Measurement Of Core Body Temperature Research Articles

Zero-heat-flux core temperature monitoring system: an observational secondary analysis to evaluate agreement with naso-/oropharyngeal probe during anesthesia.

General anesthesia impairs thermoregulation and contributes to perioperative hypothermia; core body temperature monitoring is recommended during surgical procedures lasting > 30min. Zero-heat-flux core body temperature measurement systems enable continuous non-invasive perioperative monitoring. During a previous trial evaluating the benefits of preoperative forced-air warming, intraoperative temperatures were measured with both a zero-heat-flux sensor and a standard naso-/oropharyngeal temperature probe. The aim of this secondary analysis is to evaluate their agreement. ASA I-III patients, scheduled for elective, non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia, were enrolled. A zero-heat-flux sensor was placed on the participant's forehead preoperatively. Following induction of anesthesia, a "clinical" temperature probe was placed in the nasopharynx or oropharynx at the anesthesiologist's discretion. Temperature measurements from both sensors were recorded every 10s. Agreement was analyzed using the Bland-Altman method, corrected for repeated measurements, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and compared with existing studies. Data were collected in 194 patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 60 (49-69) years, during surgical procedures lasting 120 (89-185) min. The zero-heat-flux measurements had a mean bias of - 0.05°C (zero-heat-flux lower) with 95% limits of agreement within - 0.68 to + 0.58°C. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was 0.823. The zero-heat-flux sensor demonstrated moderate agreement with the naso-/oropharyngeal temperature probe, which was not fully within the generally accepted ± 0.5°C limit. This is consistent with previous studies. The zero-heat-flux system offers clinical utility for non-invasive and continuous core body temperature monitoring throughout the perioperative period using a single sensor.

Assessment of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer Measurement Sites in Birds

ABSTRACTThe standard method of obtaining body temperature in a bird can be a stressful event, making routine evaluations challenging. Twenty-eight privately owned birds in good health were enrolled in the study to compare digital and infrared (IR) temperature readings. Digital thermometer readings in the cloaca were compared with two different IR thermometers, Ototemp (OT) and VetTemp (VT), used at the skin of the cloaca, breast, axillary area and tympanic membrane. The majority of the IR temperature readings were not significantly different from the cloacal digital reading. Additionally, the different IR thermometers read close to each other at individual reading sites. The IR measurements at the axilla (OT, mean = 40.35°C, SD = 1.24°C; VT, mean = 40.20°C, SD = 1.38°C) were most similar to the standard cloacal measurement (mean = 40.83°C, SD = 0.88°C). For veterinarians who currently avoid measuring cloacal body temperatures to prevent unnecessary stress on avian patients utilizing IR thermometers in the axillary region provide a less invasive and reasonable measurement of core body temperature in birds to allow for a more comprehensive assessment of health status.

Pilot study predicting core body temperatures in hot work environments using thermal imagery

Introduction Heat stress can lead to various health issues that include heat rash, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, cramps, and heat stroke. Core body temperature, a reliable and accepted measurement for heat stress, can only be assessed via invasive means such as ingestible thermometer pills and rectal thermometers. The goal of this study was to determine a more convenient method of assessing heat stress by comparing temperature measurements from thermometer pills to measurements of a participant’s face taken with an infrared camera. Methods Workers at hot worksites had their temperatures recorded via ingestible thermometer pill and infrared camera over the course of a daytime work shift. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship, if any, between the thermometer pill and infrared camera while taking into account additional factors such as indoor and outdoor temperatures, age, gender, and BMI. Results/discussion A Pearson Correlation Coefficient of r = 0.611 was found. This is a strong correlation and shows potential for the infrared camera as a non-invasive alternative to the thermometer pill and rectal thermometer. One thermometer pill measurement of 86 °C was excluded due to verbal confirmation from the participant that they had taken a drink of water prior to measurement. Conclusions Statistical results showed that the ability of the infrared camera to successfully predict core body temperature measurements taken thermometer pill was strong (r = 0.611). More research should be conducted during times with warm outdoor temperatures and with larger sample sizes.

Body temperature measurement in ambulance: a challenge of 21-st century?

BackgroundSome crucial decisions in treatment of hypothermic patients are closely linked to core body temperature. They concern modification of resuscitation algorithms and choosing the target hospital. Under- as well as over-estimation of a patient’s temperature may limit his chances for survival. Only thermometers designed for core temperature measurement can serve as a guide in such decision making. The aim of the study was to assess whether ambulance teams are equipped properly to measure core temperature.MethodsA survey study was conducted in collaboration with the Health Ministry in April 2018. Questionnaires regarding the model, number, and year of production of thermometers were sent to each pre-hospital unit of the National Emergency Medical System in Poland.ResultsA total of 1523 ground ambulances are equipped with 1582 thermometers. 53.57% are infrared-based ear thermometers, 23.02% are infrared-based surface thermometers, and 20.13% are conventional medical thermometers. Only 3.28% of devices are able to measure core body temperature. Most of analyzed thermometers (91.4%) are not allowed to operate in ambient temperature below 10 °C.ConclusionsThere are only 3.28% of ground ambulances that are able to follow precisely international guidelines regarding a patient’s core body temperature. A light, reliable thermometer designed to measure core temperature in pre-hospital conditions is needed.

Effects of Heat Exposure from Live-Burn Fire Training on Postural Stability of Firefighters.

Firefighters perform physically intensive jobs in suboptimal environments, making it even more important for them to maintain good functional postural balance or stability. As part of their training, firefighters are required to perform physically demanding tasks under high stress and high heat environments. These demanding tasks lead to increased physical fatigue which can then result in poor performance and/or postural instability. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of live-firefighting training-induced heat stress on static postural balance, and 2) investigate the association between commonly monitored physiological responses (core body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) and measures of static postural balance. Twenty-six firefighters (mean ± SD: age 36.0 years ±5.2, weight 216 lbs. ± 34, BMI 29.7 ± 4.2) participated in live firefighting training while performing following tasks: search and rescue, hose advancement, and backup. Prior to heat exposure (PRE) and following each scenario (POST1, POST2, POST3), firefighters' postural balance was assessed with a wearable 3-D inertial sensor system quantifying time dependent changes in linear acceleration (LIN ACC) and angular velocity (AV) about three orthogonal axes [Anterior-Posterior (AP), Medial-Lateral (ML), and vertical (V)] during one foot balance tests for 30 seconds under eyes open and eyes closed conditions. The outcome variables from 3-D wearable sensors were used to create 3-D Phase-Plane based postural stability metrics. Physiological measurement of core body temperature (CBT) (measured with a radio pill) as well as perception of heat increased significantly during the live fire-training exercise. In addition, firefighters also perceived an increase in physical fatigue and respiratory distress. Angular combined stability parameters (ACSP), RMS angular velocity around ML axis were significantly correlated with CBT. In the multivariate analysis adjusted for the scenarios, height and weight of the firefighters, these measures of static postural balance were significantly associated with CBT. As per the model results, static postural balance, as indicated by ACSP, worsened with an increase in CBT. Future studies should place sensors at body extremities along with close to center of mass to capture the kinematic movements more comprehensively influencing postural balance.

Accuracy and precision of non-invasive thermometry “zero heat flux” for core body temperature measurement in conditions of cardiac arrest – final results

Accuracy and precision of non-invasive thermometry “zero heat flux” for core body temperature measurement in conditions of cardiac arrest – final results

Intra-operative temperature monitoring with two non-invasive devices (3M Spoton® and Dräger Tcore®) in comparison with the Swan-Ganz catheter

BackgroundThe measurement of core body temperature in the pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz catheter) is regarded as the reference standard. Nowadays, new non-invasive methods of measuring core temperature have emerged, such as the 3M SpotOn® and the Dräger Tcore® sensor. MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on patients undergoing scheduled cardiac surgery. Both devices, and the Swan-Ganz catheter, were simultaneously evaluated. The correlation of temperature values was measured using the intra-class correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank or Pearson correlation analysis. The repeated-measurements version of the Bland and Altman test were used to determine the level of agreement. ResultsA total of 289 measurements were made. Analysis of Spearman rank correlation between the Swan-Ganz catheter and 3M SpotOn® pair yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82 [95% confidence interval (95% CI); 0.77–0.85, p<0.001], and the result of ICC was 0.88 (95% CI; 0.85–0.90). Bland–Altman analysis showed a bias (SD) of 0.21°C (0.34) [−2.27 to 2.71]. The Swan-Ganz catheter and Dräger Tcore® pair showed r-values of 0.78 (95% CI; 0.73–0.82 and p<0.001), and ICC of 0.78 (95% CI; 0.74–0.82). This pair showed a bias of 0.48°C (0.42) [−2.02–2.98]. ConclusionsBoth the 3M SpotOn® and the Dräger Tcore® provided a high degree of accuracy and precision in measuring the core temperature, and could be used for the control of normothermia in the patient undergoing cardiac surgery.

Pyrogenic and neuroinflammatory properties of zymosan and its potential as an alternative to live yeast in antipyretic drug testing

Zymosan, an immunogenic cell wall extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has potential for use as an experimental pyrogen. However, the short-lived sickness responses noted with intraperitoneal and intra-articular administration of zymosan limits investigations on the long-term effectiveness of antipyretic drugs. Thus, there remains a need to establish an alternative route of zymosan administration that could induce long-lived fevers and inflammation. We injected male Sprague Dawley rats (250–300 g) subcutaneously with zymosan (30 or 300 mg/kg) or saline; n = 7–8. We measured core body temperature, cage activity, food intake and body mass for 24 h after injection. Blood and brain samples were collected at 2, 8, and 18 h after injection. Zymosan (300 mg/kg) induced fever, lethargy, and anorexia, which lasted for 24 h. Zymosan-induced sickness responses were accompanied by increased blood plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; activation of inflammatory transcription factors (nuclear factor (NF) for IL-6, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, and NF-κB) in the hypothalamus and circumventricular organs; and increased hypothalamic mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and rate-limiting enzymes for prostaglandin synthesis. Our results confirm the suitability of subcutaneous administration of zymosan for screening antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs in rats.

2012-P: The Mouse Thermoneutral Zone Is Actually a Thermoneutral Point

The mouse is widely used to study diabetes and obesity. Understanding thermal biology is essential for translating observations from mice to humans. For example, mice expend large amounts of energy to maintain body temperature, while humans do not. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) for humans is defined as the ambient temperature (Ta) range where metabolic rate is at a minimum. Here we explore the mouse TNZ, focusing on its neglected upper boundary. Total light-phase energy expenditure (TEE) was quantitated by indirect calorimetry at various Ta, while also continuously measuring core body temperature (Tb). Broken line regression with nonlinear mixed model was used for data analysis. In wild type C57BL/6J mice, TEE decreased linearly with increasing Ta until a plateau was reached. The Ta at the break point (TNZ lower bound, called the Tlc) was 28.91 ±0.15 °C. Importantly, no increase in TEE was observed at Ta up to ∼4 °C above the Tlc. Tb was constant at cool Ta and began to rise at Ta = 28.95 ±0.12 °C. Thus, the Ta at which Tb starts to increase coincides with the Tlc and was not accompanied by an increased TEE. The generality of this unexpected observation was explored in multiple mouse models, including germline deletion of three temperature-sensing channels (TrpV1, TrpM8, TrpA1), neonatal ablation of Trpv1+ neurons, diet-induced obesity, and leptin deficiency. Over 12 cohorts (in total 66 mice), there was no difference between the Tlc and start of Tb increase (0.06 ±0.22 °C). Our novel results suggest a general property of mouse thermal physiology. Unlike humans, mouse Tb starts to increase right at the Tlc. There is no range of Tas over which both TEE and Tb are constant. The results suggest that the mouse TNZ is not the “zone” of textbooks, but rather is a fraction of a degree, a point. Disclosure V. Skop: None. J. Guo: None. N. Liu: None. C. Xiao: None. K.D. Hall: None. O. Gavrilova: None. M. Reitman: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK075063)

Chronotype Genetic Variant in PER2 is Associated with Intrinsic Circadian Period in Humans

The PERIOD2 (PER2) gene is a core molecular component of the circadian clock and plays an important role in the generation and maintenance of daily rhythms. Rs35333999, a missense variant of PER2 common in European populations, has been shown to associate with later chronotype. Chronotype relates to the timing of biological and behavioral activities, including when we sleep, eat, and exercise, and later chronotype is associated with longer intrinsic circadian period (cycle length), a fundamental property of the circadian system. Thus, we tested whether this PER2 variant was associated with circadian period and found significant associations with longer intrinsic circadian period as measured under forced desynchrony protocols, the ‘gold standard’ for intrinsic circadian period assessment. Minor allele (T) carriers exhibited significantly longer circadian periods when determinations were based on either core body temperature or plasma melatonin measurements, as compared to non-carriers (by 12 and 11 min, respectively; accounting for ~7% of inter-individual variance). These findings provide a possible underlying biological mechanism for inter-individual differences in chronotype, and support the central role of PER2 in the human circadian timing system.

Evaluating rumen temperature as an estimate of core body temperature in Angus feedlot cattle during summer.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between rectal temperature (TREC) and rumen temperature (TRUM) and to assess if TRUM could be used as a proxy measure of core body temperature (TCORE) in feedlot cattle. Eighty Angus steers (388.8 ± 2.1kg) were orally administered with rumen temperature boluses. Rumen temperatures were recorded at 10-min intervals over 128days from all 80 steers. To define the suitability of TRUM as an estimation of TCORE, TREC were obtained from all steers at 7-day intervals (n= 16). Eight feedlot pens were used where there were 10 steers per pen (162m2). Shade was available in each pen (1.8m2/animal; 90% solar block). Climatic data were recorded at 30-min intervals, including ambient temperature (TA; °C); relative humidity (RH; %); wind speed (WS; m/s) and direction; solar radiation (SR; W/m2); and black globe temperature (BGT; °C). Rainfall (mm) was recorded daily at 0900h. From these data, temperature humidity index (THI), heat load index (HLI) and accumulated heat load (AHL) were calculated. Individual 10-min TRUM data were converted to an individual hourly average. Pooled mean hourly TRUM data from the 128-day data were used to establish the diurnal rhythm of TRUM where the mean minimum (39.19 ± 0.01°C) and mean maximum (40.04 ± 0.01°C) were observed at 0800h and 2000h respectively. A partial correlation coefficient indicated that there were moderate to strong relationships between TRUM and TREC using both real-time (r= 0.55; P< 0.001) and hourly mean (r= 0.51; P< 0.001) TRUM data. The mean difference between TREC and TRUM was small using both real-time (0.16 ± 0.02°C) and hourly mean TRUM (0.13 ± 0.02°C) data. Data from this study supports the hypothesis that TRUM can be used as an estimate of TCORE, suggesting that TRUM can be used to measure and quantify heat load in feedlot cattle.

3389 Coagulation Factor Xll-mediated contact system and its role in adaptive and innate immune cell movement

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objectives of this study are to 1) expand upon the paradigm of HK-D5 accelerated immune cell chemotaxis; 2) characterize the role of FXII in murine models of immune-mediated disease using FXII KO mice and a small molecule inhibitor of FXIIa. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To test whether the addition of HK-D5 peptide would accelerate C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-mediated chemotaxis in vitro, a real-time transwell chemotaxis assay was developed utilizing human THP-1 monocyte cell line (Fig 1). For in vivo studies, both pharmacologic FXIIa antagonism and FXll KO mice were used. Genotyping, histopathological review, FXll protein expression, and active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) measurements were used to phenotypically characterize FXII KO mice compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice (Fig 2). Subsequently, the FXll KO mice were studied in varied models of immune-mediated disease, including LPS-induced sepsis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), to see if and how the absence of FXll can mitigate disease severity. The EAE model involved active immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and measurement of established clinical disease severity scores. The LPS sepsis model involved an intraperitoneal injection of LPS followed by 48-hour monitoring of core body temperature using subdermal temperature transponders as a proxy for inflammatory events related to septic shock (Fig 3). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: HK-D5 significantly accelerates CCR2-mediated chemotaxis compared to chemokine alone (p = 0.001) similar to HK-D5’s ability to accelerate CCR7-mediated chemotaxis as previously established. The FXll KO mice were backcrossed to the C57BL/6J background and confirmed by genotyping and complete absence of FXII protein in plasma. Compared to the control, FXII KO mice have a significantly prolonged aPTT without evidence of bleeding abnormalities, which confirms the expected phenotype previously described and recapitulates what is observed in Factor XII deficiency in humans. KO mice showed no significant gross or histopathological differences in secondary lymphoid structures compared to the control. Immunohistochemistry confirmed well-organized lymphoid structures with intact B- and T-cell populations. FXll KO mice are protected in LPS-induced septic shock and EAE models. Regarding the EAE model, FXIIa inhibition significantly reduced disease severity compared to control. In the LPS model, FXll KO mice recover within 24 hours after LPS-challenge measured subjectively and objectively by core body temperature measurement. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The current study and previous findings suggest a novel immune signaling mechanism by which a peptide fragment of high molecular-weight kininogen (HK-D5) acts as an accelerant of both innate and adaptive immune cell chemotaxis in multiple immune contexts. This has broad implications regarding a mechanism of immune-mediated inflammation in a variety of disease states, which might be amenable to the targeting this pathway for therapeutic intent.

Development of a Wireless Health Monitoring System for Measuring Core Body Temperature from the Back of the Body.

In this paper, a user-friendly and low-cost wireless health monitoring system that measures skin temperature from the back of the body for monitoring the core body temperature is proposed. To measure skin temperature accurately, a semiconductor-based microtemperature sensor with a maximum accuracy of ±0.3°C was chosen and controlled by a high-performance/low-power consumption Acorn-Reduced Instruction Set Computing Machine (ARM) architecture microcontroller to build the temperature measuring device. Relying on a 2.4 GHz multichannel Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) RF communication technology, up to 100 proposed temperature measuring devices can transmit the data to one receiver at the same time. The shell of the proposed wireless temperature-measuring device was manufactured via a 3D printer, and the device was assembled to conduct the performance tests and in vivo experiments. The performance test was conducted with a K-type temperature sensor in a temperature chamber to observe temperature measurement performance. The results showed an error value between two devices was less than 0.1°C from 25 to 40°C. For the in vivo experiments, the device was attached on the back of 10 younger male subjects to measure skin temperature to investigate the relationship with ear temperature. According to the experimental results, an algorithm based on the curve-fitting method was implemented in the proposed device to estimate the core body temperature by the measured skin temperature value. The algorithm was established as a linear model and set as a quadratic formula with an interpolant and with each coefficient for the equation set with 95% confidence bounds. For evaluating the goodness of fit, the sum of squares due to error (SSE), R-square, adjusted R-square, and root mean square error (RMSE) values were 33.0874, 0.0212, 0.0117, and 0.3998, respectively. As the experimental results have shown, the mean value for an error between ear temperature and estimated core body temperature is about ±0.19°C, and the mean bias is 0.05 ± 0.14°C when the subjects are in steady status.

Diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic hypothermia in hospitals - a pilot study.

An unintentional drop in core body temperature of trauma victims is associated with increased mortality. Thermoregulation is impaired in these patients, especially when treated with opioids or anesthetics. Careful thermal insulation and active warming are necessary to maintain normothermia. The aim of the study was to assess the equipment and procedures for diagnosing and managing post-traumatic hypothermia in Polish hospitals. Survey forms regarding equipment and procedures on monitoring of core temperature (Tc) and active warming were distributed to every hospital that admits trauma victims in the Holy Cross Province. Questionnaires were addressed to surgery departments, intensive care units (ICUs), and operating rooms (ORs). 92% of surgery departments did not have equipment to measure core body temperature and 85% did not have equipment to rewarm patients. Every ICU had equipment to measure Tc and 83% had active warming devices. In 50% of ICUs, there were no rewarming protocols based on Tc and the initiation of rewarming was left to the physician's discretion. In 58% of ORs, Tc was not monitored and in 33% the patients were not actively warmed. The majority of surveyed ICUs and ORs are adequately equipped to identify and treat hypothermia, however the criteria for initiating Tc monitoring and rewarming remain unstandardized. Surgery departments are not prepared to manage post-traumatic hypothermia.

Resveratrol mitigates hypercholesterolemia exacerbated hyperthermia in chronically heat-stressed rats.

Background and Aim:Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is the major leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Such atherogenic aberration deeply impacts blood circulation. Resveratrol (R) is a polyphenol that has received attention as a hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and vascular agility advocate. Efficient blood redistribution is a key element in mammalian thermoregulation. We hypothesized that R treatment may aid in mitigating hyperthermic responses under both acute and chronic heat stress (HS) conditions in HC male rats.Materials and Methods:All rats were initially fitted with miniaturized thermologgers to measure core body temperature (Tcore). With a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, four groups were randomly allotted, in which half of the animals ingested an HC diet (C+), while the other half ingested a control (C-) diet, throughout the whole study duration of 35 days. Seven rats from each dietary treatment, however, received R (R+; 13 mg/kg BW/day), while the rest received normal saline (R-) for 5 continuous days. All animals were maintained at thermoneutrality (TN; ambient temperature; Ta=23.15±0.04°C) for a period of 30 continuous days (days 0-29). On day 29, an acute HS (HS; Ta=35.86±0.37°C; for 9 nocturnal h) was imposed. Then, from day 29, a chronic HS protocol (Ta=32.28±1.00°C) was maintained until the past day of the trial (day 34), after which blood samples were drawn for analyses of platelet (PL) count, total antioxidant activity (TAO), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and lipid peroxidation (LP).Results:Switching animals from TN to HS resulted in abrupt rises in Tcore. The HC diet induced a significant (p<0.01) hyperlipidemia over the control of diet-consuming rats. Interestingly, the hyperthermic response to acute HS was highly pronounced in the rats consuming the C- diet, while the C+ diet exacerbated the chronic HS-induced hyperthermia. Despite failure to improve TAO in the C+ diet, R+ treatment caused a marked (p<0.05) decline in nighttime - hyperthermia in C+ rats, likely by enhancing blood flow to extremities (for heat dissipation) as delineated by drastic downregulations of C+ related rises in PL, TC, TG, and LP (HC diet by R+ interaction; p<0.03).Conclusion:The hyperthermic response in C- groups was attributed to higher amount of feed intake than those consuming the C+ diet. Yet, the R+ improvement of thermoregulation in the C+ group was likely related to enhancement of vascular hemodynamics. Resveratrol intake mitigated chronic HS-evoked hyperthermia in rats. Such an approach is worthy to follow-up in other mammals and humans.

Association between core body temperature and mean airway pressure with endotracheal cuff pressure in intubated patients of emergency department.

Background & Objective:Endotracheal intubation is routinely performed in the critical situations. In order to prevent microaspiration and tracheal injury endotracheal cuff pressure is important to remain constant between 20 and 30 cmH2O. Positive pressure ventilation, duration of intubation, body temperature, and body movements can alter endotracheal cuff pressure. This survey was conducted to evaluate core body temperature and cuff pressure relation with airway pressure simultaneously.Methods:This was a descriptive analytic study conducted from March 2018 to July 2018 on 150 intubated patients in the emergency department. All were ventilated with SIMV mode and had Ramsi sedation level of 2-3. Mean airway pressure was measured simultaneouly with core body temperature measurement from ventilator monitor. All these parameters were measured 10 times each hour and documented.Results:There was a statistically meaningful relation between airway pressure and cuff pressure in the primary evaluation (P=0.02, r=0.19), while none of the subsequent evaluations showed meaningful relation (P>0.05). No significant relation was found between cuff pressure and core body temperature in any of the measurements (P>0.05).Conclusion:The pressure of cuff should be checked repeatedly after intubation because of substantial variation over time. Factors other than core body temperature and airway pressure can influence cuff pressure.

354 Measurement of core body temperature via implanted data loggers and development of an equation to predict core body temperature from facial surface temperature in market-weight broiler chickens.

354 Measurement of core body temperature via implanted data loggers and development of an equation to predict core body temperature from facial surface temperature in market-weight broiler chickens.

Measurement of Core Body Temperature Using Graphene-Inked Infrared Thermopile Sensor.

Continuous and reliable measurements of core body temperature (CBT) are vital for studies on human thermoregulation. Because tympanic membrane directly reflects the temperature of the carotid artery, it is an accurate and non-invasive method to record CBT. However, commercial tympanic thermometers lack portability and continuous measurements. In this study, graphene inks were utilized to increase the accuracy of the temperature measurements from the ear by coating graphene platelets on the lens of an infrared thermopile sensor. The proposed ear-based device was designed by investigating ear canal geometry and developed with 3D printing technology using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software, SolidWorks 2016. It employs an Arduino Pro Mini and a Bluetooth module. The proposed system runs with a 3.7 V, 850 mAh rechargeable lithium-polymer battery that allows long-term, continuous monitoring. Raw data are continuously and wirelessly plotted on a mobile phone app. The test was performed on 10 subjects under resting and exercising in a total period of 25 min. Achieved results were compared with the commercially available Braun Thermoscan, Original Thermopile, and Cosinuss One ear thermometers. It is also comprehended that such system will be useful in personalized medicine as wearable in-ear device with wireless connectivity.

Accuracy and precision of the non-invasive zero-heat-flux thermometry in conditions of cardiac arrest

Purpose of the study: Precise measurement of core body temperature (CBT) is obligatory for targeted temperature management (TTM). Temperature measuring devices may be unprecise, accompanied by side-effects and/or application could be labor-intensive. Objective was to evaluate accuracy and precision of the non-invasive zero heat flux-thermometry (ZHF) to monitor CBT.

The effect of 2 consecutive days of intense resistance exercise on sleep in untrained adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of daytime intense resistance exercise for 2 consecutive days on sleep including changes in central nervous system function, autonomic function, and core body temperature on the following nights. Nine healthy male participants (23.4 ± 1.8 years of age) performed strenuous resistance exercise twice per day for 2 consecutive days. Resistance exercise in the morning included four lower body exercises. Squats and knee extensions consisted of five sets of 10 repetitions at a 10-repetition maximum (RM; approximately 75% of 1 RM), with a 1-min rest period between each set. Calf raises consisted of five sets of 30 repetitions at 10 RM. Resistance exercise in the afternoon included seven upper body exercises, each with four sets of 10 repetitions at a 10 RM. Polysomnographic, heart rate, and core body temperature measurements were performed during sleep for three days (baseline, Ex-1, and Ex-2). Of the polysomnographic parameters, there was a significant reduction in stage 2 sleep at Ex-2 (225.56 ± 18.78 min) compared to other nights. For heart rate variability, the high-frequency component at Ex-2 was significantly lower in the first cycle than in the third cycle in non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Intense resistance exercise for 2 consecutive days causes the inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system activity during sleep.