell division and thus can act as a biomarker of cellular aging. Many factors can influence telomere length, including nutrition, physical activity and other lifestyle factors. However, the effects of diet, such as consumption of red meat on telomere length, is controversial. In East-Asians, the effect of red meat on telomeres as well as the modification effect of red meat on the association between genetic variants and telomeres are largely unknown. Method: Study included 20,011 individuals with complete information. Relative telomere length was determined using monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) and expressed as T/S ratio from 20,011 participants of the prospective Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Red meat consumption was first adjusted for total energy intake by linear regression and then dichotomized based on median value. Telomere length was standardised by z score transformation. Linear regression was used to test the association between telomere length and red meat consumption. Interaction analyses were performed by introducing the interaction term (red meat x SNP) in the same regression model with adjustment for age, gender, total energy intake and population structure as covariates. Result: Higher intake of red meat was significantly associated with longer telomere length in SCHS (β = 0.027, se = 0.013, p = 0.042). Red meat intake can modify the association between rs7536250 and telomere length (β = -0.170, se = 0.025, p int = 1.35 х 10 -11 ). Rs7536250 was intergenic and found to affect the expression level of several genes through expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), some of which are known to be involved in T-cell activation, apoptosis and programmed cell death. Conclusion: The association between red meat intake and telomeres is consistent with some previous findings. We also found that genetic variant can modify the association between dietary red meat intake and telomere length.

The Association with Dietary Patterns and Risk of Anemia in Japanese Elderly.

Anemia is a risk factor for frailty. Although various factors can reduce the risk of anemia, information on dietary contributions is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association between anemia and eating patterns in Japanese elderly. Our study included 6,864 elderly individuals, aged ≥65 y, whose data were obtained from the 2010-2015 National Health and Nutritional Survey, Japan. Anemia was defined as whole blood hemoglobin concentrations <13 g/dL in men, and <12 g/dL in women. We classified eating patterns into 33 food groups, using food items obtained from dietary records, and identified three dietary patterns using principal component analysis method. Participants were assigned and divided into quartiles according to pattern-specific factor scores. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for anemia using multivariate logistic regression, and assigned the first quartile (minimum) as the reference. The overall prevalence of anemia was 17.1%. The meats and vegetables eating pattern was characterized by red meat and other vegetables, the Japanese eating pattern by rice and salted or pickled vegetables, and the fruits and vegetables eating pattern by fruits and green-yellow vegetables. Participants in the highest meats and vegetables eating pattern quartile had a 20% lower risk of anemia than those in the lowest quartile (OR 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-1.00); the Japanese eating pattern participants had a 20% higher risk of anemia (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.53). The fruits and vegetables eating pattern participants had no significant change in their risk of anemia. This study may indicate that consuming a high red meat diet prevents anemia in elderly Japanese individuals.

Research and Development of Functional Additives Based on Plant Materials for Dietary Meat Products

Research and Development of Functional Additives Based on Plant Materials for Dietary Meat Products

Current Standards and Practices Within the Therapy Dog Industry: Results of a Representative Survey of United States Therapy Dog Organizations.

Organizations that deliver animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), as well as those that train, evaluate, and register therapy dogs, have proliferated in recent decades in the United States (U.S.). Each of these organizations has its own policies and procedures for screening, evaluating, and instructing dogs and their owners/handlers, but little is currently known about the range of different practices that exist nationwide. The aim of this project was to survey a representative, national sample of U.S. therapy dog organizations to investigate commonalities and differences in the types of practices in current use and to compare these to recommendations in existing published guidelines. The findings suggest the need for further research, and highlight a number of areas relating to dog welfare, human safety, and infection control in which many organizations were inconsistent in their adherence to existing guidelines. Of particular concern with regard to animal welfare was the finding that approximately half of the organizations surveyed imposed no time limit on the length of visits. Also, given the potential for zoonotic disease transmission, the finding that only a small minority of organizations prohibit the feeding of raw meat diets and treats to visiting dogs is concerning. This information will help to raise awareness among facilities with therapy animal programs and assist in the development of future best practices within the therapy dog industry.

Consumption of a diet high in dairy leads to higher 15:0 in cholesteryl esters of healthy people when compared to diets high in meat and grain

Background and aimsA higher dairy product intake has been associated to higher blood concentrations of 15:0 (pentadecanoic acid), 17:0 (margaric acid), and 14:0 (myristic acid). This study investigates whether a diet high in dairy products influences cholesteryl ester fatty acid concentrations of these specific fatty acids (FA). Methods and resultsIn a randomized multiple cross-over study, 13 men and 17 women aged 22 ± 4 years with a BMI of 21.6 ± 2.2 kg/m2 received 3 isocaloric intervention diets (dairy, meat or grain) in random order. For this post-hoc analysis, FA in plasma cholesteryl esters were measured using gas chromatography. We performed a linear mixed model per centered log-ratio transformed FA, adjusting for period, and the interaction between diet and period. Consumed total fat intake per controlled intervention diet was 31.0 ± 0.9 en%/day (dairy), 31.5 ± 0.6 en%/day (meat), and 28.4 ± 1.2 en%/day (grain), respectively. The dairy diet led to higher relative concentrations of 15:0 when compared to diets high in meat and grain, (β; 0.27, 95%CI: 0.18,0.37; p = 1.2 × 10−5, and β: 0.15; 95%CI: 0.06,0.24; p = 1.2 × 10−2, respectively). The dairy diet also led to higher 14:0 when compared to the meat diet (β: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.21,0.46; p = 6.0 × 10−5), but not when compared to the grain diet. 17:0 did not differ between diets. ConclusionThe plasma cholesteryl ester fraction after a diet high in dairy was characterized by higher 15:0 levels. Concentrations of 14:0 were only higher when comparing the FA profile after a diet high in dairy when compared to a diet high in meat. Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01314040.

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risks in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey, 2011–2015

Cardiometabolic risks were increasing in Fukushima residents after the Great East Japan Earthquake. We examined the association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risks in those aged ≥16 years. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis for participants who underwent at least one diet assessment using a short-form food frequency questionnaire during 2011–2013 and a health checkup in 2014 and 2015 (n = 15,409 and 14,999, respectively). In 2014, the adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the highest versus lowest quartile of accumulative mean scores were 0.97 (0.96–0.99) for overweight/obesity, 0.96 (0.95–0.97) for total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 220 mg/dL, 0.96 (0.95–0.98) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 140 mg/dL, and 0.97 (0.96–0.99) for triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL for a vegetable diet and 1.03 (1.01–1.04) for TC ≥ 220 mg/dL and 1.02 (1.01–1.04) for LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL for a juice/milk diet. In 2015, we found consistently significant associations for the vegetable and juice/milk diets, and the PR and 95% CI were 0.99 (0.98–1.00) for HDL-C < 40 mg/dL for a meat diet. The continuous promotion of the vegetable pattern diet is necessary to reduce cardiometabolic risks, particularly dyslipidemia, in Japan.

Nutrition of children undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances

To evaluate the actual nutrition of children receiving orthodontic treatment with bracket systems, to develop recommendations for its correction. Nutrition composition was assessed using a software analyzing the frequency of food consumption. Two groups of children were distinguished: the main group (without dentoalveolar anomalies) and the comparison group (with bracket systems). The total sample size was 58 adolescents. It was found that in schoolchildren receiving orthodontic treatment the imbalance in the intake of macro- and micronutrients with diets is much higher than in schoolchildren of the main group. In the daily diet of the main group of children, adequate adequate energy value was noted (94.6% of the physiological requirements), in contrast to schoolchildren in the comparison group (76.7%). Diets in children of the main group are deficient in the content of total protein (90.1%) and carbohydrates (86.4%), and excess in fats (112.2%). In the comparison group, the intake of macronutrients with food averaged 77.7% of the norm. The limited use of certain foods in children with bracket systems has led to a significant deficit in diets of meat (70.0% of the recommended level of consumption), fish and seafood (37.6%), eggs (55.0%), bakery products (44.9%), potatoes (78.7%), vegetables (66.0%), fruits (51.6%). The installation of bracket systems for orthodontic treatment is necessary to eliminate dentoalveolar anomalies in children, but it becomes both a risk factor for the formation of nutritional disorders in patients and a risk factor for tooth enamel demineralization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop recommendations for correcting the nutrition of children during the period of orthodontic treatment.

Animal economy at the settlement at Tell el-Retaba in the Third Intermediate Period reconstructed on the basis of faunal remains excavated in seasons 2014–2019

Results of archaeozoological analyses of the faunal material unearthed at Tell el-Retaba have already been published twice in Ä&L.2 Each time an attempt was made to elucidate the role of animals in the life of the inhabitants of the area in the time span from the Hyksos period until the Late Period. Successive excavation seasons delivered a large assemblage of bones which were subsequently examined and identified. This returned data which could be used to verify and add more details to the established facts regarding the meat diet, manner of procuring meat and exploitation of the potential of the ecological conditions in the Third Intermediate Period. The main sources of meat for the inhabitants of the settlement were animal husbandry and fishing. The profile of husbandry practices and the caught fish species slightly changed in time, probably as a consequence of changes in the natural environment.

К СЕМАНТИКО-МОТИВАЦИОННОЙ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ СЕВЕРНОРУССКИХ НАЗВАНИЙ БЛЮД ИЗ МЯСА

The article deals with North Russian dialect names of meat dishes. The work examines the lexical and ethnographic data presented in card indexes and dictionaries of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Kostroma regions, including unpublished materials from card indexes of the Toponymic expedition of the Ural Federal University. The study is carried out within ethnolinguistics and aims to identify the cultural and linguistic features of the names of meat dishes. The theoretical significance of the work consists in that it develops a comprehensive ethnolinguistic approach to the analysis of the lexical group based on the methods of semantic- motivational, onomasiological, and etymological analysis. These methods allow us to characterize the territorial variants of the names of meat products, their genus-species differentiation, origin and motivational ties with other groups of vocabulary. It has been revealed that most of the names of meat dishes have a transparent internal form and duplicate the designations of the corresponding parts of the animal. The names of meat dishes (not from offal) reflect the traditional technology of cooking as well as the peculiarities of consuming the dishes. The following semantic and motivational models are distinguished: ‘internal organ’ → ‘dish from it’, ‘something that has frozen; something cold’ → ‘aspic, jelly’, ‘something that shakes’ → ‘aspic, jelly’, ‘being old’ → ‘prepared for future consumption (about meat)’, ‘thin flat cake’ → ‘jerked beef’. There is proposed motivational reconstruction for the dialect words артиль &lt;artil’&gt;, жулей &lt;zhuley&gt;, пу- таник &lt;putanik&gt;. Basing on the analysis of the words, the author has identified the composition of meat diet, the types of dishes, the features of cooking those, the role of meat in festive and everyday meals as well as the regulations that determine consumption of meat. The presence of meat dishes in the diet served as a socio-ethnic marker: consumption of bones and offal was considered a sign of poverty, while consumption of meat – a sign of wealth; meat dishes were mainly prepared by peasants on holidays; eating raw meat or blood, as well as meat ‘with a bad smell’, was attributed to the local Russian or other ethnic groups, etc.

A systems biology approach to identifying genetic factors affected by aging, lifestyle factors, and type 2 diabetes that influences Parkinson's disease progression

The underlying causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear, making it difficult to determine how particular aspects of a patient's health may affect PD development and their treatment response. One alternative approach of investigating interactions between PD and co-morbidities (or other health factors) is to compare the dysregulated cellular or gene pathways they share with affected tissues. To achieve this, we developed a quantitative framework to reveal significant interactions between PD and other significant health factors that may be impacted. In this study, we analyzed gene expression microarray data from tissues affected by PD, type II diabetes (T2D), aging (AG), sedentary lifestyle (SL), high dietary fat (HFD), hypercholesterolemia (HC), high body fat (HBF), high red meat diet (RMD), high alcohol consumption (AC), smoking (SM) and control datasets. We have developed genetic associations of these factors with PD, based on the neighborhood-based benchmarking and multilayer network topology. We identified 1323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the PD patients compared to healthy controls, 779 genes with down-regulated expression and 544 genes up-regulated. 69 dysregulated genes were common to PD and AC datasets; PD datasets also shared, respectively, 51, 45, 43 and 42 DEGs with the T2D, AG, HFD and HBF datasets. Ontological and pathway analyses identified significant gene ontology and molecular pathways with the potential to enhance our understanding of the fundamental molecular factors associated with PD progression. Moreover, we employed a validation gene expression dataset along with Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and dbGaP as gold benchmark databases to validate the identified PD associated genes and molecular pathways. Our formulated methodologies used a network-based approach and identified a number of significant genes and pathways that may particularly affect PD, signifying how PD incidence and development may be influenced by the risk factors that may indicate avenues to new therapeutic approaches.