Speed Of Sound Measurements Research Articles

Thermodynamics of (solute + solute) and (solute + solvent) interactions of homologous series of amino acids with thiamine hydrochloride in aqueous medium at T = (305.15, 310.15, 315.15) K: A volumetric and acoustic approach

Apparent molar volumes (Vϕ) and apparent molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,s) of glycine, l-alanine, l-valine and l-leucine in (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20)mol·kg−1 aqueous solution of thiamine hydrochloride (thiamine-HCl) have been determined at T=(305.15, 310.15 and 315.15)K and experimental pressure p=0.1MPa, from the density and speed of sound measurements. The partial molar volume Vϕo, standard partial molar volumes of transfer ΔVϕo for amino acids from water to aqueous thiamine-HCl, partial molar isentropic compression Kϕ,s and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer ΔKϕ,so have been calculated from the corresponding data. Group contributions of amino acids to partial molar volume are also determined. The pair and triplet interaction coefficients are obtained from partial molar volumes of transfer and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer. The partial molar expansibility (∂Vϕo/∂T)p, second order derivative (∂2Vϕo/∂T2)p have also been calculated. The parameters obtained have been used to explain the results in terms of (solute-solute)/(ion-ion), (solute-solvent) interactions, structure making and structure breaking behaviour of amino acids in aqueous thiamine-HCl solutions.

Densities and Speeds of Sound of d(+)-Glucose, d(−)-Fructose, d(+)-Xylose and d(−)-Ribose in Aqueous Tripotassium Citrate Solutions at Different Temperatures

Apparent molar volumes (Vϕ) and apparent molar isentropic compressions (Kϕ,S) for some monosaccharides {d(+)-glucose, d(−)-fructose, d(+)-xylose and d(−)-ribose} in (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) mol·kg–1 aqueous solutions of tripotassium citrate (TPC) have been determined from density and speeds of sound measurements along four isotherms at temperatures between (288.15 and 318.15) K at experimental pressure p = 0.1 MPa using an automated vibrating tube densimeter (Anton Paar DSA 5000 M). The experimental values are used to determine partial molar volume (Vϕ0), partial molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,S0) at infinite dilution and their corresponding partial molar volumes of transfer (ΔVϕ0), and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer (ΔKϕ,S0). The expansibility parameter (∂Vϕ0/∂T)P and its derivative (∂2Vϕ0/∂T2)P along with pair (VAB, KAB) and triplet (VABB, KABB) interaction coefficient for density and speed of sound data have been determined. The interpretation of the data has been made in terms of solut...

Speed of sound in saturated aliphatic alcohols (propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol) and alkanediols (ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2- and -1,3-diol) at temperature between 253.15 K and 353.15 K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Speeds of sound have been measured in three saturated aliphatic alcohols (propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol) and three alkanediols (ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2- and -1,3-diol) in the temperature range from (253.15 to 353.15)K and pressures up to 30MPa by use of a pulse-echo method with a double path type sensor operating at 8MHz. The expanded overall uncertainties (k=2) in the speed of sound measurements are estimated to be 0.013% for propan-2-ol, 0.019% for butan-2-ol, 0.01% for 2-methylpropan-1-ol, 0.009% for ethane-1,2-diol, 0.02% for propane-1,2-diol, and 0.07% for propane-1,3-diol. Experimental speeds of sound data were correlated with the temperature and pressure with an empirical double polynomial equation. Our results were also compared with the available literature data and a satisfactory agreement was found.

Optical coherence tomography enables accurate measurement of equine cartilage thickness for determination of speed of sound

Background and purpose — Arthroscopic estimation of articular cartilage thickness is important for scoring of lesion severity, and measurement of cartilage speed of sound (SOS)—a sensitive index of changes in cartilage composition. We investigated the accuracy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in measurements of cartilage thickness and determined SOS by combining OCT thickness and ultrasound (US) time-of-flight (TOF) measurements.Material and methods — Cartilage thickness measurements from OCT and microscopy images of 94 equine osteochondral samples were compared. Then, SOS in cartilage was determined using simultaneous OCT thickness and US TOF measurements. SOS was then compared with the compositional, structural, and mechanical properties of cartilage.Results — Measurements of non-calcified cartilage thickness using OCT and microscopy were significantly correlated (ρ = 0.92; p < 0.001). With calcified cartilage included, the correlation was ρ = 0.85 (p < 0.001). The mean cartilage SOS (1,636 m/s) was in agreement with the literature. However, SOS and the other properties of cartilage lacked any statistically significant correlation.Interpretation — OCT can give an accurate measurement of articular cartilage thickness. Although SOS measurements lacked accuracy in thin equine cartilage, the concept of SOS measurement using OCT appears promising.

In situ measurements of sediment sound speed and attenuation in the frequency band of 0.5–10 kilohertz

Knowledge of sediment sound speed and attenuation is crucial for predicting sound propagation. The sediment Acoustic-speed Measurement System (SAMS) was designed to measure frequency dependence of sound speed and attenuation within the surficial 3 m in the frequency band of 2–50 kHz. SAMS has two independent and interchangeable drill systems: one employs suction and the other a water jet. The suction system has minimal disturbance on the medium around the penetrating probe while the water jet system can help penetrate consolidated shell/sand layers. Depending on sediment types encountered, the two systems can be interchanged on site in less than 4 h. SAMS was successfully deployed during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment on the New Jersey continental shelf. It was also deployed during the Gulf Experiments 2011, 2012, and the Target and Reverberation Experiment 2013, all conducted off Panama City, FL, where sediment types range from mud to coarse sand. Sediment sound speed and attenuation results from the two experiments are presented. In preparation for the upcoming Seabed Characterization Experiment, the effort to extend measurements down to 500–1500 Hz, where dispersion is of particular importance, will be discussed as well. [Work supported by ONR.]

An overview of the Sediment Characterization Experiment 2015 survey cruise

The acoustics of fine grained marine sediments, how they impact shallow water acoustic propagation, and the use of inverse and statistical inference techniques for sediment characterization are being studied in this multi-year, multi-institutional project, which is focused on an area of the Southern New England continental shelf known as the New England Mud Patch. An overview of the first survey cruise associated with this project, which took place in July and August of 2015, will be presented. Measurements during that cruise included sub-bottom profiling and multi-beam bathymetry surveys of the experimental area, as well as CTD and gravity core, box core, and multicore sampling. A limited number of acoustic propagation measurements were made along with ship-board laboratory measurements of recovered sediment sound speed and attenuation measurements. A preliminary assessment of the presence and effect of ocean bottom biology was conducted. In this talk, an overview of the survey cruise will be presented. ...

Shipboard low frequency sound speed measurements in the New England Mud Patch

Muddy ocean bottoms have been shown to be acoustically softer than the water column, presenting challenges in resolving inverse problems such as in remote parameter sensing and target detection. In addition, the acoustic properties of mud are less adequately understood compared to sandy sediments. As part of the Sediment Characterization Experiment, a survey cruise was conducted in August 2015 in the New England Mud Patch, in order to further study the acoustic properties of mud. In addition to gravity coring operations to determine the properties of the mud layer, box cores and multicores were collected to examine the surficial sediment properties. Samples were extracted from within the multicores and transferred to a resonator tube, where shipboard low frequency laboratory measurements of sound speed were performed. Before discarding the sample, it was perturbed and allowed to settle in the resonator over a period of two days, during which low frequency sound speed measurements were taken. Experimental ...

High frequency sound speed measurements in liquids and solids using a smartphone

Much has been written in recent years on the use of smartphones and other personal electronic devices (PED) in the high school and college teaching laboratories. Due to the bandwidth limitations (< 20 kHz) of these devices, experiments proposed to date have focused almost exclusively on measurements of phenomena in air and in the audible range. This talk will focus on a simple way to extend the use of these devices to measure sound speed in liquid and solids which have significantly higher sound speeds than air. High frequency acoustic standing waves in these media can be generated using standard teaching laboratory instrumentation (e.g., signal generators providing white noise, chirp signals, CW signals with manually adjusted frequency, etc.) and two opposing piezoelectric disks. By down-converting the high frequencies with an inexpensive diode mixer and measuring the difference frequency spectrum with a PED, it is possible to determine multiple successive standing wave frequencies in the medium. The measured frequencies, along with the distance between the disks, can then be used to determine sound speed accurately. Simple and inexpensive, the proposed system provides a learning experience traditionally inaccessible without research grade RF measurement instrumentation.

Thermodynamics of Amide + Amine Mixtures. 1. Volumetric, Speed of Sound, and Refractive Index Data for N,N-Dimethylformamide + N-Propylpropan-1-amine, + N-Butylbutan-1-amine, + Butan-1-amine, or + Hexan-1-amine Systems at Several Temperatures

Values of density (ρ), speed of sound (c) and refractive index (nD) for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA) or + butan-1-amine (BA) mixtures at (293.15−303.15) K, and for DMF + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA) or hexan-1-amine (HxA) mixtures at 298.15 K are reported. Density and speed of sound measurements were conducted using a vibrating-tube densimeter and sound analyser, Anton Paar model DSA5000; refractive index values, nD values were obtained by means of a RFM970 refractometer from Bellingham+Stanley. The experimental ρ, c and nD values have been used to determine excess molar volumes, VmE, excess adiabatic compressibilities, κSE, excess speeds of sound, cE, excess thermal expansion coefficients, αpE, and excess refractive indices, nDE. This set of data shows the existence of interactions between unlike molecules and of structural effects in the mixtures under study. VmE values of solutions including linear secondary amines are lower than those of mixtures with linear primary amines....

Speed-of-sound measurements in (argon + carbon dioxide) over the temperature range from (275 to 500) K at pressures up to 8 MPa

The speed of sound of two (argon+carbon dioxide) mixtures was measured over the temperature range from (275 to 500)K with pressures up to 8MPa utilizing a spherical acoustic resonator. The compositions of the gravimetrically prepared mixtures were (0.50104 and 0.74981) mole fraction carbon dioxide. The vibrational relaxation of pure carbon dioxide led to high sound absorption, which significantly impeded the sound-speed measurements on carbon dioxide and its mixtures; pre-condensation may have also affected the results for some measurements near the dew line. Thus, in contrast to the standard operating procedure for speed-of-sound measurements with a spherical resonator, non-radial resonances at lower frequencies were taken into account. Still, the data show a comparatively large scatter, and the usual repeatability of this general type of instrument could not be realized with the present measurements. Nonetheless, the average relative combined expanded uncertainty (k=2) in speed of sound ranged from (0.042 to 0.056)% for both mixtures, with individual state-point uncertainties increasing to 0.1%. These uncertainties are adequate for our intended purpose of evaluating thermodynamic models. The results are compared to a Helmholtz energy equation of state for carbon capture and storage applications; relative deviations of (−0.64 to 0.08)% for the (0.49896 argon+0.50104 carbon dioxide) mixture, and of (−1.52 to 0.77)% for the (0.25019 argon+0.74981 carbon dioxide) mixture were observed.

Carbohydrate-surfactant interactions in aqueous and mixed organic solvents at various temperatures: Volumetric, compressibility and acoustical studies

Herein, we report the detailed volumetric, compressibility and acoustical studies of carbohydrate-surfactant interactions in aqueous and mixed organic solvents at various temperatures. The interactions between sugars (ribose, glucose, sucrose and raffinose) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, an anionic surfactant) were studied in aqueous solutions at various temperatures, i.e. 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15K using density and speed of sound measurements. Further, to clearly understand the sugar–surfactant interactions, various parameters such as molar volume (Vϕ), isentropic compressibility (κs) and apparent molar isentropic compressibility (κϕ,S) were calculated from the obtained data. The observed results revealed that different saccharides exhibit pronounced effect on micellization of SDS which might be due to the differences in number of –OH linkages. The increase in such linkages results in dominance of sugar–water interactions, thus favoring the micelle formation. Further, to support such conclusion, viscosity measurements (relative viscosity and viscous relaxation time) of SDS in aqueous solutions of sugars were also examined. The effect of different co-solvents viz. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH) and dioxane on sugar-surfactant interactions has also been discussed and demonstrated in this paper.

Volumetric Properties of Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide in Aqueous Solutions of Magnesium sulphate in the Temperature Range 298.15 to 318.15K and under the Atmospheric Pressure

ABSTRACTDensity and sound speed measurements have been carried out for the ternary systems consisting of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) in 0.1 m aqueous magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O)-water over the full range of composition from T = 293.15 to 318.15 K by using volumetric method. Using this experimental data, various physical and thermodynamical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, apparent molal compressibility, apparent molal volume, apparent and limiting partial molar volumes of the electrolytes and ions in these mixtures have been evaluated and split into respective ionic contributions. The results have been discussed in terms of ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions occurring between TBAB and aqueous MgSO4 solutions. Further, structure making/breaking behaviour of MgSO4 has been reported in terms of sign of the partial molar expansibility at infinite dilution.

Heat capacities and acoustic virial coefficients for a synthetic coal mine methane mixture by speed of sound measurements at T = (273.16 and 250.00) K

Measurements of speed of sound for a synthetic coal mine methane mixture of ten components are reported. Data were obtained using a spherical resonator for two isotherms T=(273.16 and 250.00)K and pressures up to 8MPa. The uncertainty study is detailed and the total uncertainty of the speed of sound is no worse than 0.01%. Heat capacities and acoustic virial coefficients were obtained through said measurements. Results are compared with the GERG-2008 equation of state.

Solvation Behavior of Glycine, l-Alanine, and l-Valine in Aqueous Solutions of Triammonium Citrate at Different Temperatures with Reference to Speeds of Sound Measurements

The speeds of sound measurements are carried out for investigating the interactions of glycine, l-alanine, and l-valine in $$(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, \hbox { and } 0.8)\hbox { mol}{\cdot }\hbox {kg}^{-1}$$ solutions of triammonium citrate (TAC) at $$T = (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, \hbox { and } 318.15)\hbox { K}$$ . The speeds of sound values were used to determine apparent molar isentropic compression ( $$\kappa _{\phi ,s})$$ , partial molar isentropic compression ( $$\kappa _{\phi ,s}^0)$$ , hydration number ( $$n_{H})$$ , standard partial molar isentropic compression of transfer ( $$\Delta \kappa _{\phi ,S}^0)$$ . The pair and triplet interaction coefficients have also been calculated. The results have been discussed in terms of prevailing interactions between amino acids and TAC solutions.

Speed of sound measurement and prediction of ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate at temperatures from (293.15 to 473.15) K and pressures from (0.1 to 10) MPa

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are the main components in some biodiesels, which are important alternatives of fossil fuels. In this paper, we carry out the measurements of the speed of sound in two FAEEs at the temperatures from (293.15 to 473.15)K and at the pressures up to 10MPa, including saturated liquid and compressed liquid. The relative expanded uncertainty in the speed of sound is estimated to be less than 1.0% with coverage factor of k to be 2. The data in saturated liquid and compressed liquid are fitted into polynomials. For saturated liquid, the DAAD is 0.16% for ethyl hexanoate and 0.09% for ethyl octanoate. For compressed liquid, the DAAD is 0.31% for ethyl hexanoate and 0.16% for ethyl octanoate. The data were also used to assess the predictive ability of Wada’s model.

球共鳴器による高圧水素中の音速測定

球共鳴器による高圧水素中の音速測定

Experimental study of the speed of sound in liquid and gaseous refrigerant R-407C

The speed of sound in liquid and gaseous refrigerant R-407C was measured by the method of ultrasonic interferometer in the temperature range from 293 to 373 K and pressure from 0.05 to 0.5 to 3.7 MPa. The experimental uncertainties of the temperature, pressure, and speed of sound measurements were estimated to be within ±20 mK, ±4 kPa, and ±(0.1–0.3) %, respectively. The obtained results are compared with the calculated speed of sound from the fundamental state equation for the Helmholtz free energy.

Sound speed measurement in the liver: Methodology and influencing factors

Sound speed measurement in the liver: Methodology and influencing factors

Algorithm for reconstructing vibrational relaxation times in excitable gases by two-frequency acoustic measurements

Vibrational relaxation time is a parameter describing the macroscopic behavior of vibrational energy transition rate between molecular internal degrees of freedom (DOF) and external DOF in excitable gas, which determines the relaxation frequency of the maximum point in acoustic absorption spectrum. To measure the vibrational relaxation time, the traditional methods are used to obtain the acoustic absorption spectra by changing the ambient pressure at several operating frequencies. However, these traditional methods are not suitable for real-time measurement due to the complexity of equipment implementation and the non-ideality of test gas under high pressure. In order to solve those problems, we have developed an algorithm [2013 Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 055002] to capture the primary vibrational relaxation processes only based on the measurements of sound absorption and sound speed at two operating frequencies and a single pressure. But the algorithm only can reconstruct the absorption maximum and it cannot capture the relaxation time with high precision. To measure the frequency dependence of the complex effective specific heat of the relaxing gas, an algorithm synthesizing relaxation processes is given by Petculescu and Lueptow [2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 238301]. In its derivation process, relaxational angular frequency was set to be the inverse ratio to relaxation time. However, the relaxational angular frequency was measured in the adiabatic process of transmission thermodynamic, while the relaxation time was obtained in the thermodynamic isothermal process, the derivation confused the two thermodynamic processes, making the algorithm unable to capture the relaxation frequency with high precision. In order to estimate the relaxation time with higher accuracy, in this paper we first obtain the theoretical relationship among the relaxation times under the three types of thermodynamics conditions, i. e., isothermal, adiabatic constant pressure and adiabatic constant volume. Then we correct the relaxation time derivation and propose our corrected algorithm to reconstruct the relaxation frequencies and relaxation times under the conditions of isothermal, adiabatic constant pressure and adiabatic constant volume. In experiments and simulations, the relaxation times and relaxation frequencies reconstructed by our corrected algorithm for various gas compositions including carbon dioxide, methane, chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen around room temperature are consistent with the experimental data.

An Ultrasonic Caliper Device for Measuring Acoustic Nonlinearity

In medical and industrial ultrasound, it is often necessary to measure the acoustic properties of a material. A specific medical application requires measurements of sound speed, attenuation, and nonlinearity to characterize livers being evaluated for transplantation. For this application, a transmission-mode caliper device is proposed in which both transmit and receive transducers are directly coupled to a test sample, the propagation distance is measured with an indicator gage, and receive waveforms are recorded for analysis. In this configuration, accurate measurements of nonlinearity present particular challenges: diffraction effects can be considerable while nonlinear distortions over short distances typically remain small. To enable simple estimates of the nonlinearity coeffcient from a quasi-linear approximation to the lossless Burgers’ equation, the calipers utilize a large transmitter and plane waves are measured at distances of 15-50 mm. Waves at 667 kHz and pressures between 0.1 and 1 MPa were generated and measured in water at different distances; the nonlinearity coeffcient of water was estimated from these measurements with a variability of approximately 10%. Ongoing efforts seek to test caliper performance in other media and improve accuracy via additional transducer calibrations.