Surface Temperature Measurements Research Articles

Satellite-Based Ocean Color and Thermal Signatures Defining Habitat Hotspots and the Movement Pattern for Commercial Skipjack Tuna in Indonesia Fisheries Management Area 713, Western Tropical Pacific

Understanding the mechanisms that determine the critical habitat of commercial species is one of the significant challenges in marine science, particularly for species that inhabit the vast ocean worldwide. Previous investigations primarily focused on determining skipjack habitats without considering the feasible size for sustainable fisheries. To define habitat hotspots and movement patterns for decently sized skipjack tuna (≥50 cm) in Indonesia Fisheries Management Area (IFMA) 713, Indonesia, we examined the remote sensing of synoptic sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) measurements with catch data from 2007 to 2016. A new skipjack tuna habitat model was developed based on the link between the key satellite-based environmental data and the best tuna fishery performance using a combination of generalized additive models (GAMs) and kernel density estimates. The findings reveal that feasible skipjack catch sizes were found in approximately 27% of total fishing grounds and were significantly captured in areas with a Chl-a of 0.15–0.28 mg m−3 and an SST of 29.5–31.0 °C, corresponding with an elevated skipjack habitat index (SHI). The habitat hotspots for the commercial skipjack were particularly produced by favorable Chl-a and SST, in association with Chl-a front and anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies, especially in October, which coincided with the highest skipjack catch per unit effort (CPUE). Skipjack distributions were mostly found within 10 km of favorable feeding habitats. They used the hotspot area as an indicator of their dynamics and movement pattern in the environment. The observed CPUEs cross-validated the predicted SHI values, suggesting that the model provided a reliable proxy for defining the potential habitats and the spatial movement of mature skipjack schools. Our findings have global significance for locating ecological hotspots, monitoring sustainable skipjack fisheries, and tracking skipjack migration, especially within the western tropical Pacific.

Heat transfer and skin friction: Beyond the Reynolds analogy

This paper describes a variational method to determine a high-resolution skin friction field from a measured surface temperature field based on the exact relation between skin friction, surface temperature and heat flux in viscous flows. The focus is the application of this method to complex three-dimensional flows to explore the intrinsic relationship between skin friction and heat transfer beyond the Reynolds analogy. Further, the underlying condition for establishing the Reynolds analogy is examined in this general theoretical framework. Essentially, this method is considered as a global variational form of the Reynolds analogy. To demonstrate the application of this method, the skin friction fields are extracted from temperature sensitive paint measurements in normally and obliquely impinging jets, revealing complex flow structures in the impingement region where the Reynolds analogy does not hold.

Very High spatial Resolution IR thermography diagnostic positioning system upgrade in WEST Tokamak

The Very High spatial Resolution (VHR) infrared thermography diagnostic developed by CEA-IRFM is installed in the WEST tokamak to measure surface temperature of the actively cooled W-monoblocks (MB) of the Plasma Facing Units (PFUs), which are similar to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) ones. It is a major diagnostic to investigate the behavior of PFU during experimentation thanks to its very high spatial resolution (0.1 mm / pixel), movable field of view (FoV) and the wide-range temperature measurement. In particular, it can study the evolution of monoblocks mounted in the tokamak, the influence of the shaping of these components submitted to high heat load and the behavior of the leading edges regarding the assembling tolerances between adjacent monoblocks. Finally, such diagnostic directly contributes to the specification assessment of the ITER divertor units. This diagnostic was operational during the 2019 WEST experimentation and its enhanced design for the 2020 WEST experimentation campaign. In order to monitor 30 × 12 mm monoblocks temperature, the VHR IR diagnostic is able to move its narrow FoV (64 × 51 mm) to specific targets on the observable divertor area (360 × 420 mm). Position and focus steering are achieved through motor-controlled mirrors and lenses operated by a dedicated Labview application on a remote unit. Mirror positioning occurs between pulses under normal WEST operation conditions, and can withstand thermal radiation and disruptions during pulses. Repeatability, hysteresis, mechanical components reliability are critical parameters to provide accurate positioning (<1 mm) of the FoV. The tuning and calibration of these actuators in accordance with WEST environment is crucial to guarantee the best position of the FoV and optical performances. This paper gives the FoV positioning implementation details and performance of the VHR in WEST.

Flow and Convective Exchanges Study in Rotor-Stator System With Eccentric Impinging Jet

Abstract This paper investigates numerically and experimentally the flow structure and convective heat transfers in an unconfined air gap of a discoid technology rotor–stator system. The cavity between the interdisk is defined by dimensionless spacing varying between G = 0.02 (Haidar et al., 2020, “Numerical and Experimental Study of Flow and Convective Heat Transfer on a Rotor of a Discoidal Machine With Eccentric Impinging Jet,” J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 12(2), 021012) and G = 0.16. For experimental data, an infrared thermography is applied to obtain a measurement of the rotor surface temperatures and a steady-state energy equation is solved to evaluate the local convective coefficients. A numerical study is performed with a computational code ansys-fluent and based to apply two different turbulence models named the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and k–ε renormalization group (RNG). The results of the numerical simulation are compared with experimental results on heat transfer for the rotational Reynolds number ranging from 2.38×105 to 5.44×105, the jet Reynolds numbers varying from 16.6×103 to 49.6×103, and for dimensionless spacing G between 0.04 and 0.16. Three heat transfer zones on the rotating disk surface are identified. A good accord between a numerical result and experimental data was obtained. Finally, a correlation relating the Nusselt number to the rotational Reynolds number, jet Reynolds number, and dimensionless spacing varying from 0.02 to 0.16 is proposed.

Detection of Fever Using Continuous Skin Temperature Monitoring in Hospitalized Older Adults

The continuous monitoring of body surface temperature has been proven to help detect potential fever events in hospitalized patients. However, the efficacy of using body surface temperature to detect fever in older adults remains unclear due to the relatively low and slower-to-change body surface temperature in this population. This study was designed to investigate 1) the relationship between changes in body surface and routine tympanic temperatures, 2) the correlation between body surface temperature measurement frequency and detection of fever, and 3) the factors related to the incidence of fever in hospitalized older adults. A prospective study was conducted on 33 hospitalized older adults aged 65 years or older who were suspected to have or diagnosed with an infection in an infectious disease and medical ward at a medical center in southern Taiwan from March to November 2020. Demographic, routine tympanic temperature, and heart rate data were collected by reviewing the participants' medical records. Body surface temperatures were monitored continuously using HEARThermo every 10 seconds until one of the following conditions were met: hospital discharge, no fever for three continuous days, and HEARThermo was removed. Descriptive analysis was used to compare the variations in body surface temperature and routine tympanic temperature measurements. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between different measurement frequencies and fever events. Finally, mixed effects logistic regression was used to analyze the factors significantly related to fever events. Seven hundred and twenty routine body temperature measurements were taken, with 209 (29.0%) fever events detected in 23 (69.7%) of the participants. The body surface temperatures were more closely correlated with tympanic temperatures during fever events than non-fever events (r = .260, p < .001). More fever events were detected using body surface temperature monitoring frequencies of every 10 seconds and every 1 minute. After controlling for demographic factors, the results of the mixed effect model indicate that body surface temperature and heart rate are significant factors related to fever events in hospitalized older adults (odds ratio, OR: 1.74, p < .001; OR: 1.11, p < .001). The continuous monitoring of body surface temperature may improve the detection of fever events in hospitalized older adults. The application of wearable devices and cloud platforms may further facilitate the real-time assessment and care capabilities of nurses, thus reducing their workload and improving care quality.

Temperature measurement and error analysis of the transverse plane of oil-jet-lubrication herringbone gear with infrared pyrometers.

Frictional power losses of high-speed and heavy-load herringbone gearboxes increase the temperature of the gearbox. Thus, real-time surface temperature measurement is significant for evaluating the gearbox lubrication design. A rotating gear test rig with an infrared pyrometer is developed in this paper to conduct real-time and accurate temperature measurements of the transverse plane of the oil-jet-lubrication herringbone gear. First, the influencing factors and measuring errors of surface temperature are analyzed using the infrared pyrometer. The emissivity of the measured surface of a gear tooth painted with matte black is experimentally calibrated. Second, the temperature measurement tests of the oil-jet-lubrication herringbone gear under different conditions are carried out. Measurement errors resulting from purge air pressure, purge air temperature, and oil-jet temperature are also experimentally studied. The results indicate that the purge gas flow can reduce the measurement errors of the infrared pyrometer resulting from oil mist with an appropriate purge air pressure and purge air temperature. Finally, a mathematical curve-fitting of the measurement results between the infrared pyrometer and thermocouple is carried out. The calculated temperatures by the curve-fitting formula are compared with the measured thermocouple temperature, with the relative differences being less than 1 °C. Thus, the curve-fitting formula is credible for the real-time measurement of surface temperature, while the relevant measuring method is also valuable for engineering applications of high-speed gear systems under oil-jet-lubrication conditions.

Foundations of machine learning for low-temperature plasmas: methods and case studies

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence have proven to be an invaluable tool in tackling a vast array of scientific, engineering, and societal problems. The main drivers behind the recent proliferation of ML in practically all aspects of science and technology can be attributed to: (a) improved data acquisition and inexpensive data storage; (b) exponential growth in computing power; and (c) availability of open-source software and resources that have made the use of state-of-the-art ML algorithms widely accessible. The impact of ML on the field of low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) could be particularly significant in the emerging applications that involve plasma treatment of complex interfaces in areas ranging from the manufacture of microelectronics and processing of quantum materials, to the LTP-driven electrification of the chemical industry, and to medicine and biotechnology. This is primarily due to the complex and poorly-understood nature of the plasma-surface interactions in these applications that pose unique challenges to the modeling, diagnostics, and predictive control of LTPs. As the use of ML is becoming more prevalent, it is increasingly paramount for the LTP community to be able to critically analyze and assess the concepts and techniques behind data-driven approaches. To this end, the goal of this paper is to provide a tutorial overview of some of the widely-used ML methods that can be useful, amongst others, for discovering and correlating patterns in the data that may be otherwise impractical to decipher by human intuition alone, for learning multivariable nonlinear data-driven prediction models that are capable of describing the complex behavior of plasma interacting with interfaces, and for guiding the design of experiments to explore the parameter space of plasma-assisted processes in a systematic and resource-efficient manner. We illustrate the utility of various supervised, unsupervised and active learning methods using LTP datasets consisting of commonly-available, information-rich measurements (e.g. optical emission spectra, current–voltage characteristics, scanning electron microscope images, infrared surface temperature measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectra). All the ML demonstrations presented in this paper are carried out using open-source software; the datasets and codes are made publicly available. The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship can accelerate the adoption and development of ML in the LTP community.

Calculation of internal heat source and thermal gradient of cylindrical traction battery with measured surface temperature and heat flux

In the process of charging and discharging, the traction battery not only experiences electrochemical reactions, but also includes many side reactions, the typical phenomenon of which is the rise of battery temperature. In order to study the characteristics of the internal heat source and the distribution of the temperature field of a cylindrical battery, a one-dimensional (radius direction) heat transfer model is established in this work. Then, the temperature and heat flux measured on the external surface of the battery is used to calculate the internal heat source and temperature distribution, so as to quantify the thermal gradient in the diameter direction. In order to verify the feasibility of the model, a small incision is cut at the bottom of the battery, a thermocouple is built in to measure the temperature of the central position inside the battery, and the measured temperature is compared with the calculated temperature. The results show that the calculated results of the model have high reliability. In addition, the proposed model is also used to calculate the temperature of its internal central position at a higher ambient temperature (40 °C) and a lower ambient temperature (−10 °C). It is found that the calculated results are very close to the measured results at the ambient temperature of 40 °C, but the difference between the two was large at the ambient temperature of −10 °C.

Heat Transfer Calculations during Flow in Mini-Channels with Estimation of Temperature Uncertainty Measurements

The main aim of this work was to provide heat transfer calculations of flow boiling in mini-channels with an application for the Trefftz functions. The test section comprised five parallel mini-channels with a depth of 1 mm, with a common heated wall. For the estimation of the temperature uncertainty, during the experiment the temperature measurement was performed with the use of K-type thermoelements and an infrared camera in two mini-channels simultaneously. According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, the Monte Carlo method is a practical alternative to the GUM uncertainty framework. Since the uncertainty components are not approximately the same magnitude, the Monte Carlo method was indicated to estimate the uncertainty of the surface temperature measurement. The results obtained from this simulation method were compared with the results of the computation related to the uncertainty propagation method. The results of both methods of temperature measurement were found to be consistent. The results of the statistical analysis were used to describe heat transfer calculations. The heat transfer investigations concerning the subcooled boiling region were performed during the other experiment. The local heat transfer coefficients on the contact surface between the working fluid and the heated wall were calculated from the Robin boundary condition. The mathematical model described by the heat equation in the mini-channel wall and by the Fourier-Kirchhoff equation in a flowing fluid leads to an inverse heat transfer problem. This problem was solved using the FEM with the Trefftz-type basis functions. The estimation of temperature uncertainty measurements due to the Monte Carlo method was included in the final results of the heat transfer coefficient.

Optimized curing and coating of smart paints for surface temperature measurements

Optimized curing and coating of smart paints for surface temperature measurements

Device Development for Ocular Surface Temperature and Heat Flux Density Measurement

Purpose Currently, much attention is paid to measuring the temperature of the ocular surface in various ophthalmic diseases. However, for a comprehensive assessment of heat transfer of the eye, it is advisable to measure both the ocular surface temperature and the heat flux (HF) density. This will expand our knowledge of the physiology of the eye and create new possibilities for diagnosing ocular pathology. The present study aimed to develop a thermoelectric device to study rabbits’ ocular surface temperature and HF density. Methods The multichannel thermoelectric device was developed to measure the ocular surface temperature and HF density. This study included ten rabbits (20 eyes). In all animals, the temperature and the HF density were measured on the surface of the central cornea of both eyes. The measurement was repeated after pupils’ dilation. Results The corneal surface temperature of rabbits was 33.1 ± 0.8 °C, and the HF density of the surface of the cornea was 8.3 ± 0.6 mW/cm2. Our results revealed a high degree of interocular symmetry in the surface HF density in healthy rabbits. After pupil dilation, an increase in the HF density on the surface of the rabbit cornea compared with the initial data and control eye was noted. Conclusions The application of the developed device showed that it is safe and allows for the measurement of the ocular surface temperature and the HF density. We believe that further studies on the ocular surface HF density measurement in various eye diseases will allow us to evaluate the possibilities of this device and technique for diagnostic purposes.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Characteristics of the River Plume Frontal Zone in the Kara Sea in the First Two Decades of the XXI Century

The article is devoted to obtaining long-term physical and geographical characteristics of the River Plume frontal zone as a separate hydrological structure that forms at the boundary of the fresh surface layer of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. The primary data for identifying the frontal zone are satellite measurements of surface temperature (MODIS Aqua, Suomi NPP-VIIRS), surface salinity (NASA SMAP) and sea level (AVISO) for the period from July to October from 2002 to 2020. The position and characteristics of the River Plume frontal zone were determined using cluster analysis, which was applied for the first time to an integrated set of remote satellite sensing data in this region. The results of the study showed that in the warm period of the year, the average long-term surface temperature gradient of the River Plume frontal zone was 0.08 °C/km, the surface salinity gradient was 0.1 PSU/km, and the area was 155,000 km2. During the ice-free period of the second decade of the 21st century, the temperature gradient of the frontal zone weakens by 0.04 °C/km, and the area decreases by 100,000 km2. The correlation analysis showed that the temperature and salinity gradients, as well as the area of the River Plume frontal zone, were determined by the volumes of the river discharge of the Ob and Yenisei and ice parameters in the warm period of the year. The article presents the obtained estimates of the relationship between the characteristics of the frontal zone and the volume of river discharge, ice cover and wind parameters, as well as the value of the atmospheric indices of the Scandinavian oscillation (SCAND).

Wind- and eddy-driven upwelling over submarine canyons inshore of the northern Agulhas Current

The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, located along the coastline of northern KwaZulu-Natal, hosts South Africa’s only subtropical coral reef system. Episodic upwelling events are observed inshore and at the heads of Diepgat, Leadsman and Leven canyons within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and may assist in larval dispersal and act as a buffer against coral bleaching. Over a 12-month period (1 June 2018-31 May 2019), two cooling events were identified from surface and subsurface temperature measurements extracted from the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product of the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis (OSTIA) satellite and data collected from underwater temperature recorders, respectively. Lagged correlations between subsurface temperatures confirmed that the anomalous cooling events were upwelling events (of 2-7 hours). The approximate upwelling rate was greatest at Diepgat Canyon, which suggests that upwelling events are enhanced by the physical structure of the canyon head and its shallow termination point which may influence the affected ecosystems. Wind measurements from the Mbazwana weather station and satellite sea-level anomalies were used to investigate the respective roles of wind stress and mesoscale ocean variability as driving forces of the upwelling events. The results indicate that the less intense and shorter cooling event was driven by a cyclonic eddy event, but that the stronger cooling event was driven by a combination of both forcing mechanisms.

Chang’E-4 Measurements of Lunar Surface Temperatures: Thermal Conductivity of the Near Surface Regolith

Lunar thermal conductivity is significantly important for understanding the geological processes of the Moon. The Apollo in-situ heat flow experiments and Diviner remote sensing data provide us with good constraints on the thermophysical properties of the lunar regolith fines layer. As the first farside in-situ experiments, Chang’E-4 (CE-4) temperature sensors will further extend our understanding. In this study, a one-dimensional thermal model with updated bulk densities by the CE-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) data is used. Then, the nighttime surface temperatures from the sensors of the CE-4 lander are applied to retrieve the surface thermal conductivity at the CE-4 landing site. After minimizing the differences between the predicted temperature and CE-4 measurements, the range of surface layer contact conductivity ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k_s</i> ) within the upper 1 cm is about (0.95 ~ 2.26) × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for T1, (1.04 ~ 2.44) × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for T2, (0.60 ~ 1.40) × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for T3, and (0.60~1.39) × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for T4, respectively. In addition, the factors that may affect the inversion or the measurements were discussed, such as the shadowing effect, the rock abundance, the lateral conduction from the rover transfer mechanism, and the densification effect during the measurements.

WINTER THERMAL COMFORT OF A TYPICAL COURTYARD GEOMETRY IN A SEMI-ARID CLIMATE

ABSTRACTThe courtyard is an ancient outdoor design space surrounded by walls or buildings, acting as a microclimate modifier in hot-dry climates. This is related to its geometry, such as high proportions of height-to-width (H/W) and north-south (NS) orientation by providing shade and decreasing heat stress on hot summer days. However, its effect during winter still needs to be discussed, especially in hot summer and cold winter conditions (such as in semi-arid climates). This research studies the winter thermal comfort of a typical courtyard geometry suitable for hot summer conditions in a semi-arid climate. A literature review supports the identification of typical courtyard geometry addressed for hot summer conditions. Then, field measurements of the external surface temperature of courtyard interior orientations, microclimatic variables, and the Predicted Mean Votes (PMV) of occupants inside the courtyard were performed. The results indicate high correlations between PMV and courtyard interior orientations with the H/W ratio regarding cold stress. Thus, north-east and South-East orientations and H/W ratio less than (&amp;lt; 0.8) are recommended for better winter environmental conditions in semi-arid climates.

Embedded Distributed Temperature Sensing Enabled Multistate Joint Observation of Smart Lithium-Ion Battery

Accurate monitoring of the internal statuses is highly valuable for the management of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). This article proposes a thermal-model-based method for multistate joint observation, enabled by a novel smart battery design with an embedded and distributed temperature sensor. In particular, a novel smart battery is designed by implanting the distributed fiber optical sensor internally and externally. This promises a real-time distributed measurement of LIB internal and surface temperature with a high space resolution. Following this endeavor, a low-order joint observer is proposed to coestimate the thermal parameters, heat generation rate, state of charge, and maximum capacity. Experimental results disclose that the smart battery has space-resolved self-monitoring capability with high reproducibility. With the new sensing data, the heat generation rate, state of charge, and maximum capacity of LIB can be observed precisely in real time. The proposed method validates to outperform the commonly-used electrical-model-based method regarding the accuracy and the robustness to battery aging.

A Method for Estimating Daytime Average Evapotranspiration From Diurnal Land Surface Temperature Measurements

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential parameter in the water cycle and surface energy balance. Accurate estimation of daytime or daily ET is of great significance for many activities in human economic and social development. This study aims to propose a novel method for estimating daytime average ET by using temporal measurements of land surface temperature (LST) and net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR), following a previous developed elliptical relationship between diurnal cycles of LST and NSSR under cloud-free days. The method was primarily developed from the simulated data of a physics-based Atmosphere–Land Exchange (ALEX) model under different underlying surfaces and atmospheric conditions. Based on the simulated data, the proposed method showed considerable accuracy with the overall coefficient of determination ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) of 0.958 and the root mean square error (RMSE) of 25.3 Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . In addition, ground ET measurements at four Ameriflux sites (US-ARM, US-SRM, US-Whs, and US-Wkg) during the 2018 growing season were collected to assess the estimated daytime average ET. Results show an overall RMSE of 64.7 Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> for the estimated ET at the four sites, and the US-Whs site reveals a best accuracy ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> =0.825, RMSE=44.4 Wm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ). These results indicated a potential for generating daytime ET with geostationary satellite observations at regional scales in future development.

Non-invasive assessment of positive affective state using infra-red thermography in rats.

With recent increased focus on positive welfare in animal welfare science, there is demand for objective positive welfare indicators. It is unclear whether changes in body surface temperature can be used to non-invasively identify and quantify positive states in mammals. We recorded continuous measurements of tail surface temperature using infra-red thermography (IRT) and concurrent behavioural observations in male and female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). If tail surface temperature can differentiate between positive and negative experiences, we expect a qualitatively different response compared to negative experiences. Three groups of rats were presented with increasing magnitudes of food rewards (neutral/none, one and three rewards). The rats were placed in an arena to which they were habituated and filmed for 30 s before and 30 min after exposure to different rewards. Tail temperature initially decreased from the pre-reward baseline and subsequently returned towards baseline temperature. The overall pattern of the change was the same as for rats subjected to negative stimuli in previous studies. Nevertheless, dynamic changes in tail temperature, specifically the rate of recovery and the behavioural response (exploration), differed between neutral and rewarded rats but failed to distinguish reward magnitude. Sex differences were found in both thermal and behavioural responses, unrelated to reward magnitudes. Female rats exhibited a greater initial response with a slower recovery than male rats, emphasising the value of using of both sexes in animal welfare research. This study improves our understanding of the effects of positive emotions induced by food reward on peripheral body temperature and behaviour.

Investigation of the surface temperature in contact with plasma by two-color pyrometry

A high-speed two-color pyrometer has been developed that allows measuring the intensity of thermal radiation in temperature range of 100-3500oC with 2 μs time resolution. The analysis of the main factors affecting the measurement of surface temperature in the conditions of its interaction with plasma is carried out. It is shown that at plasma temperature of more than 10 eV and moderate concentration of particles, the wall plasma can be considered transparent to thermal radiation. Experimental studies on non-contact measurement of temperature of surface interacting with plasma on Globus-M2 tokamak and plasma gun test bench have been carried out. Sawtooth temperature fluctuations were detected on the wall of tokamak chamber near the exit of outer separatrix branch. The period of these flashes was 3-4 ms, and duration was 2 ms. The maximum wall temperature measured by a high-speed pyrometer exceeded the temperature measured by infrared camera. Measurements of temperature of the front surface of W-Li sample were carried out at plasma gun test bench under conditions of deuterium plasma jet cyclic action under loads simulating regimes of plasma current disruption in tokamak. The sample temperature reached more than 3000^oC during &amp;lt;1 ms. The thermal conductivity of the sample degraded with an increase in number of plasma exposure cycles, which was expressed in progressive decrease in target cooling rate after the pulse. Using a high-speed pyrometer, it is proposed to control the formation of heat-insulating foils on surface interacting with plasma Keywords: two-color pyrometer, thermal radiation, surface temperature, materials irradiation.

Исследование температуры поверхности, контактирующей с плазмой, методом двухцветной пирометрии

A high-speed two-color pyrometer has been developed that allows measuring the intensity of thermal radiation in temperature range of 100-3500 0C with 2 µs time resolution. The analysis of the main factors affecting the measurement of surface temperature in the conditions of its interaction with plasma is carried out. It is shown that at plasma temperature of more than 10 eV and moderate concentration of particles, the wall plasma can be considered transparent to thermal radiation. Experimental studies on non-contact measurement of temperature of surface interacting with plasma on Globus-M2 tokamak and plasma gun test bench have been carried out. Sawtooth temperature fluctuations were detected on the wall of tokamak chamber near the exit of outer separatrix branch. The period of these flashes was 3-4 ms, and duration was 2 ms. The maximum wall temperature measured by a high-speed pyrometer exceeded the temperature measured by infrared camera. Measurements of temperature of the front surface of W-Li sample were carried out at plasma gun test bench under conditions of deuterium plasma jet cyclic action under loads simulating regimes of plasma current disruption in tokamak. The sample temperature reached more than 3000 0C during &lt; 1 ms. The thermal conductivity of the sample degraded with an increase in number of plasma exposure cycles, which was expressed in progressive decrease in target cooling rate after the pulse. Using a high-speed pyrometer, it is proposed to control the formation of heat-insulating foils on surface interacting with plasma.