Projective Measurements Research Articles

Occupational Safety and Health Implementation Model in Construction Safety Management System Based on PUPR Minister Regulation Number 10 Of 2021 to Support Infrastructure Development in East Java Province

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the application of occupational safety and health in the construction safety management system and develop a framework for implementing it based on PUPR ministerial regulation Number 10 of 2021, to support infrastructure development in East Java Province. Method: This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to gather detailed descriptions of participants' impressions, opinions, and views. It applied Alfred Schutz's approach to establish statements and causal relationships between themes. The research involved six participants and took place at the Department of Public Housing in East Java Province. Results and conclusion: The results and conclusions of the research unveil (1) 8 groups of themes and meanings shaping the implementation of occupational safety and health within the construction safety management system, rooted in PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 10 of 2021 to bolster infrastructure development in East Java Province. (2) These findings are consolidated into 8 major propositions, leading to the construction of a comprehensive model for implementing occupational safety and health aligned with PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 10 of 2021. Research implications: The findings of this study can help construction companies and policymakers in East Java Province and beyond improve safety measures. Understanding the framework developed here can lead to safer work environments for construction workers. The qualitative methods used in this research also add to the toolbox of qualitative research methods, providing effective ways to capture subjective experiences. Originality/value: This study offers a unique framework for implementing safety measures in construction projects, specifically designed for the East Java Province and based on relevant regulations. By bringing together various themes from qualitative data, it presents new perspectives on applying regulatory frameworks. Additionally, the use of Alfred Schutz's approach enhances our understanding of how regulations, organizational practices, and individual experiences interact to ensure safety.

Fourier Quantum Process Tomography

The characterization of a quantum device is a crucial step in the development of quantum experiments. This is accomplished via Quantum Process Tomography, which combines the outcomes of different projective measurements to deliver a possible reconstruction of the underlying process. The tomography is typically performed by processing an overcomplete set of measurements and extracting the process matrix from maximum-likelihood estimation. Here, we introduce Fourier Quantum Process Tomography, a technique which requires a reduced number of measurements, and benchmark its performance against the standard maximum-likelihood approach. Fourier Quantum Process Tomography is based on measuring probability distributions in two conjugate spaces for different state preparations and projections. Exploiting the concept of phase retrieval, our scheme achieves a complete and robust characterization of the setup by processing a near-minimal set of measurements. We experimentally test the technique on different space-dependent polarization transformations, reporting average fidelities higher than 90% and significant computational advantage.

A multi-criteria decision-making approach for pressurized water reactor based on hesitant fuzzy-improved cumulative prospect theory and 2-additive fuzzy measure

As one of the world's largest energy consumers, China has paid much attention to the development of non-fossil energy sources. The nuclear power is regarded as the top priority for development due to its remarkable ecological and economic advantages. Given the large investment, long lifecycle, and rigorous quality control, the conceptual design plays a critical role in the pressurized water reactor development. Multitudinous design alternatives are presented at this stage and it is essential to develop an advanced evaluation approach. Hence, this work proposes a multi-criteria decision-making approach for pressurized water reactor based on hesitant fuzzy-improved cumulative prospect theory and 2-additive fuzzy measure. Firstly, considering the inherent uncertainty and cognitive biases of nuclear power experts, cumulative prospect values are calculated for design alternatives by adopting dual prospect reference points and two-tuple entropy measure under a hesitant fuzzy environment. Secondly, a linear programming model based on bidirectional projection measures is constructed to eliminate the discordance between the independent criteria assumption and interdependent evaluation information. This model helps to identify optimal 2-additive fuzzy measures, which serve as the basis for determining the Shapley importance and interaction indices of evaluation criteria. Then, taking Shapley interaction indices modification into account, a quadratic programming model based on the global criterion method is built. Finally, 2-additive Choquet integral-based TOPSIS method is proposed to select the optimal design alternative. A case study on the essential service water system is implemented to demonstrate the reliability and superiority of the proposed approach.

Random-Matrix Models of Monitored Quantum Circuits

We study the competition between Haar-random unitary dynamics and measurements for unstructured systems of qubits. For projective measurements, we derive various properties of the statistical ensemble of Kraus operators analytically, including the purification time and the distribution of Born probabilities. The latter generalizes the Porter–Thomas distribution for random unitary circuits to the monitored setting and is log-normal at long times. We also consider weak measurements that interpolate between identity quantum channels and projective measurements. In this setting, we derive an exactly solvable Fokker–Planck equation for the joint distribution of singular values of Kraus operators, analogous to the Dorokhov–Mello–Pereyra–Kumar (DMPK) equation modelling disordered quantum wires. We expect that the statistical properties of Kraus operators we have established for these simple systems will serve as a model for the entangling phase of monitored quantum systems more generally.

Comparing the quantum witness, the entropic Leggett–Garg inequality and the NCGD

In this paper, we investigate the violation of the quantum witness, the entropic Leggett–Garg inequality (LGI) and the no-coherence-generating-and-detecting (NCGD) dynamics, under projective and coarsening measurements. We consider a qubit in the three scenarios: coherent dynamics, in the presence of dissipation, and in the presence of dephasing. For the pure qubit, we find that in the case of the projective measurement, the non-violation conditions of the quantum witness and the NCGD are the same; while the non-violation conditions of the entropic LGI and the quantum witness do not contain each other, i.e., a suitable conjunction of the quantum witness and the entropic LGI may be better for testing macrorealism. Also, for the pure qubit with coarsening measurement similar results can be obtained. For the dissipative qubit with projective measurement, the quantum witness and the NCGD can be both violated for a wider parameter regime than the entropic LGI. For the dissipative qubit with coarsening measurement, the violation of the NCGD is the most robust compared to the quantum witness and the entropic LGI. For the dephasing qubit with projective and coarsening measurements, the relationship among the quantum witness, the entropic LGI and the NCGD is similar to that of the pure qubit. In addition, we find that for pure, dissipative and dephasing qubits, the robustness of the coarsening measurement in final resolution is more vulnerable than that of the coarsening measurement in reference for the entropic LGI.

Experimental sharing of Bell nonlocality with projective measurements

In the standard Bell experiment, two parties perform local projective measurements on a shared pair of entangled qubits to generate nonlocal correlations. However, these measurements completely destroy the entanglement, rendering the post-measurement state unable for subsequent use. For a long time, it was believed that only unsharp measurements can be used to share quantum correlations. Remarkably, recent research has shown that classical randomness assisted projective measurements are sufficient for sharing nonlocality (Steffinlongo and Tavakoli 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 230402). Here, by stochastically combining no more than two different projective measurement strategies, we report an experimental observation of double Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality violations with two measurements in a sequence made on each pair of maximally and partially entangled polarization photons. Our results reveal that the double violation achieved by partially entangled states can be 11 standard deviations larger than that achieved by maximally entangled ones. Our scheme eliminates the requirement for entanglement assistance in previous unsharp-measurement-based sharing schemes, making it experimentally easier. Our work provides possibilities for sharing other types of quantum correlations in various physical systems with projective measurements.

Method for rock fracture prediction and early warning: Insight from fusion of multi-physics field information

Understanding the precursors leading to rock fracture is crucial for ensuring safety in mining and geotechnical engineering projects. To effectively discern these precursors, a collaborative monitoring approach that integrates multiple sources of information is imperative. This paper considered a rock multi-parameter monitoring loading system, incorporating infrared radiation and acoustic emission monitoring technologies to simultaneously track the rock fracture process. The study delves into the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of infrared radiation and acoustic emission in rock under loading. Utilizing stress, cumulative acoustic emission count, and average infrared radiation temperature (AIRT), the paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation model termed “acoustic-thermal-stress” fusion information, employing principal component analysis (PCA). The research reveals that the sensitivity to rock sample damage response follows the sequence of cumulative acoustic emission count, AIRT, and stress. Furthermore, a novel method for identifying rock fracture precursors is proposed, based on the first derivative of the comprehensive evaluation model. This method addresses the limitations of single physical field information, enhancing the robustness of monitoring data. It determines the average stress level of fracture precursors to be 0.77σmax. Subsequently, the study defines the probability function of rock damage during loading and fracture, enabling the realization of probability-based warnings for rock fracture. This approach introduces a new perspective on rock fracture prediction, significantly contributing to safety monitoring and warning systems in mine safety and geotechnical engineering. The findings of this research hold paramount engineering significance, offering valuable insights for enhancing safety measures in such projects.

The Experimental Method of Sparse Measurement Based on Target’s Radar Cross Section Data

In experiments of testing targets’ radar cross section (RCS), RCS is a measure of the target’s ability to reflect radar signals in the direction of radar reception. In order to take non blurry spatial-domain imaging of the target, sampling or measuring the target’s RCS signal must meet the Nyquist sampling theorem. However, RCS testing in microwave darkroom would produce a significant amount of sampling data, which requires a very long testing period. Based on the sparsity of spatial-domain RCS data after sparsifying transformation, a sparse projection measurement experimental method is designed for frequency-domain RCS data by sparsely sampling frequency-domain signals, fully utilizing the correlation between row and column information of two-dimensional frequency-domain data and the global sparsity of two-dimensional spatial-domain data. Finally, based on sparsely sampled data in the frequency-domain, the original RCS data is reconstructed by reconstruction algorithms, achieving the goal of effectively reducing RCS sampling data in RCS testing experiments.

Identification of causal influences in quantum processes

Recent years have seen great interest in extending causal inference concepts developed in the context of classical statistical models to quantum theory. So far, this program has only barely addressed causal identification, a type of causal inference problem concerned with recovering from observational data and qualitative assumptions the causal relationships generating the data, and hence the effects of hypothetical interventions. A major obstacle to a theory of causal identification in the quantum setting is the question of what should play the role of “observational data,” as any means of extracting data at a locus will almost certainly disturb the system. One might think that quantum measurements are already too much like interventions, so that the problem of causal identification is trivialized. This is not the case: when we fix a limited class of quantum measurement instruments (namely, the class of all projective measurements) to play the role of “observations,” there exist scenarios for which causal identification is impossible. In this paper, we present a framework, based on process theories (also known as strict symmetric monoidal categories), for studying quantum causal identification scenarios on the same footing as their classical counterparts. Within this framework, we present sufficient conditions for quantum causal identification in networks with unobserved confounding systems, including quantum analogs of the well-known “back-door” and “front-door” criteria. These results arise from a type of causal model designed to facilitate the transfer of inference techniques from the classical to the quantum setting. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

On locality of quantum information in the Heisenberg picture for arbitrary states

The locality issue of quantum mechanics is a key issue to a proper understanding of quantum physics and beyond. What has been commonly emphasized as quantum nonlocality has received an inspiring examination through the notion of the Heisenberg picture of quantum information. Deutsch and Hayden established a local description of quantum information in a setting of quantum information flow in a system of qubits. With the introduction of a slightly modified version of what we call the Deutsch–Hayden matrix values of observables, together with our recently introduced parallel notion of the noncommutative values from a more fundamental perspective, we clarify all the locality issues based on such values as quantum information carried by local observables in any given arbitrary state of a generic composite system. Quantum information as the ‘quantum’ values of observables gives a transparent conceptual picture of all that. Spatial locality for a projective measurement is also discussed. The pressing question is if and how such information for an entangled system can be retrieved through local processes which can only be addressed with new experimental thinking.

Iso-entangled bases and joint measurements

While entanglement between distant parties has been extensively studied, entangled measurements have received relatively little attention despite their significance in understanding nonlocality and their central role in quantum computation and networks. We present a systematic study of entangled measurements, providing a complete classification of all equivalence classes of iso-entangled bases for projective joint measurements on two qubits. The application of this classification to the triangular network reveals that the elegant joint measurement, along with white noise, is the only measurement resulting in output permutation invariant probability distributions when the nodes are connected by Werner states. The paper concludes with a discussion of partial results in higher dimensions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Mechanisms for managing investment activities in the agro-industrial complex

The relevance of the study of investment management mechanisms in the agro-industrial complex is explained by the fact that only those subjects of the agro-industrial complex that carry out active investment activities have prospects for successful functioning. However, the pace of their development is largely determined not only by the volume of investments, but also by the efficiency of their use. At the same time, the concept of «investment» reflects a complex and significant economic category. On the one hand, investments make it possible to carry out the process of agricultural production itself, and on the other, the results of the production process affect savings, that is, the possibilities of further investment. At the same time, the conducted study of the indicators of measurement and evaluation of investment projects allowed us to more fully reveal their content, objective relationships between them. At the same time, the prerequisite for calculating performance indicators was the justification of approaches that take into account objective economic laws

Dynamic Bayesian Network-Enabled Approach for Organizational Leadership Measurement of Complex Construction Projects

Dynamic Bayesian Network-Enabled Approach for Organizational Leadership Measurement of Complex Construction Projects

Constraining work fluctuations of non-Hermitian dynamics across the exceptional point of a superconducting qubit

Thermodynamics constrains changes to the energy of a system, both deliberate and random, via its first and second laws. When the system is not in equilibrium, fluctuation theorems such as the Jarzynski equality further restrict the distributions of deliberate work done. Such fluctuation theorems have been experimentally verified in small, nonequilibrium quantum systems undergoing unitary or decohering dynamics. Yet, their validity in systems governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian has long been contentious due to the false premise of the Hamiltonian's dual and equivalent roles in dynamics and energetics. Here we show that work fluctuations in a non-Hermitian qubit obey the Jarzynski equality even if its Hamiltonian has complex or purely imaginary eigenvalues. With postselection on a dissipative superconducting circuit undergoing a cyclic parameter sweep, we experimentally quantify the work distribution using projective energy measurements and show that the fate of the Jarzynski equality is determined by the parity-time symmetry of, and the energetics that result from, the corresponding non-Hermitian, Floquet Hamiltonian. By distinguishing the energetics from non-Hermitian dynamics, our results provide the recipe for investigating the nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics of such open systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Experimental Property Reconstruction in a Photonic Quantum Extreme Learning Machine.

Recent developments have led to the possibility of embedding machine learning tools into experimental platforms to address key problems, including the characterization of the properties of quantum states. Leveraging on this, we implement a quantum extreme learning machine in a photonic platform to achieve resource-efficient and accurate characterization of the polarization state of a photon. The underlying reservoir dynamics through which such input state evolves is implemented using the coined quantum walk of high-dimensional photonic orbital angular momentum and performing projective measurements over a fixed basis. We demonstrate how the reconstruction of an unknown polarization state does not need a careful characterization of the measurement apparatus and is robust to experimental imperfections, thus representing a promising route for resource-economic state characterization.

Inferring interpretable dynamical generators of local quantum observables from projective measurements through machine learning

Inferring interpretable dynamical generators of local quantum observables from projective measurements through machine learning

Monitoring Rater Quality in Observational Systems: Issues Due to Unreliable Estimates of Rater Quality

ABSTRACT Standardized observation systems seek to reliably measure a specific conceptualization of teaching quality, managing rater error through mechanisms such as certification, calibration, validation, and double-scoring. These mechanisms both support high quality scoring and generate the empirical evidence used to support the scoring inference (i.e., that scores represent the intended construct). Past efforts to support this inference assume that rater error can be accurately estimated from a few scoring occasions. We empirically test this assumption using two datasets from the Measures of Effective Teaching project. Results show that rater error is highly complex and difficult to measure precisely from a few scoring occasions. Typically, designed rater monitoring and control mechanisms likely cannot measure rater error precisely enough to show that raters can distinguish between levels of teaching quality within the range typically observed. We discuss the implications for supporting the scoring inference, including recommended changes to rater monitoring and control mechanisms.

Equivalence principle for quantum mechanics in the Heisenberg picture

We present an exact quantum observable analog of the weak equivalence principle for a ‘relativistic’ quantum particle. The quantum geodesic equations are obtained from Heisenberg equations of motion as an exact analog of a fully covariant classical Hamiltonian evolution picture, with the proper identification of the canonical momentum variables as p µ , rather than p µ . We discuss the meaning of the equations in relation to projective measurements as well as equations with solution curves as ones in the noncommutative geometric picture of spacetime, and a plausible approach to quantum gravity as a theory about quantum observables as physical quantities including the notion of quantum coordinate transformation.

Risk assessment of deep-sea floating offshore wind power projects based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set considering trust relationship among experts.

The development of deep-sea floating offshore wind power (FOWP) is the key to fully utilizing water resources to enhance wind resources in the years ahead, and then the project is still in its initial stage, and identifying risks is a crucial step before promoting a significant undertaking. This paper proposes a framework for identifying risks in deep-sea FOWP projects. First, this paper identifies 16 risk criteria and divides them into 5 groups to establish a criteria system. Second, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) and triangular fuzzy number (TFN) are utilized to gather and describe the criterion data to ensure the robustness and completeness of the criterion data. Third, extending the method for removal effects of criteria (MEREC) to the HFLTS environment through the conversion of TFNs, under the influence of subjective preference and objective fairness, a weighting method combining analytic network process (ANP) and MEREC is utilized to calculate criteria weights, and the trust relationship and consistency between experts are used to calculate the expert weights to avoid the subjective weighting given by experts arbitrariness. Fourth, the study's findings indicated that the overall risk level of the deep-sea FOWP projects is "medium." Fifth, sensitivity and comparative analyses were conducted to test the reliability of the assessment outcomes. lastly, this research proposes risk management measures for the deep-sea FOWP project's establishment from economic, policy, technology, environment, and management aspects.

Environmental Protection Laws in Construction Activities in Vietnam – Current Situation and Recommendations for Improvement

Abstract Construction activities are vital to the national economy, as they contribute to the creation of fixed assets through new projects, renovations, repairs, and the restoration of damaged infrastructure. However, these activities also pose environmental challenges. To address this, the government has implemented specific legal measures to mitigate environmental impacts and prevent degradation and pollution caused by construction. Although these regulations have yielded positive results, the environmental protection legal framework in the construction industry still has significant shortcomings and limitations that notably affect the efficacy of environmental safeguarding measures in construction projects. This article aims to provide a thorough analysis and evaluation of the environmental protection laws applicable to construction activities, identifying existing gaps and proposing improvement solutions.