Practical Measures Research Articles

VENCON 2.0: a Fast and Reliable Design Tool for Concrete Road Pavements (jointed and continuously reinforced applications)

In the Netherlands, concrete pavements varying from low volume country roads to dual carriage motorways, are designed with the ‘VENCON 1.0’ program. This program has been developed in the eighties and was originally meant for the design of jointed concrete pavements. An enquiry amongst the users revealed the need for an update towards the Windows operating system but also a technical update became necessary. The update also gave an opportunity to reconsider the design models, to incorporate CRCP design and ‘standardise’ input data such as the latest practical measurement data from axle loads and tyre spectra of vehicles as well as temperature gradients in the concrete pavement. The classical Westergaard formulae for thickness calculation of concrete layers were extended with Van Cauwelaert's closed form solutions to cater for bound base layers. The ‘Delft University tensile member model’ is used to design the reinforcement and to predict the cracking pattern of the continuously reinforced concrete pavement. This model is validated with in-situ measurements of two CRCP roads. The program distinguishes three user levels (junior, senior, expert). VENCON 2.0 was developed under CROW’s responsibility and came onto the market in early 2005. It is used to design both jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). This paper provides an outline of the calculation process and the main improvements to the program.

Compact complementary slot resonator antenna with L-Probe feed excitation for wireless communication

ABSTRACT This study presents a concise design of a complementary slot resonator antenna employing the L-probe feed excitation. The antenna features a compact size of 0.086λ0 × 0.086λ0 × 0.006λ0, unlike the wire-loaded miniaturised slot antenna, which has a greater height. The extensive electrical path length of the complementary slot resonator results in the proposed antenna resonating at 434 MHz, a frequency substantially lower than the wavelength (λ0). The work explores essential parameters, such as return loss, radiation patterns and efficiency, highlighting a consistent correlation between simulation and measurement results through a parametric study. In simulation, the antenna exhibits an efficiency of 92.19%, while in practical measurements, it maintains a high efficiency of 89.73%. In addition, the study incorporates simulated input impedance and surface current distribution data to enhance the comprehensive analysis of the antenna design. The antenna is fabricated using copper metal due to its excellent electrical conductivity properties and the achieved resonant frequency has applications in various wireless communication scenarios.

Unsupervised machine learning model for phenogroup-based stratification in acute type A aortic dissection to identify postoperative acute gastrointestinal injury

ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the application value of unsupervised machine learning in identifying acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) after extracorporeal circulation for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD).MethodsPatients who underwent extracorporeal circulation for ATAAD at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2016 to January 2021 were included. Unsupervised machine learning algorithm was used to stratify patients into different phenogroups according to the similarity of their clinical features and laboratory test results. The differences in the incidence of perioperative AGI and other adverse events among different phenogroups were compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the high-risk factors for AGI in each phenogroups and random forest (RF) algorithms were used to construct diagnostic models for AGI in different phenogroups.ResultsA total of 188 patients were included, with 166 males and 22 females. Unsupervised Machine Learning stratified patients into three phenogroups (phenogroup A, B, and C). Compared with other phenogroups, phenogroup B patients were older (P < 0.01), had higher preoperative lactate and D-dimer levels, and had the highest incidence of AGI (52.5%, P < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (18.6%, P = 0.002). The random forest model showed that the top four risk factors for AGI in phenogroup B were cardiopulmonary bypass time, operation time, aortic clamping time, and ventilator time, which were significantly different from other phenogroups. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for diagnosing postoperative AGI of phenogroup A, B, and C were 0.943 (0.854–0.992), 0.990 (0.966–1.000), and 0.964 (0.899–0.997) using the RF model, respectively.ConclusionPhenogroup stratification based on unsupervised learning can accurately identify high-risk populations for postoperative AGI in ATAAD, providing a new approach for implementing individualized preventive and therapeutic measures in clinical practice.

Refining bone marrow ablation and reconstitution in mice.

This report presents findings from a group of UK-based researchers with expertise in the use of animal models for bone marrow ablation and reconstitution. The primary aim is to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement), with an emphasis on refinement. Bone marrow ablation and reconstitution procedures are performed for a number of different purposes and conducted predominantly in mice. These procedures can induce significant suffering, classified as "severe", Category E or Category D/E under European, US and Canadian legislation, respectively. Although severity categorization is not mandated in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, legislation still requires that the level of animal suffering must be minimized to the greatest extent possible. This report identifies specific animal welfare issues and proposes practical measures aimed at reducing both animal use and suffering.

Investigating the Roles of Gender, Age, and Sport Characteristics on School and Sport Burnout in Finnish Lower Secondary School Student Athletes.

School sport programs for lower secondary school in Finland (i.e., Grades 7-9) show great promise in helping student athletes prepare for careers in both sport and academic pursuits. However, it has also been found that participation in these programs is highly competitive and demanding and may result in poor mental health outcomes like burnout for some students. The purpose of the current study was to investigate how burnout in sport and school in Finnish lower secondary school students was associated with gender, age, training loads, level of competition, and sport type. A sample of 856 lower secondary school students (Grades 7-9, ages 13-15 years old) completed measures of sport and school burnout and provided information on their demographics and sport. Gender, age, training loads, level of competition, and sport type predicted a small but significant portion of variance in sport-related exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy, and in school-related exhaustion, but not school cynicism or inadequacy. Females and student athletes with higher training loads generally reported higher levels of burnout, while only a small number of effects related to age, competition level, and type of sport were observed. Lower secondary sports schools in Finland might aim to understand the difficulties encountered by student athletes, particularly females and those with higher training loads. This understanding can guide them in taking informed, practical measures to safeguard the mental health of these students and optimize their performance both academically and athletically.

Beyond Verbal: A Methodological Approach to Highlighting Students’ Embodied Participation in Mathematics Classroom

Despite the growing availability of classroom measures, such measures rarely attended to the embodied nature of learning. This article describes the collaborative development of a practical measure to capture embodied participation in mathematics classrooms with four elementary school teachers—working with students at the intersections of multiply marginalized identities: students of color, emergent bilinguals, and students with disabilities—who informed the measure design and ensured that the data were actionable in their contexts. This article contributes to existing research on classroom measures by highlighting the value of attending to embodied learning through multiple modalities and representations of student participation. We further highlight how such a measure provides practical insights into participation that extend beyond verbal only measures.

Expected deviations in grid state identification through practical measurements using a smart grid interface module

Expected deviations in grid state identification through practical measurements using a smart grid interface module

Diverse perspectives on supporting the health and wellness of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Persons with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) are a growing population, frequently living with complex health conditions and unmet healthcare needs. Traditional clinical practice and research methods and measures may require adaptation to reflect their preferences. The perspectives of people with IDD, caregivers/partners, and clinicians were obtained to provide insight into factors contributing to the health and wellness of people with IDD. These, in turn, suggest opportunities for improvements in clinical training and care, and considerations for enhancing research methods and measures. An exploratory design, participatory methods, abductive qualitative approach and thematic analysis were employed. Interview data were obtained in twelve focus groups with people with IDD (n=25), caregivers/partners (n=21), and clinicians (n=27). Particular attention was paid to supporting attendees in focus group participation, with adaptations and accommodations made for communication preferences, and graphic illustrations were provided. Themes emerging across attendee categories that reflect factors contributing to health and wellness for people with IDD include: (1) making healthy choices; (2) participating in everyday activities; (3) benefitting from natural supports (e.g., family, friends, peers); and (4) accessing skilled professional supports (e.g., healthcare provision and payment). Study findings underscore factors related to supporting health and wellness for people with IDD and suggest the importance of autonomy, accessibility, healthy relationships, self-advocacy, and tailored clinical care. People with IDD can be actively engaged throughout the research enterprise to ensure the relevance, acceptability, and accessibility of research methods and measures; promote inclusiveness; and address health disparities.

Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram Incorporating Neutrophil-to-Albumin Ratio for Predicting Overall Survival in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Undergoing Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

BackgroundRecent research suggests that the emerging neutrophil-albumin ratio (NAR) has a significant correlation with the survival outcomes across a range of tumors, yet its predictive significance for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the neutrophil-to-albumin ratio (NAR) and overall survival (OS) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as well as to develop a corresponding prognostic model. MethodsThis retrospective analysis included 861 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), who were randomly divided into a training group (n=605) and a validation group (n=256). To identify factors associated with overall survival (OS) and construct a prognostic nomogram, both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. The nomogram's prognostic accuracy was evaluated and independently validated. ResultsThe NAR score successfully segregated NPC patients into two categories with significantly different OS (HR=0.536; 95% CI: 0.296-0.972, P=0.040). Through multivariate analysis, factors such as age, T stage, N stage, and NAR score were identified as independent predictors of OS, leading to the creation of a prognostic nomogram. This nomogram demonstrated superior predictive capability for OS [C-index=0.702 (95% CI: 0.636-0.768)], surpassing that of the conventional staging system [C-index=0.651(95% CI: 0.549-0.752)]. The findings underwent internal validation within an independent cohort. ConclusionsThe NAR, an emergent biomarker combining nutritional and inflammatory status, offers a practical, low-cost, and non-invasive prognostic measure for NPC patients treated with CCRT. Additionally, the prognostic nomogram derived from NAR surpasses traditional staging systems in predictive accuracy.

Research on the basic theory and application of enhanced recovery in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

Tight sandstone gas reservoirs are characterized by high water saturation, significant seepage resistance, low single-well productivity, rapid decline, and low gas recovery. Enhancing the recovery rate of tight sandstone gas reservoirs is a complex engineering challenge that necessitates thorough, refined, and systematic research into its fundamental theories. This study employs a comprehensive approach integrating mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, micro-model visualization, and simulation experiments of displacement and inter-layer seepage flow, alongside foundational seepage theories, to systematically explore the characteristics of tight sandstone gas reservoirs, seepage patterns, and methods for improving gas recovery. Our findings reveal: (1) Detailed characterization of the microscopic pore characteristics in tight sandstone reservoirs helps disclose the status and mechanisms of gas-water occurrence and the principal mechanisms of water production under gas-water co-sealing conditions, such as gas expansion, energy of water-sealed gas, movable water volume, and displacement pressure gradient; (2) Testing single-phase and gas-water two-phase seepage characteristics under bound water saturation identifies permeability and water saturation as critical parameters influencing gas seepage characteristics; (3) Inter-layer gas-water interaction flow experiments demonstrate the interference in multi-layer commingled production and introduce the concept of an interference index, a predictive model for well productivity and dynamic performance in the Sulige tight sandstone gas reservoir; (4) A model correlating reservoir recovery rates with drive indices has been developed, highlighting that increasing production pressure differential and reducing seepage resistance are the primary strategies for enhancing recovery rates in tight sandstone gas reservoirs, supplemented by six technological countermeasures including water-blocking, water control, and densifying well networks. The research outcomes provide effective guidance for practical measures to enhance recovery in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LONELINESS, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY FOR OLDER ADULTS IN ENGLAND

Abstract Although there is evidence linking the prevalence of loneliness with religion and/or spirituality in north America, this topic is rarely researched in the UK. This study explored the relationship between measures of religious affiliation, attendance, and practice with loneliness for older adults in England. We generated an analytic sample of 6225 adults aged 50+ who took part in wave 9 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). The exposure variables of religious affiliation, attendance and practice were measured by questions on religious identity; frequency of attendance at places of worship in the last year; and 4-point Likert scales of agreement or disagreement with religious importance, meaning and purpose, prayer and meditation, and activity. Loneliness outcome was measured using the three item University of California Los Angeles loneliness scale. The majority of our analytic sample were Christian (77%), 22% had no religion and 49% had not attended a place of worship in the last year. The prevalence of loneliness (score 6+ on UCLA scale) was 19%. Religious attendance was significantly associated with loneliness (OR =.73 CI.62-.85, p <.001), with attendance protective against feeling lonely. However, this relationship was not significant after adjustment. No relationship was observed between loneliness and religious affiliation or spirituality. Religious identity remains prevalent in older adults in England, but attendance and practice less so. Further studies in diverse populations, using validated measures of loneliness and religion, are necessary to investigate whether loneliness can be moderated or mediated by religion/spirituality alongside other determinants.

Updating Risk Level on Housing Resettlements of Mount Merapi Using a Visual Chart Examination

Permanent housing resettlement (Huntap) on the slopes of Merapi from the 2010 great eruption supposedly has experienced development progress. Undergoing adjustments due to environmental circumstances, hazard knowledge, and people's understanding are inevitable and affect the safety performance of the shelter against volcanic hazards. Many dwellings are still in the most dangerous area, while the hazards will strike again sooner or later. This research intends to update Merapi Huntap's safety risks to mitigate volcanic disasters. We assessed the safety of 15 settlements and focused on calculating five selected Huntaps for their spatial and formal configuration to the dwellers' awareness. Detailed observation by a proposed visual chart method based on the hazard and degree of vulnerability discovered from hazard-prone zones (KRB). Resilience factors to safety, including access for evacuation, the dwelling, and community consciousness of disaster, discovered the disaster risk level. We found that disaster risk in Merapi's resettlement is still high; thus, the people and stakeholders need to pay more attention to the need for precautions. Mitigation should address the potential safety threats related to (1) Hazard-prone levels, (2) Spatial confusion for up-to-date disaster zones, (3) less consideration of evacuation barracks and routes, and (4) people's lower understanding and awareness. Through this research, we also discovered the proposed simple and easy-use method suitable for classifying the risks. The research was limited to Mount Merapi's resettlement housing after the 2010 eruption by examining five Huntaps with higher hazard susceptibilities. This study contributes to reevaluating the risk-hazard-resilience by practical measures for driving higher disaster awareness in the future. The proposed method proved its appropriateness in testing the risks and has the prospect of being used in further applications in more massive cases.

Improving Liberal Arts Curriculum through Analyzing the Perceptions Gaps and Priority Setting in Core Competencies between Faculties and Students : A Case Study of G University

This study aimed to analyze the perception gaps in core competencies between faculty and students and derive improvements for the liberal arts curriculum from the perspective of developing new competencies required in the Fourth Industrial Revolution era. The study investigated faculty and student perceptions of sub-competencies under G University's six core competencies. The participants included 103 faculties and 213 students. An online survey was conducted from May to July 2023. The analysis was performed using Borich's needs assessment and The Locus for Focus model. The study analyzed differences in importance-performance perceptions of core competencies between faculties and students and identified competencies requiring priority improvement. The results showed that faculty emphasized fundamental and essential competencies such as empathy, creativity, and thinking skills, while students placed more importance on practical competencies like knowledge information utilization, self-directed learning, and foreign language skills. There were significant gaps between current and target levels in competencies that faculties’ considered important. Faculties showed high educational needs in the order of empathy> creativity>thinking skills>ethical awareness>knowledge information utilization>responsibility, while students' educational needs were high in the order of knowledge information utilization>creativity>self- direction>decision-making>community citizenship> foreign language utilization. This study is significant in that it empirically identified perception gaps between faculties and students regarding core competencies and provided practical evidence for efficient allocation of limited educational resources. Based on the findings, the study suggests practical measures including curriculum design considering faculty-student perception gaps, establishment of integrated competency assessment systems, improvement of practical teaching-learning methods, and institutional support for these improvements.

Impact of material property variations and sensor positioning on the coating thickness determination of steel sheets using eddy current testing

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the reliable thickness, and more generally, the geometric and material parameter determination of thin electrically conductive and diamagnetic coatings on conductive and ferromagnetic substrates, e.g. steel, using eddy current testing (ECT). Design/methodology/approach The analytical model of an ECT coil arrangement known from the literature is analyzed to evaluate the numerical simulation performed by a Finite Element (FE) program. The latter is used to investigate the influence of the sheet edge on the measurement result. Finally, a measurement setup is presented and the unknown geometric and material parameters are estimated from measurement data of different sample sheets at different air gaps. Findings Generally, valid mesh rules are found for a very accurate FE analysis of eddy current problems with large air gaps. The influence of large air gaps on the parameter estimation is emphasized. Moreover, the formulated hypotheses can be widely confirmed by measurements. Research limitations/implications In this paper, electrical steel sheets coated with a conductive oven-cured ink are used. This sample configuration creates a discrete transition between the substrate and the coating as present in the analytical modeling approaches. Furthermore, the ferromagnetic substrate’s nonlinear B-H curve is not considered in the analytical model so far. Originality/value The analytical model is known from the literature. However, real practical measurements have not been carried out with the discussed setup. Furthermore, well-known literature on eddy current measurements usually only considers constant and very small air gaps.

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk: The Founding Father of Czechoslovak People's Democracy

This study explores connections between the intellectual and political work of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), and the system of people's democracy implemented in Czechoslovakia following the end of Second World War (1945–1948). It aims to do so by delving into Masaryk's perspectives on the “social question,” his critique of Marxism, and the practical measures he implemented as an engaged politician. Additionally, this study examines how Masaryk's ideas inspired his followers, shaping their notions of advancing modern democracy beyond its liberal phase into what they termed “people's democracy.” Central to this analysis is the premise that the Czechoslovak regime of people's democracy, existing between the end of Second World War and the communist takeover in February 1948, was built upon theoretical foundations distinct from Marxist‐Leninist doctrine. While people's democracy is traditionally associated with the Stalinist regimes in Eastern Europe post‐1948, this study argues that its conceptual framework, notably different from the Stalinist model, had been formulated by Czechoslovak intellectuals well before the Soviet Union's involvement in Second World War, and implemented in Czechoslovakia after the war. Specifically, the paper highlights the contributions of Czechoslovak founding figure Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk to this intellectual evolution.

ASSESSING LOWER-SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A RASCH MODEL APPROACH

The current study uses the Rasch Model to measure lower-secondary school students' critical thinking skills on photosynthesis topics. Critical thinking skills are considered essential in science education, but few valid and practical measurement instruments remain. The current study fills the gap by adapting the instrument from the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. A quantitative approach with a survey design was used in the study, involving 467 lower-secondary school students in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Model to evaluate each item's reliability, validity, level of difficulty, and discrimination ability. The results suggest that the instrument has good validity and reliability, with the inference subscale being the most difficult, while evaluation is the easiest for students to master. The findings provide insights for educators in designing more effective teaching strategies to develop critical thinking skills. The study implies that a valid measurement instrument is obtained and offers new insights into the profile of students' critical thinking skills in science learning to support more effective science teaching in secondary schools, especially on photosynthesis. Keywords: critical thinking, educational evaluation, photosynthesis topic, Rasch model, science education

DC allowable electric field strength for naphthenic‐based and paraffin‐based transformer oils

AbstractCurrently, the design of transformers insulation predominantly depends on the allowable alternating current (AC) field values for insulating oil established by Weidmann in the 1980s, lacking the research under direct current (DC) voltage for converter transformers. This study selects naphthenic oils and paraffin‐based oil transformer oil as research subjects, establishing a practical measurement platform to ascertain the oil breakdown characteristics under DC voltage. Furthermore, it statistically analyses the allowable DC field values of the oil. The findings elucidate that (1) the three‐parameter Weibull distribution is more suitable to conduct a statistical analysis for oil breakdown probability, yielding a fitting degree up to 99.95%. (2) for a constant electrode spacing, a 14.81% voltage increment escalates the breakdown probability of the oil gap from 3.33% to 73.33%. Concurrently, an increase in electrode spacing leads to a substantial decrement in the breakdown field strength of transformer oil, with KI25X experiencing a 54.51% reduction as electrode spacing extends from 5 to 25 mm. (3) the constant terms of the allowable DC field strength for S4, KI50X, and KI25X are found to be 19.728, 17.221, and 19.281, respectively. (4) a thorough analysis for differences in physicochemical properties and electrical parameters elucidates the variations in insulation properties across different transformer oils. The findings presented in this study offer essential theoretical and technical foundations for the design, evaluation, and enhancement of insulation structures in converter transformers.

Towards a comprehensive framework for digital inclusion: a comparison of international measurements

PurposeMeasuring the extent of digital inclusion is a complex task. This study aims to monitor existing digital inclusion indices at the national level, compare their consistencies and differences and based on this, develop a more comprehensive measurement framework.Design/methodology/approachThe study selected the existing digital inclusion indices that met the screening criteria through a literature survey. Eight digital inclusion indices were included in the final selection and their measurement methodologies were collected. Thereafter, the study adopted a content analysis method to examine and compare the methodologies of the selected digital inclusion indices, with the coding framework grounded on the literature review.FindingsResults suggest that five dimensions of digital inclusion – Access, Skills, Usage, Acceptance and Impact – were measured. Access is the first priority dimension that all digital inclusion indices pay attention to. Skills and Usage are under-measured by methodological limitations in practical measurement tools. Acceptance and Impact are the least covered dimensions both in academic research and practical measurement. Based on this, we propose three suggestions for developing a more comprehensive global framework: designing from the national lens, using more objective and original data sources and improving the framework and indicators with theory.Originality/valueThe study provides scholars and policymakers in the field of digital inclusion with a reference point to create a more comprehensive measurement framework for digital inclusion.

CT-Based Body Composition and Frailty as Predictors of Survival Among Older Adults With Gastrointestinal Malignancies.

Older adults with cancer are at an increased risk of treatment related toxicities and early death. Routinely collected clinico-demographic characteristics inadequately explain this increased risk limiting accurate prognostication. Prior studies have suggested that altered body composition and frailty are independently associated with worse survival among older adults with cancer; however, their combined influence remains unclear. We used data from a single-institution prospective cohort study of older adults (≥ 60 years) who underwent geriatric assessment (GA) at the time of initial consultation with a medical oncologist from September 2017 to December 2020 and available baseline abdominal computed tomography within 60 days of GA. Using multi-slice CT images from T12 to L5 level, we assessed volumetric measures of skeletal muscle (SMV), visceral adipose tissue (VATV), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SATV) and averaged skeletal muscle density (SMD), computing sex-specific z for each measure. Frailty was measured using a 44-item frailty index using the deficit accumulation approach. Primary outcome of interest was overall survival (OS) defined as time from GA to death or last follow up. We used multivariable Cox regression model to study the independent association between the above four body composition measurements and OS adjusted for baseline confounders and frailty. We included 459 patients with a mean age of 69.7 ± 7.5 years, 60% males and 77% non-Hispanic Whites. Most had colorectal (27%) or pancreatic cancer (20%) and 48% had stage IV disease. Over a median follow up of 39.4 months, 209 patients (46%) died. In multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, cancer type, cancer stage and frailty, skeletal muscle volume (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.96; p = 0.02, per 1 SD increment) was independently associated with OS. The addition of body composition variables to baseline clinico-demographic variables and frailty led to a slightly improved model discrimination. SMV is independently associated with OS among older adults with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancers. Capturing body composition measurements in oncology practice may provide additional prognostic information for older adults with cancer above and beyond what is captured in routine clinical assessment including frailty.

Analysis of Identifying and Correcting the Digital Printing Defects in Pakistan's Textile Industry

This paper provides an in-depth examination of the issues hindering the adoption of digital textile printing in Pakistan. It presents background on commonly used printing techniques, and analyses industry data to identify major printing defects using quality tools such as Pareto charts and correlation analysis. The root causes of the main defects were determined through cause-effect diagrams and the 5 Whys approach. Preventive solutions are proposed in connection with fabric preparation, process controls, equipment maintenance, training, and sustainable practices. Instead of recommending broad strategies, the study focused on actionable solutions for addressing specific challenges in digital printing, including practical measures for improving operational efficiency in recycling. The analysis provides a comprehensive roadmap for Pakistan's textile industry to overcome current limitations and successfully transition to digital systems for improved productivity, innovation, profitability and global competitiveness.