Waist Circumference Measurements Research Articles

Anterior-Posterior Abdominal Diameter and Waist Circumference Have Comparable Predictive Ability for Visceral Fat Area.

Waist circumference measurement is commonly used as a method for predicting the visceral fat area. However, waist circumference is difficult to measure, and there is a large margin of error between measurements. Visceral fat is adipose tissue that accumulates in the abdominal cavity, and when it accumulates in excess, abdominal computed tomography reveals a prominent protrusion of the anterior-posterior diameter of the abdomen in a coronal section at the umbilicus level. Individuals with obesity often show forward abdominal protrusions. This study aimed to verify whether the anterior-posterior abdominal diameter can be used as a proxy for waist circumference to predict the visceral fat area. A total of 231 patients with diabetes who were admitted to Tokyo Medical University Hospital and whose visceral fat area was measured using computed tomography were enrolled. Whether the waist circumference and anterior-posterior abdominal diameter were correlated with the visceral fat area was determined, and their ability to predict the visceral fat area was compared. The visceral fat area was significantly correlated with both waist circumference (r=0.759, p<0.001) and anterior-posterior abdominal diameter (r=0.774, p<0.001), and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves used to predict the visceral fat area were 0.923 (95% confidence interval: 0.878-0.967) and 0.939 (95% confidence interval: 0.905-0.974), respectively. The anterior-posterior abdominal diameter can be used as an alternative to waist circumference for predicting the visceral fat area. This simple measurement method may serve as a very useful method in clinical practice by eliminating the variability of waist circumference measurements.

Influence of waist circumference measurement site on the cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults.

Waist circumference (WC) has been recognized as a simple anthropometric measure of abdominal obesity and associated health risk. We compared WC values at five measurement sites, and examined whether measurement sites influence the relationships between WC and cardiometabolic risk in Korean adults. In this cross-sectional study, participants included 180 men and 176 women (age: 30-60 years, BMI: 18.5-30.0 kg/m2) who underwent a regular health examination between 2021 and 2022. WC was measured at the following sites; lowest rib, superior border of the iliac crest, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, umbilicus, and narrowest waist. Fasting glucose and lipids, and resting blood pressure were measured after a 10-hour overnight fast. Cardiometabolic risk factors were defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III. All WC measures at five sites were highly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other in men (r = 0.933-0.995) and women (r = 0.893-0.990). Differences in absolute mean WC values existed in both men and women. The prevalence of abdominal obesity (men: 17.2 %-34.4 %, women: 5.7 %-40.9 %) and metabolic syndrome (men: 30.6 %-38.9 % women: 13.6 %-22.2 %) varied depending on the measurement site. All five WC sites were similarly associated (P < 0.05) with an increased odd ratio for elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and cardiometabolic risk clustering in men, and elevated blood pressure and cardiometabolic risk clustering in women. Although the differences in absolute WC values existed, the associations between WC at each site and cardiometabolic risk were similar in Korean adults.

Temporal trends, associated risk factors and longitudinal cardiovascular outcomes of body roundness among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011–2018

BackgroundObesity is a major global health issue, driving high morbidity and mortality rates. The body roundness index (BRI), which includes waist circumference, offers a more accurate measure of visceral and total body fat. However, despite evidence of BRI's effectiveness in predicting obesity-related diseases, national-level data, especially from non-Western populations like China, remain limited.MethodsThis study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a large, nationally representative cohort of Chinese adults, to examine the temporal trends of BRI, identify associated risk factors, and investigate the longitudinal associations between BRI and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. BRI was calculated using height and waist circumference measurements. Temporal trends and risk factors were analyzed cross-sectionally, while longitudinal associations were examined using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the role of intermediate factors such as hypertension and diabetes in the relationship between BRI and CVD.ResultsA total of 12,902 participants were included for risk factor analysis, 10,525 for longitudinal analysis, and 7,310 for cumulative analysis. BRI continued to rise slowly across survey cycles but was higher in women, older adults, and urban residents. Multivariable analysis identified age, alcohol consumption, elevated blood pressure, and diabetes as positive predictors of BRI, while male sex, rural residence, and smoking were negatively associated. Higher baseline BRI was significantly associated with increased CVD risk (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22–1.69), stroke (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.12–1.98), and heart disease (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.22–1.77). Cumulative BRI similarly predicted increased risks of CVD, stroke, and heart disease. Mediation analysis showed that hypertension accounted for 20.69% of the association between BRI and CVD risk.ConclusionsBRI is a robust predictor of CVD risk. Targeting hypertension and other metabolic conditions could mitigate the elevated CVD risk associated with high BRI in Chinese adults. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating BRI into public health strategies to better manage obesity-related health risks in China.

Factors influencing waist circumference among urban bank employees in Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

A widely recognized public health issue affecting people worldwide is central obesity. Numerous chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and malignancies are linked to this syndrome. There is limited information about waist circumference (WC) and its related variables among urban bank workers in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate waist circumference and the factors associated with it among bank workers in Northeast Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, between 2 October 2023 and 24 October 2023. A random selection method was employed to select 363 bank workers. STATA version 17 was used for analysis after the data were imported into EpiData version 4.4.2.0. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyzes were performed to identify factors related to waist circumference. Normality, homoscedasticity, significant outliers, and multicollinearity were assessed, and a p-value of less than 0.05, along with a 95% confidence interval, was considered statistically significant. A total of 345 participants were included in the final analysis, with a 95% response rate. The overall mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the waist circumference of the employees was 81.7 ± 6.8 cm, with 82.4 ± 6.5 cm for men and 80.7 ± 7.2 cm for women. The overall prevalence of central obesity was 57.7%, with 48.2% for the men and 70.3% for the women. The overall mean ± SD of the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was 0.90 ± 0.05, with 0.91 ± 0.04 for men and 0.89 ± 0.05 for women. The average waist circumference was significantly associated with the participants' age (0.2 cm per year (SE: 0.1)) and MET hours (0.2 cm (SE: 0.1)). The mean waist circumference was 2.7 cm (SE:0.8) higher in the married women, 4.6 cm (SE:1.9) higher in the participants with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and 1.7 cm (SE:0.8) higher in the participants who consumed discretionary calories for 4 days/week. The mean waist circumference among bank employees was higher, with more than half of the participants having central obesity. Age, marital status, discretionary calorie intake, non-communicable diseases, and metabolic equivalence task hours were the significant factors of waist circumference. Therefore, promoting activities aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases, such as leisure-time physical activity, and reducing discretionary calorie intake are essential for reducing high waist circumference measurements.

Adherence and Body Weight with Daily Avocado Consumption Among Latina Women of the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT).

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the adherence, changes in weight, and, waist circumference associated with the daily consumption of a culturally preferred food, namely an avocado, among Hispanic/Latina females in the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT). Methods: HAT was a multisite, randomized controlled trial conducted between 2018 and 2020. Participants in the Avocado-Supplemented Diet Group were provided with and instructed to consume one avocado/day (~2.2 servings) for 6 months; participants in the Habitual Diet Group were instructed to follow their usual diet and limit intake to ≤2 avocados/month. Avocado consumption was assessed using three random 24 h dietary recalls administered by dietitians. This analysis focused on women who self-identified as Hispanic/Latina. Results: Within HAT, 158 females self-identified as Hispanic/Latina (median age: 42 years, IQR: 36-54). Across the dietary recalls, the Avocado-Supplemented Group (n = 80) consumed 1.9-2.1 avocado servings/day; the Habitual Diet Group (n = 78) consumed 0.04-0.09 servings/day (p < 0.001). The weight and waist circumference measurements were similar between groups. Hispanic/Latina females remained adherent to daily avocado consumption for the 6-month study period, without a significant change in their body weight or waist circumference measurements. Conclusions: Integrating a culturally preferred food into a dietary intervention enhanced adherence amongst Latina adults, with no impact significant impact on body composition.

Obesity Phenotypes, Lifestyle Medicine, and Population Health: Precision Needed Everywhere!

The worldwide prevalence of obesity is a key factor involved in the epidemic proportions reached by chronic societal diseases. A revolution in the study of obesity has been the development of imaging techniques for the measurement of its regional distribution. These imaging studies have consistently reported that individuals with an excess of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were those characterized by the highest cardiometabolic risk. Excess VAT has also been found to be accompanied by ectopic fat deposition. It is proposed that subcutaneous versus visceral obesities can be considered as two extremes of a continuum of adiposity phenotypes with cardiometabolic risk ranging from low to high. The heterogeneity of obesity phenotypes represents a clinical challenge to the evaluation of cardiometabolic risk associated with a given body mass index (BMI). Simple tools can be used to better appreciate its heterogeneity. Measuring waist circumference is a relevant step to characterize fat distribution. Another important modulator of cardiometabolic risk is cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness are characterized by a lower accumulation of VAT compared to those with poor fitness. Diet quality and level of physical activity are also key behaviors that substantially modulate cardiometabolic risk. It is proposed that it is no longer acceptable to assess the health risk of obesity using the BMI alone. In the context of personalized medicine, precision lifestyle medicine should be applied to the field of obesity which should rather be referred to as 'obesities.'

Relationship between TyG-BMI index and glycemic index with diet quality, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome.

A recently introduced metric for assessing metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI). Additionally, the glycemic index (GI) is recognized as a significant measure for evaluating conditions associated with blood glucose. In this context, our research explores the correlation between TyG-BMI and GI in relation to diet quality, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure among individuals diagnosed with MetS. A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 431 employees with MetS at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were taken according to Persian cohort protocols. BMI, C-index, visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), potential renal acid load (PRAL), TyG-BMI and GI were calculated. A physician measured blood pressure, while the dietary inflammatory index was determined using guidelines. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 21, with a significance threshold set at <.05. A significant correlation was identified between the TyG-BMI index and the PRAL index (β = 0.094, P-value = .026), WC (β = 0.627, P-value < .001), BAI (β = 0.396, P-value < .001), and blood pressure (β = 0.063, P-value = .002). Furthermore, the findings indicated a notable association between the GI and blood pressure (β = 0.610, P-value < .001). The results of this study suggest that managing the PRAL index, body weight, and blood pressure may be associated with an enhanced status of TyG-BMI. Additionally, appropriate GI may be linked to regulated blood pressure. These findings can inform health-related policy decisions for these patients.

Colorectal Cancer and Central Obesity

The proportion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases attributable to excess weight, known as population attributable fraction (PAF), has been commonly based on measures of body mass index (BMI). Central obesity metrics, such as waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), are potentially better indicators of adiposity and have demonstrated stronger associations with CRC incidence. To examine PAFs of CRC cases that are attributable to high WC and WHR and compare them to those attributable to high BMI. This population-based UK Biobank cohort study included 458 543 individuals aged 40 to 69 years at recruitment (March 2006 to July 2010) living within a reasonable distance of the 22 assessment centers across the UK. The analyses were conducted between May and July 2024. Exposures were BMI, as a measure of general obesity, and WC and WHR, as indicators of central obesity. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated for the associations of BMI, WC, and WHR with CRC incidence. The PAFs and 95% CIs of CRC cases attributable to high BMI, WC, and WHR were also calculated. A total of 458 543 participants (median [IQR] age, 57 [50-63] years; 244 351 [53.3%] female) were included in the study. During a median follow-up of 11.8 (IQR, 10.9-12.5) years, 5944 participants were diagnosed with CRC. The HRs for the association with CRC incidence were notably smaller for BMI (HR for the highest vs lowest BMI quartile, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.33) than for WC (HR for the highest vs lowest WC quartile, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.49) and WHR (HR for the highest vs lowest WHR quartile, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.29-1.51); these associations became comparable only after accounting for possible reverse causality by excluding the initial years of follow-up. Similarly, the PAF of CRC for high BMI was 9.9% (95% CI, 5.5%-14.4%), substantially lower than the PAFs for high WC and WHR, which were 17.3% (95% CI, 12.3%-22.1%) and 17.6% (95% CI, 12.9%-22.2%), respectively. After excluding the initial 7 years of follow-up, PAF estimates became analogous across all measures of obesity and were 15.7% (95% CI, 8.9%-22.4%) for BMI, 16.9% (95% CI, 9.8%-23.8%) for WC, and 18.0% (95% CI, 11.5%-24.6%) for WHR. In this cohort study of approximately half a million participants, the PAF of CRC attributable to excess weight, defined as high BMI, was considerably underestimated. The PAFs attributable to WC and WHR were consistent and much higher, underlining the importance of efforts to limit and overcome the obesity epidemic in CRC prevention.

Pemantauan Indeks Massa Tubuh dalam Pencegahan Obesitas pada Masyarakat Kelurahan Kessilampe Kota Kendari

Obesity is a risk factor for degenerative diseases in developing countries. This is due to changes in people's lifestyles, including physical activity and eating patterns, influenced by the socio-economic development of urban and rural communities. This activity aims to determine the cut-off point for obese nutritional status based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) indicator. The study seeks to evaluate the nutritional and health status of the community in Kessilampe Village, Kendari City, by measuring Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference. A total of 50 respondents participated in this activity, with the majority being women (86%). The research method used a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was conducted through measurements of height (HT), weight (WT), and body mass index (BMI) on 50 adults, consisting of 7 males and 23 females.The measurement results indicated that 58% of respondents were in the normal weight category, while 26% were overweight and 16% were classified as obese. Waist circumference measurements also revealed that 44% of respondents had a waist circumference between 81-90 cm, indicating health risks associated with obesity.

Effects of MyBFF@school, a multifaceted obesity intervention program, on anthropometry and body composition of overweight and obese primary schoolchildren

BackgroundRecently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity in Malaysia, raising concerns about increased cardiometabolic morbidity. MyBFF@school is a multifaceted program comprising physical activity, nutritional education, and psychological empowerment introduced to combat childhood obesity in Malaysia. The efficacy of a six-month intervention on the body composition of overweight and obese primary schoolchildren was evaluated.MethodsThis is a school-based, cluster randomized controlled trial involving selected primary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan. A total of 1,397 primary-school students aged 9–11 with a body mass index (BMI)z-score (corrected for age) greater than + 1 standard deviation based on the World Health Organization 2007 Growth Reference were assigned to intervention (n=647) and control (n=750) groups. BMI z-score, waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (PBF), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were assessed at baseline and after three and six months of the study. Analyses of all outcomes except for the baseline characteristics were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.ResultsAfter three months, there was no significant difference in the BMI z-score or PBF between the control and intervention groups, but SMM and WC were significantly higher in the intervention group versus the control group with mean difference of 0.15 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07–0.22, p < 0.001 and mean difference of 1.53 cm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21- 1.85, p < 0.001 for SMM and WC respectively. After six months, the intervention group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in PBF compared to the controls (% mean difference: 0.43%, 95% CI: − 0.73 to − 0.12, p < 0.001) as well as a greater increase in SMM (mean difference: 0.28 kg, 95% CI: 0.18–0.37, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the BMI z-score or WC between the intervention and control groups at six months.ConclusionsThe multicomponent MyBFF@school intervention significantly improved body composition among obese primary schoolchildren in terms of percentage body fat and skeletal muscle mass compared to the control after six months. However, BMI z-score and waist circumference measures did not reflect the benefits of this program.Trial registrationClinical trial number: NCT04155255, November 7, 2019 (Retrospective registered). National Medical Research Register: NMRR-13–439-16,563. Registered July 23, 2013. The intervention program was approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia and the Educational Planning and Research Division (EPRD), Ministry of Education Malaysia. It was funded by the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Edukasi Pentingnya Skrining Pencegahan Obesitas Dikalangan Tenaga Pengajar KB-TK Atisa Dipamkara

Monitoring nutritional status and waist circumference is an important step in detecting potential obesity and preventing cardiometabolic complications. Educational programs about the importance of monitoring nutritional status and waist circumference are crucial for the community, especially among young adults at high risk. The FK UNTAR community service team conducted a screening program for measuring nutritional status and waist circumference. This activity aims to educate and raise awareness about the importance of monitoring nutritional status and waist circumference as an early detection method for obesity prevention. The community service activity related to nutritional status checks and waist circumference measurements was held on October 9, 2024 and attended by 23 instructors from Atisa Dipamkara. The process began with measuring weight, height, and calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is the main indicator in assessing nutritional status. Most participants were an average age of 37.96 years, with the majority falling within the normal or higher nutritional status category. 69.6% of respondents were at risk of abdominal obesity, which increases the risk of metabolic diseases. The average BMI of the participants was 25.47 kg/m², indicating a tendency toward obesity. The follow-up plan for this activity includes education on healthy eating patterns, physical activity, stress management, and regular check-ups every 3-6 months to monitor health.

Aerobic Exercise and Weight Loss in Adults

Current guidance on the duration of aerobic exercise recommended in existing guidelines comes primarily from individual trials. Meta-analyses are lacking to examine the dose-response association of aerobic exercise with adiposity measures. To clarify the dose-response association of aerobic exercise with adiposity measures. PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature sources (ProQuest and ClinicalTrials.gov) from inception to April 30, 2024. Randomized clinical trials with intervention durations of at least 8 weeks evaluating the effects of supervised aerobic training on adults with overweight or obesity. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to report the results of the meta-analysis. Data extraction was conducted by 2 teams of 2 reviewers each, working independently and in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate mean differences and 95% CIs for each 30-minute per week aerobic exercise and to clarify the shape of the curvilinear associations. Measures of body weight, waist circumference, body fat, adverse events, medication use reduction, and health-related quality of life score. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool, with a range from very low to high certainty. In total, 116 randomized clinical trials involving 6880 participants (4199 [61%] female; mean [SD] age, 46 [13] years) with overweight or obesity were included. Each 30 minutes per week of aerobic exercise was associated with reduced body weight by 0.52 kg (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.44 kg; n = 109 trials, GRADE = moderate), waist circumference by 0.56 cm (95% CI, -0.67 to -0.45 cm; n = 62 trials, GRADE = high), body fat percentage by 0.37% (95% CI, -0.43% to -0.31%; n = 65 trials, GRADE = moderate), as well as the areas of visceral (mean difference, -1.60 cm2 [95% CI, -2.12 to -1.07 cm2]; n = 26 trials, GRADE = high) and subcutaneous (mean difference, -1.37 cm2 [95% CI, -1.82 to -0.92 cm2]; n = 27 trials, GRADE = moderate) adipose tissues. Aerobic exercise was associated with modestly increased physical (standardized mean difference, 1.69 SD [95% CI, 1.18-2.20 SD]) and mental (standardized mean difference, 0.74 SD [95% CI, 0.29-1.19 SD]) aspects of quality of life (1 trial with 80 participants, GRADE = low). It was associated with modestly increased mild to moderate adverse events, which were mostly musculoskeletal symptoms (risk difference, 2 more events per 100 participants [95% CI, 1 to 2 more]; GRADE = low). Dose-response meta-analyses indicated that body weight, waist circumference, and body fat measures decreased linearly or monotonically in association with increasing duration of aerobic exercise to 300 minutes per week, with aerobic exercise lasting 150 minutes per week at moderate to vigorous intensities resulting in clinically important reductions in waist circumference and body fat. In this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, engaging in 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per week was associated with modest reductions in body weight, waist circumference, and body fat measures among adults with overweight or obesity. However, aerobic training exceeding 150 minutes per week at moderate intensity or greater may be needed to achieve clinically important reductions.

Prevalence of cognitive impairment and metabolic syndrome among older adults in calabar metropolis and the associated risk factors

BackgroundThe number of people reaching old age is rising, bringing an increase in age-related diseases like cardiovascular conditions and cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive impairment (CI) impacts various brain functions, affecting daily activities and quality of life. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, has been implicated in CI. This study examines the prevalence of MetS and CI among older adults in Calabar Metropolis and the associated risk factors.MethodsThis study was conducted in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria, with 236 older adults (aged 65 years and above) selected via a multi-stage sampling technique. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Physical examinations and biomarker assessments included measurements of blood pressure, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. MetS was defined according to the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. CI was assessed using the Mini-Cog™ test, with scores ≤ 3 indicating poor cognitive status. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 26.0, employing chi-square tests and binary logistic regression. Significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 32.2%, and CI was observed in 44% of participants. Females had a slightly higher prevalence (57.9%) of MetS compared to males (42.1%). Significant differences were found between MetS and non-MetS groups in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk. MetS overall was not significantly associated with CI. However, reduced HDL levels were significantly linked to poor cognitive status (OR = 70.528, 95% CI = 3.269-1521.748). Other MetS components did not show significant associations with CI.ConclusionsThis study highlights the prevalence of MetS and CI among older adults in Calabar Metropolis. The findings suggest that while MetS as a whole is not associated with CI, reduced HDL levels are significantly linked to poor cognitive status. The findings emphasize the importance of managing specific metabolic risk factors, particularly HDL, to maintain cognitive health in elderly population.Clinical trial registrationNot applicable.

Attainment of World Health Organization physical activity recommendations by Ecuadorian children: Analysis of social and anthropometrics factors in two distinct populations.

Daily adherence to WHO recommended physical activity guidelines has multiple health benefits in children and adolescents. Limited data from low and middle-income countries are available regarding adherence to WHO physical activity recommendations. This study aims to objectively measure physical activity intensities and explore associations with sociodemographic and anthropometric factors related to nonadherence to the WHO minimum physical activity recommendations. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted between 2014 and 2019 in two distinct populations of Ecuador in terms of poverty and residency (Cuenca: 66% live in urban areas, and 38.2% have unsatisfied basic needs; Quininde, 76.4% live in rural areas and 91% have unsatisfied basic needs). Waist-worn accelerometers were used to measure daily physical activity, standardized questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic variables (age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), and anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference) measurements were taken. Multivariable regression was used to assess the relationship between sociodemographic and anthropometric factors with physical activity in each study population. The study involved 650 participants in Cuenca, with a mean age of 9.1 years (SD 2.9), and 985 children and adolescents in Quinindé, with a mean age of 8.3 years (SD 0.4). In both settings, boys were more likely than girls (Cuenca: adj. OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.17-4.39; Quinindé adj. OR 5.63, 95% CI 4.03-7.85) to achieve the WHO physical activity guidelines. More affluent participants were much less likely to meet this recommendation than their poorer counterparts in both settings. In Cuenca, a higher waist circumference was inversely associated with meeting WHO daily physical activity recommendation (adj. OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98), whereas in Quinindé, adherence to WHO guidelines was more likely in non-Mestizo than Mestizo children (adj. OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.07). The findings suggest that anthropometric differences and sociodemographic disparities influence the attainment of WHO physical activity recommendations in Ecuadorian children.

Associations of adiposity and device-measured physical activity with cancer incidence: UK Biobank prospective cohort study.

High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk. Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear. We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of adiposity and device-measured physical activity levels of different intensities with cancer incidence and mortality. This prospective cohort study included data from 70,747 UK Biobank participants (mean age 61.6 ± 7.9 years, 56.4% women) with wrist-worn accelerometer measurements of physical activity and without chronic diseases or mobility limitations. Physical activity exposures included min per week of light (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), and vigorous (VPA) intensity physical activity, along with total weekly volume. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from anthropometric measurements. Participants were categorized into 9 groups based on joint tertiles of physical activity and BMI categories (normal weight, overweight, and obesity). Secondary analyses included adiposity using bio-impedance and waist circumference measurements. The outcome was incidence and death from cancer retrieved from national registries. Associations between adiposity, physical activity, and cancer hazard were calculated as subdistribution hazard ratios. A secondary analysis focused on cancer types strongly associated with physical activity. We observed 2625 events (2572 non-fatal and 53 fatal) during a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Compared with the referent (normal weight and high physical activity), overweight and obesity were associated with a 6% to 36% higher cancer hazard across physical activity intensities. However, high MVPA and VPA (approximately 500 min and 32 min per week in the top tertiles, respectively) attenuated the hazard associated with overweight and obesity. Being normal weight was not associated with a higher cancer hazard regardless of physical activity level. The results were similar, although more pronounced, when modeling cancer types strongly associated with physical activity as the outcome. High MVPA and VPA levels may attenuate the association of overweight and obesity with cancer hazard, but maintaining a normal weight seems comparatively more important than physical activity to reduce the hazard. Maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in physical activity is needed to minimize risk of some cancer types.

Electroacupuncture for abdominal obesity: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

IntroductionThe prevalence of obesity is rising, significantly impacting health and quality of life. Effective treatment is crucial, particularly for abdominal obesity (AO). Electroacupuncture (EA), which combines acupuncture and moxibustion with...

Structural equation modeling: exploring relationships of body mass index, waist circumference, and hypertension in elderly

Waist circumference (WC) measurements in the elderly are uncommon and erratic. Furthermore, its correlation to hypertension has received less attention in Indonesia. This study attempted to investigate direct and indirect risk factors for high blood pressure in the elderly using structural equation modeling (SEM). A cross-sectional study was conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The 297 elderly aged ≥60 is eager to take part. The path model of factors associated with blood pressure was analyzed using Stata 13. Male (b=-0.43; 95% CI=-5.67 to 4.81; p=0.872), age (b=0.52; 95% CI=0.12 to 0.93; p=0.012), and WC (b=0.35; 95% CI=0.17 to 0.53; p&amp;lt;0.001) directly affected systolic blood pressure (SBP). Male (b=1.83; 95% CI=-1.17 to 4.82; p=0.231), age (b=-0.03; 95% CI=-0.26 to 0.20; p=0.790), BMI (b=0.40; 95% CI=-0.03 to 0.83; p=0.067), and WC (b=0.04; 95% CI=-0.09 to 0.16; p=0.571) directly affected diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Increasing age, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) are the important variables that influence blood pressure in older people. This study supports the evidence that body composition and weight control are necessary to prevent and control blood pressure in the elderly.

Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and micro-RNA-122 serum level in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a case-control study

BackgroundThe relationship between venous thromboembolism and both insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome is still a matter of debate. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible association between cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and both insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. We aimed also to assess micro-RNA-122 serum levels in patients with CVST in comparison to controls.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted on patients having a clinical and neuroimaging diagnosis of acute CVST (within 1 week from the onset). Patients with inconclusive brain imaging, those with a history of malignancy, diabetic patients, and patients on drugs known to affect the insulin sensitivity or lipid profile were excluded from the study. Metabolic syndrome in the included cases and controls was evaluated by measuring waist circumference and blood pressure in addition to assessment of Triglycerides, HDL, and fasting blood sugar. The state of insulin resistance was established if the Homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value > 2.5. Serum micro-RNA-122 serum level was measured for both patients and controls.ResultsIn the present study, 36 cases diagnosed as having CVST and 34 age & sex matched controls were included. There were statistically significant differences between patients with CVST and controls regarding BMI, waist circumference, TG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin & HOMA- IR (P-value = 0.002, 0.001, 0.004, 0.003, 0.021, 0.008 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between patients with CVST and controls regarding micro-RNA-122 serum level (P-value = 0.376), whereas CVST patients with insulin resistance had a significantly higher micro-RNA-122 serum level in comparison to those without (P-value < 0.001). Patients with CVST had a significantly higher frequency of both metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in comparison to controls (P-value = 0.008, 0.002 respectively).ConclusionThere is a significant association between CVST and both insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Nutritional Status of Participants in The Integrated Development Post for Non-Communicable Diseases : a Descriptive Study

The study was to describe the nutritional status of participants in the Integrated Development Post for Non-Communicable Diseases. The method used was descriptive quantitative with 35 respondents. Respondents were measured anthropometrically including weight, height, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) then descriptive analysis was carried out using SPSS. The results showed that respondents who had BMI in the obesity category were 15 (42.90%), normal 14 (40%) and obese 6 (17.10%) and based on the measurement of waist circumference, respondents who experienced central obesity were 30 (85.70%) and not central obesity were 5 (14.30%). Conclusion: Maintaining nutritional status is very beneficial because someone who is overweight is at risk of experiencing several diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease.

Do Time-Dependent Repeated Measures of Anthropometric and Body Composition Indices Improve the Prediction of Incident Diabetes in the Cohort Study? Findings from a Community-Based Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

Cumulative evidence consistently shows that anthropometric and body composition measurements are strongly linked to the risk of incident diabetes, typically based on baseline measurements. This study aims to assess whether repeated measurements enhance the prediction of diabetes risk beyond baseline assessments alone. We utilized data from a 16-year population-based follow-up cohort within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, comprising 6,030 individuals aged 40 to 69 years at baseline. We included eight indices: a body shape index (ABSI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), weight-adjusted skeletal muscle index (SMI), percent body fat, and fat-to-muscle ratio. The effect of these measurements for incident diabetes was estimated using Harrell's C-indexes and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals, employing time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Over the 16-year follow-up, 939 new diabetes cases were identified (cumulative incidence, 15.6%). The median number of indicator measurements per participant was eight. The basic model, including 10 features (sex, age, education levels, physical activity, alcohol intake, current smoking, total energy intake, dietary diversity score, and log-transformed C-reactive protein levels, and quartiles of unweighted genetic risk score at baseline), yielded a Harrell's C-index of 0.610. The highest C-index in repeated measurements was for WC (0.668) across the general population, weight-adjusted SMI in men, and WHR in women. However, except for ABSI and BAI, the diabetes predictive power of the other indicators was comparable. Additionally, repeated measurements of WC, BMI, and WHR in women were found to contribute to improved discrimination compared to baseline measurements, but not in men. Utilizing repeated measurements of general and central adiposity to predict diabetes may be helpful in predicting hidden risks, especially in women.