Restraint Measures Research Articles

Меры пресечения, не связанные с изоляцией от общества, избираемые несовершеннолетним: понятие, сущность, система

The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a minor who is a participant in criminal proceedings as a suspect or accused. It is generally recognized that the value of the legal system is determined, inter alia, by the legislator’s attention to these intangible benefits of minors, to the legal norms on the basis of which the protection of these persons in criminal proceedings is ensured. 
 The purpose of the article is to identify the legal features and problems in the field of legal regulation of preventive measures chosen in Russia by underage suspects (accused), which do not contribute to isolation from society. Preventive measures that are not related to the isolation from societyof a juvenile prosecuted by justice become an object of the article. The problems identified in the designated area of legal regulation and the ways of their optimal solution corresponding to these problemsare considered as the subject of the article. 
 The article reflects the issues of the concept, the legal nature (essence) of the measures of restraint chosen in relation to juvenile suspects (accused), not related to isolation and a system of such measures. It is noted that the Russian legislator, paying attention to the rights and legitimate interests of this category of persons, in standards regulating preventive measures, does not take into account the peculiarities of the legal status of a minor suspect and accused, the specifics of the application of preventive measures, as well as the aspects of the impact of isolation (not isolation) from society on psycho-physical condition of these persons.The novelty is defined by thesubstantiation that the humanistic principles of international law and Russian legislation should be reflected in preventive measures for minors with the priority of measures that prevent isolation from society, and, accordingly, from the family, where the formation of the moral aspects of the individual, traditions and universal values take place. 
 As a result, the author proposes the author’s definition of the legal category “measures of restraint chosen by minors, not related to isolation from society”, reflects the legal peculiarities of preventive measures chosen against juvenile suspects or accused, substantiates the need to amend Art. 423 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

Pharmacotherapy of Primary Impulsive Aggression in Violent Criminal Offenders

Primary impulsive aggression (PIA) can be implicated as a common factor that results in an arrest, disciplinary, and restraint measures during confinement, and criminal recidivism after release. Evidence suggests that anti-impulsive aggression agents (AIAAs) can diminish or prevent impulsive aggression even when occurring with personality pathology such as borderline or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), common conditions in offender populations. A previous review identified agents that have been subjected to controlled drug trials of sufficient quality, and subsequently, a decisional algorithm was developed for selecting an AIAA for individuals with IA. This selection process began with the five agents that showed efficacy in two or more quality studies from the earlier review. Today, 8 years after the quality review study, the present authors undertook this follow-up literature review. The aims of the present review were to survey the literature to identify and assess: (1) drug trials of comparable quality published since the 2013 review, including trials of the previously identified AIAAs as well as trials of agents not included in the earlier review; (2) severity of aggressive outbursts; (3) the materiality of risks or side-effects that are associated with individual AIAAs as well as antipsychotic agents commonly used to control clinical aggression; (4) efficacy of these agents in special populations (e.g., females); and (5) cost and convenience of each agent. Improved pharmacotherapy of PIA by addressing risks, side effects and practicality as well as the efficacy of AIAAs, should promote the rehabilitation and reintegration of some pathologically aggressive offenders back into the community.

The Effects of Pandemics on the Vulnerability of Food Security in West Africa—A Scoping Review

The purpose of this paper was to show the effects of the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics on food security vulnerability in West Africa. The methodology is based on a scoping literature review using the PRISMA method. The study showed that food security was affected by the restrictive measures in the different West African countries. In addition, it shows that this region is highly vulnerable to such crises, which can combine their effects with those of other events such as climate change and civil unrest. In both pandemics, all pillars of food security were affected. The effects on urban and rural centers may be very different. The study suggests a better understanding of the differences between rural and urban centers and between men and women and how long-term restraint measures can affect rural areas where agriculture is the main lever for reducing food insecurity. Food security must be seriously considered by governments when implementing restrictive measures during a pandemic. Consideration of health factors alone at the expense of food security can greatly exacerbate health problems and even increase cases of disease.

Structure of judicial control conduct

The article examines the structure of judicial control proceedings in the pre-trial investigation. Five stages of this proceeding have been singled out and analyzed: 1) a stage, which consists in a set of procedural actions of an investi-gating judge aimed at resolving the issue of the possibility of judicial control over the relevant appeal of the subjects of criminal proceedings; 2) stage, which consists in a set of procedural actions of the investigating judge, aimed at organizing their consideration; 3) consideration on the merits by the investigating judge of a complaint or petition; 4)decision-making by the investigating judge based on the results of consideration of the petition or complaint; 5) execution of the decision of the investigating judge. The stages and procedural actions of the investigating judge at each stage are investigated. The procedure for consideration of petitions, applications and complaints is proposed, taking into account the case law and the provisions governing the rules of court proceedings. Based on the analysis of case law on the decisions made by investigating judges based on the results of consideration of petitions filed in violation of the rules of jurisdiction, petitions filed by persons who do not have the right to do so or petitions not considered by the investigating judge, the need to determine the grounds for their return in a separate rule of criminal procedural law. Judicial practice on the necessity and possibility of consideration of petitions and / or complaints in the absence of participants in criminal proceedings is analyzed. It is proposed to amend Part 3 of Art. 295-1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, stating it as follows: “The absence of the suspect and defense counsel, who were duly notified of the place and time of the trial, to participate in the petition to extend the pre-trial investigation, does not preclude its consideration.” The opinion expressed in science regarding the need for the victim to participate in the consideration of the petition for the application of a measure of restraint to the suspect was supported and the author’s draft amendments to the CPC in this part were proposed. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the investigator’s consideration of petitions, applications or complaints in the judicial control proceedings in the pre-trial investigation.

COERCIVE MEASURESIN PANDEMIC PSYCHIATRIC CARE — RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Coercion raises serious ethical and legal issues in psychiatric care. Coercive medical measures are applied in psychiatric institutions for protective purposes. Alcoholism is a social and medical problem because it especially affects the behavior of the individual. Alcohol consumption can catalyze exacerbations of mental illness and predispose to behaviors with an increased risk of violence. Aim: The purpose of this study is to illustrate medical and legal issues related to coercive measures in emergency psychiatric care during the pandemic. Methods: The study is retrospective, and the data were taken from the observation sheets of patients in the period between March 1, 2020–March 31, 2021, in acute section II in the Institute of Psychiatry "Socola" Iasi. Results: Of those who required coercive measures during hospitalization, most were restraint for symptoms such as: self-aggression and aggression towards others. Mechanical restraint measures were also necessary in cases with hallucinatory-delusional symptoms, associated with self-aggression and aggression towards others. The share of hospitalized patients for alcohol abuse, who required coercive measures, was significantly higher during the pandemic. Conclusion: Manifestations of violence among patients with major mental disorders are rare. Mechanical restraint was necessary especially in those who had self-aggression and aggression towards others, symptoms secondary to alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption amplifies the psychological imbalance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

22.3 SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR IN CATATONIA IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: POINTERS, PEARLS, AND CHALLENGES

The objectives of this presentation are to provide an overview of the current understanding regarding repetitive self-injurious behavior as a symptom of catatonia in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the paradigms and lessons learned, as well as longstanding and novel challenges. The literature review and direct clinical experience will be discussed. Catatonia is reported to occur in 12% to 20% of youth with ASD, with significant advances in understanding over the past 2 decades. Some youth with ASD experience more “expected” psychomotor-retarded catatonic symptoms, such as slowness, rigidity, getting “stuck,” and posturing, speech abnormalities, or frank mutism, which are often coupled with prominent skill regression. This presentation can lead to massive clinical devastation, as is also the case when psychomotor agitation dominates the catatonic picture, often in the form of intractable self-injury devoid of any operant function, unresponsive to any behavioral intervention, and often requiring the most desperate measures of bodily restraint to prevent catastrophic tissue damage. Three current cases will be reviewed describing catatonia in ASD, where life-threatening self-injurious behavior (SIB) dominated the catatonic clinical picture. One youth had experienced prior catatonic episodes resulting in severe malnutrition and bilateral retinal detachment from head-directed SIB before relative stability was achieved with ECT; maintenance ECT remained de rigueur for months as this patient’s illness course waxed and waned. Another youth spent 9 months restrained in a pediatric unit in a state of chronic agitated catatonia until ECT introduction; despite massive improvement with ECT, this patient exemplified the complexity of such cases in terms of additional behavioral complexities requiring intensive management. A third youth with intractable head-directed SIB experienced prompt relief with ECT introduction; his treatment, however, was inadvertently disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with many lessons learned from his brief relapse and subsequent renewed recovery. Recognition of repetitive SIBs devoid of environmental function as part of the catatonic spectrum in ASD is no longer novel. Much continues to be learned, however, about both the acute and long-term management of such patients, with pearls, new challenges, and vistas for improvement.

Administrative Restraint Measures Applied by Employees of the Penal System of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Commission of an Administrative Offense

Introduction: the article considers the theory and practice of applying administrative restraint measures implemented by employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation in case of the commission of an administrative offense. We substantiate an idea concerning the impact of the effectiveness of the use of administrative coercion measures by employees of the penal system not only on the overall level of penitentiary security, but also on state security in general. Aim: to reveal the specifics of application of administrative restraint measures in the penal system, taking into account the specifics of the law enforcement sphere. Methods: our research is based on the dialectical method of scientific cognition. The article uses general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, etc.), specific scientific and special methods of cognition (comparative legal, formal legal, statistical). Results: we reveal the essence of application of administrative restraint measures in the penal system; we study the practice of implementing the norms concerning the use of administrative restraint measures by employees of the penal system; we reveal the features of their application, taking into account the specifics of the sphere of law enforcement sphere, such as focusing on ensuring penitentiary security, preventing administrative offenses and crimes, application on the territory of penitentiary institutions in most cases, etc. We find out that the legal basis for the application of administrative restraint measures in the penal system of the Russian Federation needs to be improved. Conclusions: in order to increase the effectiveness of the practice of implementing administrative enforcement measures in the penal system, we formulate proposals to improve the norms of the current legislation: namely, Section V of the Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 993 no. 5473-1 should contain definitions of the terms “use of physical force”, “use of special means”; the terms such as application and use of firearms should be distinguished; the wording “provision of medical first aid” should be replaced with “immediate provision of premedical aid to victims”. We also present arguments in favor of the expediency of supplementing Federal Law 197-FZ of July 19, 2018 “About the service in the Penal System of the Russian Federation...” with a provision that assigns to the employees of the penal system the duty to comply with the norms of criminal legislation (on necessary defense, extreme necessity and other circumstances excluding the criminality of the act) in cases of the implementation of administrative restraint measures.

Administrative restraint measures applied in licensing relations

The most important place among the measures of administrative coercion is occupied by measures of administrative restraint, highlighted by all authors dealing with public administration issues and investigating the effectiveness of the methods used to implement executive power. The current legislation provides for a significant arsenal of tools that are a way to respond to the cessation of violations in the field of public administration. Covering various public relations, these measures are very successfully applied in the implementation of licensing legal relations. Licensing and the implementation of subsequent licensing control involves the active use of administrative measures such as revocation or revocation of the license, suspension of its validity, as well as the issuance of an order to eliminate violations of the license legislation. At the same time, there are different points of view on the issue of attributing certain measures to administrative measures of restraint, which caused the need for additional reference to this topic of research. The author draws conclusions and expresses his own opinions on the types of administrative preventive measures related to the licensing and licensing sphere.

Weigandt (Modern treatment of mental disorders in german hospitals .. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 87, No. 3, XI. 1930)

Weigandt (Modern treatment of mental disorders in german hospitals .. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 87, No. 3, XI. 1930) in a short article outlines the achievements in the modern treatment of doctors in Germany. All restraint measures (like isolation, fever shirt, swaddling, etc.) have been canceled.

Nurses' experiences of using restraint in neurosurgical care - A qualitative interview study.

To describe nurses' experiences of using restraint in neurosurgical care. Despite reports of negative consequences, and conflicts with key values in healthcare, restraint measures are still practised in somatic healthcare worldwide. When using restraint, basic principles of nursing collide, creating dilemmas known to be perceived as difficult for many nurses. Patients in neurosurgical care are at high risk of being subjected to restraint, but research on nurses' experiences of using restraint in neurosurgical care are scarce. A qualitative, descriptive design guided by a naturalistic inquiry was used. Semi-structured interviews with 15 nurses working in three neurosurgical departments in Sweden were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis. COREQ reporting guidelines were used as reporting checklist. The analysis resulted in one overarching theme, The struggling professional, and two categories. The category Internal struggle describes nurses' conflicting emotions and internal struggle when engaging in restraint. The category The struggle in clinical practice, describes how nurses struggle with handling restraint in clinical practice, and how the use of restraint is based on individual assessment rather than guidelines. Nurses' experience restraint in neurosurgical care as a multi-layered struggle, ranging from inner doubts to practical issues. In order to enhance patient safety, there is a need for policies and guidelines regarding the use of restraint, as well as structured discussions and reflections for nurses engaged in the practice. The results highlight the importance of clear guidelines, openness, support and teamwork for nurses working with patients at risk to be subjected to restraint, in order to create a safer care for patients as well as healthcare personnel. When developing guidelines and policies concerning restraint in somatic care, both practical issues such as the decision-making process, and the emotional effect on nurses should be considered.

Persistence: A key factor in understanding the circumstances under which dietary restraint predicts restriction of caloric intake

Dietary restraint refers to the intention to restrict caloric intake, whereas dietary restriction refers to the actual intentional and sustained restriction of caloric intake for weight-control purposes. Findings regarding the relation between dietary restraint and restriction to date are inconsistent. Our study sought to clarify this complex relationship using a novel laboratory task. Participants (N = 103; 56.3% female) completed a Paced Visual Serial Addition Task (PVSAT). Participants were provided a choice between ending each of eight PVSAT rounds at any time and drinking a high-calorie Kool-Aid® mixture or correctly completing 10 consecutive computations to access to a zero-calorie mixture for each round. We measured participants' dietary restraint using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire – Restraint Subscale and measured persistence and dietary restriction using the PVSAT. Results indicated a positive association between persistence and restriction. Female participants demonstrated higher eating disorder psychopathology, dietary restraint, and dietary restriction compared to male participants. Restraint was positively associated with restriction the more individuals persisted, indicating that persistence is a potentially important modifier of the relation between dietary restraint and restriction. Our findings highlight the complexity of the relation between dietary restraint and restriction; that is, measures of dietary restraint alone may not reliably predict short-term dietary restriction during laboratory consumption tasks; however, other factors, such as persistence, may play critical roles.

Eating rabbit meat and blood cannot cure asthma

Through stern social restraint measures, Italy has recently overcome the epidemic peak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) respiratory syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 and the attention is progressively moving toward its sequelae, especially on pulmonary fibrosis and the associated pulmonary functional decline [1-3].

Enjeux de la contention mécanique dans les services d’urgence

IntroductionIn France, a new law now requires very strict supervision of seclusion and mechanical restraint measures for patients submitted to compulsory, unconsented psychiatric care. Many professionals perceive this law, along with other recent laws and rules, as reflecting defiance towards psychiatry professionals, and, above all, as utterly inapplicable except at the cost of medical and administrative chaos. This law has put in place a strict (overly strict?) framework for the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint in unconsented psychiatric care. No such legal framework is in place, however, for psychiatric or non-psychiatric emergency units. Yet, psychiatric emergency teams look after patients in crisis, agitated and potentially dangerous for others or for themselves. For them, alternative, non-coercive measures are not always appropriate or effective. More coercive measures, may, with demonstrated clinical evidence, be required. Objectives and methodsThe work presented here reviews the medical, legal and ethical considerations which need to be taken into consideration in light of the lack of a framework defined by the law. This work is based on interviews with different experts, and it also considers legal data. It was conducted before the recent law was passed, a law that does not cover medical practice prior to hospitalization in any event. ResultsIt appears that the practice of physical restraint in emergency departments is sometimes necessary. A study of the latest decisions in French case law shows that emergency services must, in certain situations, take necessary measures for patients “such as restraint, chemical treatment or [intensive] surveillance”. If not, they run the risk of being found legally at fault. Case law also teaches us that physical restraint in emergency services must be carried out in accordance with non specific recommendations of good practice. This legal framework is not well-known to all practitioners working in emergency units. It ought to circulate more, thanks perhaps to the release of a scientific article that can synthetize this information. In addition, in the absence of specific good practice recommendations for the implementation of physical restraint in emergency services, more work is needed, on standardization, on protocols for the implementation of physical restraint, and on monitoring trackers. Finally, this works endorses monitoring the use of such coercive measures, in order to plot out its extent, to analyze its evolution over time and ultimately to reduce recourse to it. This work submits a proposal to that end. ConclusionIronically, in emergency departments there may ultimately be less forensic risk in physically containing than in not containing - provided that it is done with appropriate supervision. Of course in emergency departments even more than elsewhere such measures are temporary and do not always result in admission to compulsory psychiatric care. Such measures must be proportionate with the perceived risk or danger. In our opinion, the present legal void, which permits all the flexibility that emergency care requires, must not be followed by the legal inflexibility currently applicable to coerced hospitalization. But it is necessary that every medical decision be justifiable, solidly argued and traced.

Verification by the prosecutor of the legality and validity of the decisions made by the investigating judge regarding the applied security measures

The article is devoted to clarifying what the stage of an appeal in criminal proceedings is. During the investigation, the decisions of the investigating judge concerning the application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings are con-sidered to be appealed in accordance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. It was empha-sized that appealing the decisions of the investigating judge during the pre-trial investigation is an important guarantee of ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the criminal proceedings. The list of persons who have the right to file an appeal is covered. The normative regulation of appealing against the decisions of the investigating judge is analyzed. The problematic issues of this activity and the definition of ways of normative regulation are considered. In the course of the research the works of scientists on the outlined issues are analyzed.The article examines the role of the prosecutor in verifying the legality and validity of decisions made by the investigating judge on the election, change, cancellation of measures to ensure criminal proceedings. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the prosecutor’s appeal of certain precautionary measures. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the prosecutor’s filing of appeals, the quality of preparation of response documents. The peculiarities of appealing the decision of the appellate court, ruled on the results of the review of the decision of the investigating judge on the application of certain precautionary measures, have been studied. The characteristic features of appealing certain measures to ensure criminal proceedings have been identified and investigated.It is concluded that it is expedient to supplement the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with provisions on the possibility for the prosecutor to appeal the decisions of the investigating judge on seizure of property, refusal, full or partial revocation of seizure of property, revocation of seizure of property, return of temporarily seized items and documents. measures in the form of a personal obligation or refusal to apply it, application of a precautionary measure in the form of a personal guarantee, application of a measure of restraint in the form of transfer of a juvenile suspect or accused under the supervision of parents, guardians, trustees or administration of a child care institution.

Role of ST2 as a biomarker of respiratory dysfunction after interstitial pneumonia

Through stern social restraint measures, Italy has recently overcome the epidemic peak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) respiratory syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 and the attention is progressively moving toward its sequelae, especially on pulmonary fibrosis and the associated pulmonary functional decline [1-3].

PLEDGE AS A PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: SOME PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS

The article analyzed court statistics on the consideration of requests for the application of precautionary measures by the courts of first instance and it is established that detention remains one of the most common. Was emphasized that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights suggest that detention should be an exceptional precautionary measure. An alternative to it may be a pledge. The characteristics of pledge were described as precautionary measures, which are defined in the relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The problematic issue of determining the amount of the pledge is considered. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed and the main rules for determining the amount of pledge are highlighted: application of a differentiated approach; justification of the amount of pledge not only during the initial consideration of the request for the application of a measure of restraint, but also during the decision on the need to continue detention; accounting the amount of damages for which this person is accused. It was stated that the norms of the criminal procedure legislation in this part correspond to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, and the amount of pledge is correlated with such indicators as the circumstances of the criminal offense; property status of the suspect, accused; data on his identity; the presence of risks of concealment, possible influence on the participants in criminal proceedings and various ways of obstructing the pre-trial investigation, referred to in article 177 Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The issues of discussion regarding the maximum size of pledge and it is concluded that in Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine are expanded list of conditions that the court considers the election of a preventive measure, and therefore the court will be able, within the statutory amount of pledge, to choose the one that can ensure a balance between the private interests of the person (won’t be excessive) and the interests of justice (ensure that suspects and accused perform their duties). It is argued that clarifying the legality of the origin of pledge and expanding the list of objects that can be recognized as pledge in the sense of a precautionary measure can only complicate the procedure for applying pledge.

The Problems of Implementing the Procedural Relationship Between the Prosecutor and the Investigator on Applying a Measure of Restraint in Judicial Control Proceedings (Through the Example of Detention)

Introduction: the paper examines the problems of implementing the procedural relationship between the prosecutor and the investigator in the course of judicial control proceedings when applying the measures of procedural coercion in the form of detention. In the doctrine of criminal procedure, there are different positions of processualist scientists on improving the criminal procedure activities of the prosecutor and the investigator at the stage of deciding on applying a measure of restraint in the form of detention. The authors took a keen interest in the lack of a legitimate determination of the prosecutor’s opinion on the validity and legality of the request of the preliminary investigation bodies to choose detention in the course of judicial control proceedings. It is the written opinion of the prosecutor as a form of intervention at the pre-trial stages, especially in the course of judicial control proceedings when investigating the issue of choosing detention that contributes to the court’s taking a legitimate and reasoned decision. In this context, the authors set the goal of finding and improving the efficiency of the procedural model of relations between the prosecutor and the investigator on the issue of resolving a preventive measure in the form of detention in the course of judicial control proceedings. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of cognition, comparative law and historical analysis. Results: the authors analyzed the provisions of the criminal procedure norms of the Soviet period on this issue which helped to identify a number of shortcomings in that period and in the present one, which were inherited from the past. Conclusions: the existing procedural model of interaction between the prosecutor and the investigator in a detailed study of the problem of preventive measures in the form of detention, regulated by the current criminal procedure law, does not correspond to the current state policy in relation to the Russian prosecutor, who acts on behalf of the state at all stages of criminal proceedings. In this regard, the authors, based on the analysis of numerous positions of processalist scientists, as well as the judicial and investigative practice, proposed a procedural model of interaction between the prosecutor and the investigator during the judicial control proceedings, which can be applied in regulating the relationship between the prosecutor and the investigator when considering the issue of applying a measure of restraint in the form of detention.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРИМЕНЕНИИ СЛЕДСТВЕННЫМ СУДЬЕЙ ЗАЛОГА В КАЧЕСТВЕ МЕРЫ ПРЕСЕЧЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to the issue of the validity of the use of bail by the investigating judge as a preventive measure. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the law enforcement practice of criminal proceedings, when deciding on the application of a preventive measure, detention is most often used and, in a rare case, other measures are applied. Bail as a measure of restraint and specific instructions in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the grounds for which it is necessary to apply this measure of restraint, could make it possible to resolve a large number of issues such as overcrowding in places of detention, preventing arbitrariness when deciding on the measure suppression, elimination of corruption and would give an opportunity to observe the principle of the presumption of innocence.

Prohibition of Certain Actions in the Russian Criminal Process: Problems and Areas for Improvement

The authors consider a number of topical problems in the practice of applying a preventive measure in the form of a ban on certain actions. An analysis of court decisions testifies to the actual convergence of the content of the prohibition of certain actions and house arrest in terms of imposing prohibitions on the accused related to isolation from society and the prohibition to leave the place of residence, which contradicts the literal content of the norms of the criminal procedure law and creates conditions for arbitrary application of the law and violation the rights of the accused. The authors propose to solve this problem by giving explanations by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The courts should be invited to choose a measure of restraint in the form of house arrest for persons who need to be completely isolated from society. The prohibition of certain actions, both not providing for complete isolation from society, can allow for walks of any length, and a regime when the accused is outside the place of permanent residence for most of the day. The article proposes to expand the possibilities of simultaneous application of the prohibition of certain actions with other preventive measures, as well as to supplement the list of restrictions that the court can impose within the framework of the prohibition of certain actions, by prohibiting the use of alcohol and approaching a certain person.

Clinically significant body dissatisfaction: prevalence and association with depressive symptoms in adolescent boys and girls.

Body dissatisfaction is distressing and a risk factor for adverse consequences including eating disorders. However, data pertaining to the prevalence of body dissatisfaction in adolescence, a key period for its emergence, are lacking. This is a substantial barrier to tailored assessment and early intervention. This study addresses this gap and provides the prevalence of body dissatisfaction and associations with depressive symptoms and body change strategies. Adolescent boys (n = 367; Mage = 12.8, SD = 0.7) and girls (n = 368; Mage = 12.7, SD = 0.7) completed measures of body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms with established cut-off levels. They also completed measures of dietary restraint and strategies to increase muscle size. Of boys and girls, 37.9% and 20.7%, respectively experienced moderate, and 6.8% and 19.6% experienced clinically significant body dissatisfaction, with higher rates among girls than boys and among adolescents aged 13 and 14 than aged 12. More than one-quarter of boys (26.70%) and one-third of girls (33.15%) reported subthreshold depressive symptoms or possible, probable or major depressive episodes. Girls revealed a higher prevalence of possible-, probable-, or major depressive episode than boys. Relative to those with no or low body dissatisfaction, adolescents with clinically significant body dissatisfaction were 24 times more likely to also report possible-, probable-, or major depressive episodes. Among boys and girls, clinically significant body dissatisfaction was associated with higher levels of dietary restraint and engagement in strategies to increase muscle size. Greater attention to identification and early intervention for body dissatisfaction is needed, especially for girls.