Air Temperature Measurements Research Articles

Smart Greenhouse Monitoring With Soil Temperature and Humidity Control on Internet of Things (IoT) Based Orchid Plants

Research on monitoring systems with control has been developed with several different inputs and outputs. This research has realized a smart greenhouse monitoring tool with temperature and soil moisture control on orchid plants based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This study aims to create a monitoring tool for temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and water level. In the system, the microcontroller used is Wemos D1 R1, with inputs in the form of a DHT-11 sensor to measure air temperature and humidity, a soil moisture sensor to measure soil moisture, and an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in the containers. The resulting system output is in the form of pump and fan control. Based on the results of sensor testing, the accuracy of the DHT-11 sensor is 99.97%, the error is 0.03%, the soil moisture sensor is 98.63% accurate, the error is 1.37%, and the ultrasonic sensor is 97, 61% with an error of 2.89%. Based on the research results, the system can run well, as shown by Thingspeak, and the website smartgreenhouseanggrek.weebly.com can receive the results of monitoring sensor data using an internet connection. The tool will carry out the process of wateringplants when the soil moisture value read by the sensor is 20% and will stop watering when the sensor reads the soil moisture value reaches >= 50%. In contrast, the air temperature control is done by turning on the fan if the temperature reaches 30° C.

Sistem Pengendalian Salinitas Air Pada Budidaya Cacing Nipah Namalycastis rhodochorde Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)

Nypa palm worm (Namalycastis rhodochorde) is a new species of Polychaeta class found in Sei Kakap area. Apart from being obtained from the river coast, cultivation is one way to get worms, but the cultivation of nypa palm worm is still within the scope of the lab and is done manually. Manual cultivation has a problems, especially in controlling water salinity which affects the survival or survival rate of worm. Therefore, this requires an Internet of Things in installation of worm cultivation. This system aims to control the salinity of the water and then monitor the salinity and temperature of the water as well as the temperature and humidity of the air. Another goal is to control water salinity which affects the survival rate of worms. The results of monitoring and controlling the water salinity will be displayed on a website-based application. Arduino Uno is used as hardware that controls the system, NodeMCU ESP32 is used as a tool to connect to the server, water salinity sensor is used to measure water salinity, DS18B20 sensor is used to measure water temperature, as well as DHT11 sensor is used to measure air temperature and humidity. The results of testing the reading system of each sensor obtained an error value 0,017% and 0,032% water salinity sensors, 0,015% DS18B20 sensor, as well as 0.011% and 0.003% DHT11 sensor. Application of the system can reduce water salinity by 1-3 ppt and resulted in the survival rate of worms by 41%.

Foraging Time and Temperature Affected Birth Timing of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Predicted Year-To-Year Changes for 25 Years in a Population in West Wales, U.K.

Movements of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in and out of the nursery roost at Stackpole (West Wales, U.K.) were monitored automatically from 1994 to 2018 with simultaneous measurements of roost and external air temperatures. Pups were counted manually in June–July and mean birth dates calculated. Maximal foraging times of the population between 16:00 h and 08:00 h and temperatures at midnight showed three types of activity. These types of activity explained why warmer springs were followed by earlier birth dates. When April was warmer the number of degree days, linked to the activity of night-flying insects, was higher so the maximal foraging times were longer. Hence, mean birth dates were earlier due to faster gestation. The indirect effect of degree days on the birth date, measured by the partial regression coefficient (ß = -0.321), was weaker than the direct effect (ß = -0.628) and the mediating effect of maximal foraging time was significant (P < 0.001). During May–June and June–July bats foraged mainly from dusk to dawn so there was little variation in the maximal foraging times of the population, and it did not significantly mediate the effect of temperature on birth date. Birth dates were later when the external temperatures in June–July were higher (ß = 0.309), but the effect was small (R2 = 9.5%). Path analysis further revealed that longer maximal foraging times of the population in April predicted the year-to-year changes in the number of births and subsequently the number of adult females. Maximal foraging times of the population in April were a major influence on birth timing and ultimately determined whether the population grew or declined.

The Surface Urban Heat Island and Key Mitigation Factors in Arid Climate Cities, Case of Marrakesh, Morocco

The use of vegetation is one of the effective methods to combat the increasing Urban Heat Island (UHI). However, vegetation is steadily decreasing due to urban pressure and increased water stress. This study used air temperature measurements, humidity and an innovative advanced earth system analysis to investigate, at daytime, the relationship between green surfaces, built-up areas and the surface urban heat island (SUHI) in Marrakesh, Morocco, which is one of the busiest cities in Africa and serves as a major economic centre and tourist destination. While it is accepted that UHI variation is generally mitigated by the spatial distribution of green spaces and built-up areas, this study shows that bare areas also play a key role in this relationship. The results show a maximum mean land surface temperature difference of 3.98 °C across the different city neighbourhoods, and bare ground had the highest correlation with temperature (r = 0.86). The correlation between the vegetation index and SUHI is decreasing over time, mainly because of the significant changes in the region’s urban planning policy and urban growth. The study represents a relevant overview of the factors impacting SUHI, and it brings a new perspective to what is known so far in the literature, especially in arid climate areas, which have the specificity of large bare areas playing a major role in SUHI mitigation. This research highlights this complex relationship for future sustainable development, especially with the challenges of global warming becoming increasingly critical.

“Qualitative and time analysis of the gaseous constituents transport processes in a micro-tunnel on the basis of in-situ measurements”

This paper describes air pressure, relative humidity (RH), temperature and oxygen molar fraction (xO2) measurements that have been carried out over several years in a hundred meter long and 75 cm diameter micro-tunnel (MT) experiment at the Andra's Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory (MHM URL). Sensors were placed all along, every 20 m inside the MT, and in the access drift. RH and xO2 time evolutions exhibit very complicated profiles, showing many singularities. These features can be well explained by taking into account mainly the corrosion of the steel liners, the water evaporation from the surrounding saturated clay and a leak between the head of the MT excavation and the access drift. Airflow through the leak is driven by the drift pressure seasonal and short time fluctuations. A simple model involving coupled infinite and finite reservoirs made it possible to reproduce xO2 evolution and to calculate the air fluxes associated. Drift pressure variations induce longitudinal compression-dilatation processes in the system that are closely estimated using suitable analytical formulas. By taking into account diffusion driven leaks at the liners interfaces, it was possible to build a global model from which the results compare very well with experimental data.

Offset of MODIS land surface temperatures from in situ air temperatures in the upper Kaskawulsh Glacier region (St. Elias Mountains) indicates near-surface temperature inversions

Abstract. Remote sensing data are a crucial tool for monitoring climatological changes and glacier response in areas inaccessible for in situ measurements. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) product provides temperature data for remote glaciated areas where air temperature measurements from weather stations are sparse or absent, such as the St. Elias Mountains (Yukon, Canada). However, MODIS LSTs in the St. Elias Mountains have been found in prior studies to show an offset from available weather station measurements, the source of which is unknown. Here, we show that the MODIS offset likely results from the occurrence of near-surface temperature inversions rather than from the MODIS sensor’s large footprint size or from poorly constrained snow emissivity values used in LST calculations. We find that an offset in remote sensing temperatures is present not only in MODIS LST products but also in Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emissions Radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat temperature products, both of which have a much smaller footprint (90–120 m) than MODIS (1 km). In all three datasets, the offset was most pronounced in the winter (mean offset &gt;8 ∘C) and least pronounced in the spring and summer (mean offset &lt;2 ∘C). We also find this enhanced seasonal offset in MODIS brightness temperatures, before the incorporation of snow surface emissivity into the LST calculation. Finally, we find the MODIS LST offset to be consistent in magnitude and seasonal distribution with modeled temperature inversions and to be most pronounced under conditions that facilitate near-surface inversions, namely low incoming solar radiation and wind speeds, at study sites Icefield Divide (60.68∘N, 139.78∘ W; 2,603 m a.s.l) and Eclipse Icefield (60.84∘ N, 139.84∘ W; 3017 m a.s.l.). Although these results do not preclude errors in the MODIS sensor or LST algorithm, they demonstrate that efforts to convert MODIS LSTs to an air temperature measurement should focus on understanding near-surface physical processes. In the absence of a conversion from surface to air temperature based on physical principles, we apply a statistical conversion, enabling the use of mean annual MODIS LSTs to qualitatively and quantitatively examine temperatures in the St. Elias Mountains and their relationship to melt and mass balance.

Remotely Monitored Buoys for Observing the Growth and Development of Sea Ice In Situ

Abstract This paper describes a remotely monitored buoy that, when deployed in open water prior to freeze up, permits scientists to monitor not only temperature with depth, and hence freeze up and sea ice thickness, but also the progression of sea ice development—e.g., the extent of cover at a given depth as it grows (solid fraction), the brine volume of the ice, and the salinity of the water just below, which is driven by brine expulsion. Microstructure and In situ Salinity and Temperature (MIST) buoys use sensor “ladders” that, in our prototypes, extend to 88 cm below the surface. We collected hourly measurements of surface air temperature and water temperature and electrical impedance every 3 cm to track the seasonal progression of sea ice growth in Elson Lagoon (Utqiaġvik, Alaska) over the 2017/18 ice growth season. The MIST buoy has the potential to collect detailed sea ice microstructural information over time and help scientists monitor all parts of the growth/melt cycle, including not only the freezing process but the effects of meteorological changes, changing snow cover, the interaction of meltwater, and drainage. Significance Statement There is a need to better understand how an increasing influx of freshwater, one part of a changing Arctic climate, will affect the development of sea ice. Current instruments can provide information on the growth rate, extent, and thickness of sea ice, but not direct observations of the structure of the ice during freeze up, something that is tied to salinity and local air and water temperature. A first deployment in Elson Lagoon in Utqiaġvik, Alaska, showed promising results; we observed fluctuations in ice temperatures in response to brief warmings in air temperature that resulted in changes in the conductivity, liquid fraction, and brine volume fraction within the ice.

Measured Indoor Environmental Data in a Retrofitted Multiapartment Building to Assess Energy Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Winter Power Outages

The article describes detailed measurements of indoor environmental parameters in a multiapartment housing block located in Milan, Italy, which has recently undergone a deep energy retrofit and is used as a thermal battery during the winter season. Two datasets are provided: one refers to a series of experimental tests conducted by the authors in an unoccupied flat, in which the thermal capacity of the building mass is exploited to act as an energy storage. The dataset reports, with a time step of 10 min, measurements of air temperature, globe temperature and surface temperatures in the analyzed room and data characterizing the adjacent spaces and the outdoor conditions. The second set of data refers to the air temperature monitoring carried out continuously in all the apartments of the apartment block, and hence also during two unplanned heating power outages. The analyzed data show the role of deep renovations in extending the time over which a building can remain in the thermal comfort range after an energy interruption and thus highlight the potential role of retrofitted buildings in delivering energy flexibility services to related stakeholders, such as the occupants, the building manager, the grid operator, and others. Furthermore, the dataset can be used to calibrate an energy simulation model to investigate different demand-side flexibility strategies and evaluate thermal safety under extreme weather events.

New insights into submicron particles impact on visibility.

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of very fine atmospheric particles (submicron particulate matter; PM1) on visibility deterioration. Taking into consideration not only their entirely different physio-chemical properties in comparison to a well-recognized PM10 but also the origin and a growing environmental awareness of PM1, the main research problem has been solved in few steps. At first, the chemical composition of PM1 was determined in two selected urban areas in Poland. Measurements of meteorological parameters, i.e., air temperature and humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and visibility, were also conducted. The next step of the work was the analysis of (1) seasonal changes of the concentration of PM1 and its main components, (2) the influence of chemical components of PM1 on light extinction, and (3) the influence of PM1 and humidity on visibility. Hierarchical cluster analysis, correlation matrixes and a heat map, and classification and regression tree analysis were used. The light extinction coefficient is influenced mainly by coarse mass of PM, and PM1-bound ammonium nitrate, organic matter, and by Rayleigh scattering. The less important in the light extinction coefficient shaping has PM1-bound ammonium sulfate, elemental carbon, and soil. In this way, the secondary origin PM1 components were proved to most significantly influence the visibility. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of the use of statistical agglomeration techniques to identify ranges of variation of visibility, including independent variables adopted to analyses (meteorological conditions, chemical composition of PM1, etc.).

Plant specialisation may limit climate‐induced vegetation change to within topographic and edaphic niches on a sub‐Antarctic island

Abstract Extreme changes in temperature, rainfall and wind regimes have been correlated with plant species range expansion upslope on sub‐Antarctic islands. Ongoing climatic changes are expected to continue driving changes in species distributions globally, but niche specialisations may limit the capacity for range shifts. We hypothesised that non‐climatic characteristics of ecological niches of vascular plant species could limit climate induced range shifts. We determined the altitudinal ranges of vascular plant species (n = 13) on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island and measured air temperature, topographic, foliar and soil properties along transects on geologically distinct substrates. Climatic and non‐climatic associations were determined using multiple linear regression and boosted regression tree (BRT) analyses. The degree of niche specialisation was determined using outlying mean index analysis within the range of species on the island. Several species (7 of 13) exhibited niche‐specialisation. Correlation analysis revealed that edaphic properties including soil depth, loss on ignition, the principal component of most soil nutrients (Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, P, S), Si, Mn and clay dominated the BRT prediction of overall plant cover. Although air temperature was correlated with plant cover in linear models, model simplification dropped temperature in both BRT and linear models. As a consequence, multiple determinants, including temperature, climate, topography and soils control the distribution of vascular plant species on this sub‐Antarctic island. Edaphic and topographic factors is likely to limit range‐shifts of specialised vascular plant species and could limit their survival when climate change drives them beyond the extent of their particular ecological niches. Resilience of such species is likely poorly predicted by distribution models that depend heavily on climate rather than less labile non‐climatic factors. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Comparison of Vegsyst and Hortsyt models: Two models of growth of greenhouse crops

The HortSyst model is a new discrete-time model to describe the dynamics of photothermal time (PTT), dry matter production (DMP), N uptake (Nup), leaf area index (LAI) and rate of transpiration (ETc) of greenhouse crops, it has 13 parameters. The model assumes that crops do not have water and nutrient limitations. The input variables of the model are hourly measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and the integral of solar radiation. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with hydroponic tomato cv. "CID F1" at a density of 3.5 plants m-2, autumn-winter and spring-summer cycle, in Chapingo, Mexico. The first experiment was transplanted on August 21, 2015 and the second experiment on April 24, 2016. A weather station was installed inside the greenhouses, temperature and relative humidity were measured with a model S-TMB-M006 sensor and radiation global sensor S-LIB-M003. The objective of this research is to compare two growth models for tomato in greenhouses. According to the adjustment of its predictions against the measurements it can be of help in the supply water and nitrogen.

Evaluation of Satellite-Based Air Temperature Estimates at Eight Diverse Sites in Africa

High resolution satellite and reanalysis-based air temperature estimates have huge potential to complement the sparse networks of air temperature measurements from ground stations in Africa. The recently released Climate Hazards Center Infrared Temperature with Stations (CHIRTS-daily) dataset provides daily minimum and maximum air temperature estimates on a near-global scale from 1983 to 2016. This study assesses the performance of CHIRTS-daily in comparison with measurements from eight ground stations in diverse locations across Africa from 1983 to 2016, benchmarked against the ERA5 and ERA5-Land reanalysis to understand its potential to provide localized temperature information. Compared to ERA5 and ERA5-Land, CHIRTS-daily maximum temperature has higher correlation and lower bias of daily, annual mean maximum and annual extreme maximum temperature. It also exhibits significant trends in annual mean maximum temperature, comparable to those from the station data. CHIRTS-daily minimum temperatures generally have higher correlation, but larger bias than ERA5 and ERA5-Land. However, the results indicate that CHIRTS-daily minimum temperature biases may be largely systematic and could potentially be corrected for. Overall, CHIRTS-daily is highly promising as it outperforms ERA5 and ERA5-Land in many areas, and exhibits good results across a small, but diverse set of sites in Africa. Further studies in specific geographic areas could help support these findings.

Intercomparison and combination of low-cost urban air temperature measurement approaches

Intercomparison and combination of low-cost urban air temperature measurement approaches

Citizen science supporting agricultural monitoring with hundreds of low-cost sensors in comparison to remote sensing data

ABSTRACT The ever-increasing importance of irrigation monitoring and water-use optimization in agriculture calls for new solutions for a more complete understanding of the plant growth dynamic and the agricultural water cycle. In this study, the fitness for use of the Flower Power low-cost sensors, not designed for scientific applications, is evaluated in an integrated agricultural monitoring context in contrast to freely available satellite information from Landsat 8, Sentinel 1 and 2. Measurements of air temperature, solar radiation, leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture are considered. 456 sensors have been deployed in the Capitanata Irrigation Consortium (Italy) as part of the GROW Observatory project with local farmers collaborating as citizen scientists to either deploy these sensors, monitor the environmental variables and control irrigation management. The main results are: (i) positive agreement between Flower Power sensors and high-quality professional stations for measurements of meteorological variables (5.6°C RMSE for Air Temperature); (ii) acceptable estimates of crops LAI (RMSE = 0.55 m2 m−2) and mixed ones of Surface Soil Moisture (m = 0.75, R2 = 0.23) from Flower Power sensors in respect to different satellite data; (iii) potentiality of these sensors combined with remote sensing in providing suitable tools for irrigation management.

Confort térmico producido por la vegetación arbórea en el macrocentro de Bahía Blanca (Argentina)

Urban trees are essential since they generate multiple benefits to society, one of them is the mitigation of the urban heat island. The present work aims to obtain the thermal comfort produced by the arboreal vegetation in the downtown area of Bahía Blanca city. For this, Local Climate Zone of the study area was determined according to its characteristics and the percentage of vegetation cover was obtained using the online software I-tree Canopy. A survey of the street trees was also conducted to determine the most representative species. During the summer of 2020, measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were made under the canopy of fifteen trees, at 3:00 p.m., in 15 days typical of this thermal season. Then, by applying the vegetation comfort index, it was found that all the selected trees contribute to improve the thermal comfort of the population. However, there were differences among them, with Platanus acerifolia and Parasenegalia visco standing out for their higher magnitude and their impact on the decrease in air temperature under their canopies. In addition, problems related to street trees were identified and described, and finally proposals were established. These results allow to consider that, given the importance of trees in the urban microclimate, their coverage should be increased in the downtown area in order to contribute to thermal regulation during the summer. The need for regular maintenance work to avoid the problems detected in the roadside trees and to enhance the ecosystem services they provide was confirmed.

Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in the Kłodzko Region (SW Poland)

Despite continuous technological development, lack of data or discontinuity in meteorological measurements is still an issue affecting many stations. This study was devoted to determining the bioclimatic conditions in the Kłodzko region (SW Poland), where meteorological measurements have been discontinuous since 2006. Four stations with continuous measurements were analyzed. These localities are situated at Kłodzko and its health resorts. Bioclimatic conditions were determined using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The study of variability in UTCI was performed in different circulation epochs. Additionally, a non-linear model for SW Poland was used to reconstruct the long-term trend of air temperature in the Kłodzko region. Verification of this model was performed on the basis of own air temperature measurements in the period from April 2017 to March 2022. Analysis of thermal conditions in circulation phases showed higher air temperatures and UTCI values in epoch W (1989–present) compared to epoch E (1966–1988) at all analyzed stations. The non-linear model of meteorological data showed its applicability for data reconstruction in the region with an accuracy of about 67%. Further modification of the model may serve to increase its applicability to other locations in Europe or North America.

Solution of a nonlinear heat transfer problem based on experimental data

The paper develops a method for solving nonlinear equations of heat conduction. Two-layer container complexes have been created, the side faces of which are thermally insulated so that the 1D heat equation can be used. In order not to solve the boundary value problem with a contact discontinuity and lose the accuracy of the solution method, a temperature sensor was placed at the junction of two media, and a mixed boundary value problem is solved in each area (container). To provide initial data for the initial boundary value problem, three temperature sensors were used: two sensors measure air temperatures at the left and right boundaries of the container complex; the third sensor measures the temperature of the soil at the junction of two media. The paper numerically investigates the initial-boundary problem of heat conduction with nonlinear coefficients of heat conduction, heat capacity, heat transfer and density of the material. To solve a nonlinear initial-boundary value problem, the grid method is used. Two types of difference schemes are constructed: linearized and nonlinear. The linearized difference scheme is implemented numerically by the scalar sweep method, and the nonlinear difference problem is solved by the Newton method. On the basis of an a priori estimate of the solution of a nonlinear difference problem, we prove the convergence of the second degree of Newton’s method. The numerical calculations carried out show that, for small time intervals, the solutions of the linearized difference problem differ little from the solution of the nonlinear difference problem (1 - 3%). And for long periods of time, tens of days or months, the solutions of the two methods differ significantly, sometimes exceeding 20%

An improved algorithm of thermal index models based on ENVI-met

ENVI-met is a microclimate simulation software that is used for urban planning. BIO-met is used to calculate the thermal index within the ENVI-met software and can simulate the universal thermal index, including the predicted mean vote, physiologically equivalent temperature, universal thermal climate index, and standard effective temperature. Given the accuracy of thermal index calculation, BIO-met can provide better urban planning guidance to ensure human thermal comfort. To verify the accuracy of the thermal index calculation, an on-site walking experiment was conducted in a transitional space, and an ENVI-met building model was established at the experimental site. The results indicated that the simulated air temperature overestimated the actual measured air temperature by up to 2 °C. Additionally, the output thermal indices (β-thermal index models) were calculated by combining the experimental data with the micro-environment calculation results obtained from ENVI-met using the BIO-met software. Despite the deviation between the BIO-met calculation results and the actual situation, there were cross-values when the improved thermal indices (α-thermal index models), based on the results of our previous studies, were compared to the β-thermal index models. Furthermore, an improved algorithm for calculating the thermal index models of the BIO-met program was developed.

One-dimensional air temperature measurements by air resonance enhanced multiphoton Ionization thermometry (ART).

In this work, a detailed calibration study is performed to establish non-intrusive one-dimensional (1D) rovibrational temperature measurements in unseeded air, based on air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization thermometry (ART). ART is generated by REMPI (resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization) of molecular oxygen and subsequent avalanche ionization of molecular nitrogen in a single laser pulse. ART signal, the fluorescence from the first negative band of molecular nitrogen, is directly proportional to the 2-photon transition of molecular oxygen C3Π (v = 2) ← X3Σ (v'=0), which is used to determine temperature. Experimentally, hyperfine structures of the O2 rotational branches with high temperature sensitivity are selectively excited through a frequency-doubled dye laser. Electron-avalanche ionization of N2 results in the fluorescence emissions from the first negative bands of N2 + near 390, 425, and 430nm, which are captured as a 1D line by a gated intensified camera. Post processing of the N2 + fluorescence yields a 1D thermometry line that is representative of the air temperature. It is demonstrated that the technique provides ART fluorescence of ∼5cm in length in the unseeded air, presenting an attractive thermometry solution for high-speed wind tunnels and other ground test facilities.

Air temperature dependencies on the structure of thermometer screens in summer at Daejeon, South Korea

AbstractResults and accuracy of air temperature measurements made by meteorological thermometers hosted in thermometer screens strongly depend on the structure of the thermometer screen itself. In this study, the experiment was designed and conducted to understand the effect of radiation on air temperature observation. In order to control radiation sensitivity of thermometer screen, an umbrella made of Al alloy was installed over the thermometer screen (KTU). Air temperatures measured from five thermometer screens have been studied for several weather conditions using a 2‐month field experiment at Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). The experiments comprised two version of KRISS type, which artificially ventilated thermometer screen (KTE and KTU) and three naturally ventilated round‐shaped multi‐plate thermometer screens (BT1, BT2, VT). The results showed that the air temperature of the KTU was approximately 0.10–0.50°C lower than the other group of thermometer screens without an umbrella, which blocked direct solar radiation. During the night, the umbrella minimizes the longwave energy from the KTU to the atmosphere. So the air temperature was roughly 0.10–0.18°C higher than that of the other group without the umbrella. It is confirmed that the umbrella installed over the thermometer screen minimizes the radiation sensitivity of the thermometer screen, and it has a significant effect on air temperature measurements.