Measure Of Lean Body Mass Research Articles

The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men.

Creatine and protein supplementation can enhance the training outcomes of young subjects, but it is not clear if there are benefits for older individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of creatine and protein supplementation on strength gains following a traditional resistance training program for middle-aged and older men. This study assessed changes in strength of men aged 48-72 years following 14 weeks of resistance training supplemented with creatine and/or protein. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design placed 42 males into one of four groups: Resistance Trained Placebo (RTP, n=10); Resistance Trained Creatine (RTCr, 5g Cr, n=10); Resistance Trained Protein (RTPr, 35g whey Pr, n=11); or Resistance Trained Creatine and Protein (RTCrPr, 5g Cr and 35g Pr, n=11). All groups trained 3 days per week for 14 weeks. The resistance training program was based on progressive overload. Training loads corresponded to 80% 1 RM (one repetition maximum strength), 3 sets of 8 repetitions for the following exercises: knee extension/knee flexion; bicep curl/tricep extension; military press; lat pull down; seated leg press; and bench press. 1 RM for each exercise and measures of lean body mass were assessed prior to and following the 14 week program. Each group significantly (p < 0.05) increased strength and lean body mass, however, there were no significant group effects or group X trial interactions. Resistance training in middle-aged and older men significantly increased muscular strength and added muscle mass with no additional benefits from creatine and/or protein supplementation.

The Meaning and Measurement of Lean Body Mass

Methods of measuring lean body mass have evolved greatly in the past decade. Because all practical methods of measurement are indirect (i.e., not involving carcass analysis), appropriate models of body composition must be applied. Today's improved precision is due both to better instrumentation and to improved models based on partition of the body into its constituent compartments. With this improved methodology has come the recognition that loss of lean body mass is associated with survival in starvation, acute illness, and aging. In addition, correlations of lean body mass with immune competence and functional status are beginning to emerge. It remains to be proven that changes in lean body mass in aging and disease independently determine outcome. Interventions that preserve or normalize lean body mass could be important for preservation of vigorous functional status.

Use of the insulin pump in treat cystic fibrosis related diabetes

Objectives This study was conducted to determine efficacy and tolerability of the continued subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via an insulin pump for treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD). We also tested the hypothesis that CSII would improve body weight, blood sugar control, lean body mass, whole body protein turnover, hepatic glucose production (HGP). Methods We recruited 9 CF patients with established diabetes and placed them on insulin pump therapy for six months. Each subject kept daily blood sugar records before and during pump use. Prior to the pump placement and at the end of six months, each patient underwent the following measurements: 1) whole body protein turnover using the stable isotope [1- 13C] leucine; 2) DEXA scan for measurement of lean body mass; 3) anthropometric measurements; 4) Hemoglobin A1c. Patient data was compared to baseline data and the mean change from baseline was analyzed. Results There was significant improvement in both fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels, body weight, HbA1C, and lean mass. Protein catabolism as measured by leucine rate of appearance was significantly lower, as was hepatic glucose production. No patient developed hypoglycemia during the study. Conclusions This study demonstrates that CSII is safe and effective for treatment of CFRD and that metabolic benefits are also present.

Up date nutritional support for patients with COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with multiple comorbid conditions including ischemic heart disease, peripheral muscular dysfunction, osteoporosis, osteopenia, glaucoma, anemia, anxiety , depression, caquexia and malnutrition. A number of individuals with COPD experience involuntary weight loss as the condition progresses and weight loss, muscle wasting and tissue depletion are commonly seen. Malnutrition has a negative impact on the clinical course of COPD. The negative impact of malnutrition has led to interest in nutritional assessment and supplementation, alone or in combination with anabolic substances or appetite stimulants, in an effort to improve disease outcome. The effects of nutritional supplementation on weigh gain and anthropometric parameters were small suggesting that oral supplementation alone is of limited efficacy. The studies with anabolic steroids or growth hormone showed improvement in nutritional parameters but no improvement in exercise capacity. Large randomized trials that include measure of lean body mass, exercise capacity and quality of life should be stimulated.

Essential amino acid supplementation maintains muscle function during bed rest in the elderly

Older individuals are more likely to experience extended hospitalization. Thus, there is an inherent risk of prolonged inactivity and the accompanying functional decline. We have previously demonstrated that the provision of an essential amino acid (EAA) supplement in younger individuals subjected to 28d of bed rest eliminates the loss of lean body mass (LBM) and ameliorates the loss in muscle function. We hypothesized that EAA administration in older individuals subjected to 10d bed rest would also spare LBM and muscle function. Twenty‐two older subjects were given a placebo (n = 12, 68 ± 5 (SD) yrs, 83 ± 19 kg) or 15g of EAA (n = 10, 71 ± 6, 72 ± 8 kg) 3 times per day throughout 10d of bed rest. Measures of LBM, muscle protein synthesis, and muscle strength and function were determined before and after bed rest. Outcomes were tested statistically by 2X2 ANOVA and Tukey's post‐hoc test. EAA supplementation maintained muscle protein synthetic rate (P=0.025), but did not ameliorate the loss of LBM. EAA supplementation resulted in a preservation of plantar flexion strength (p=0.054), stair ascent power (p=0.029), stair descent power (p=0.026), and floor transfer time (p=0.027). Despite the inability of EAA to preserve LBM, muscle function was maintained. EAA supplementation maintains muscle protein turnover and preserves muscle function in older, inactive individuals.Project funded by the National Institutes of Health grant PO1 AG023591 (Evans).

Correlations of lean body mass with nutritional indicators and mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Detection of malnutrition in dialysis patients is important since this is a predictor of morbidity and mortality. Lean body mass (LBM) reflects the somatic protein store and this was measured by creatinine kinetics, anthropometry, and biometric impedance in 210 incident Chinese patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The study was started in the third month of dialysis and the patients were followed for an average of 29 months. We devised three models of survival by combining the three different LBM measures with several nutritional markers and recognized outcome predictors. Follow-up was censored for transplantation or transfer to hemodialysis with an end point of death while on peritoneal dialysis. Statistical correlations were observed among the LBM values determined by all the three methods and these correlated significantly with both left and right hand grip strength but not with nutritional markers. LBM by creatinine kinetics, mean arterial pressure, and the calcium-phosphorus product were significant, independent predictors of death in one survival model. Anthropometry and bioelectric impedance were not significant predictors of death in the other two models. Our study suggests that LBM measured by creatinine kinetics, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance correlates well with the somatic protein store but not with the general nutritional status.

This Month in Gastroenterology

This Month in Gastroenterology

Monozygotic co-twin analyses of body composition measurements and serum lipids

Objective. To evaluate BMI and direct measures of body fat (BF) and lean body mass (LBM) in relation to fasting serum lipid profiles in a large Chinese population based twin sample using a monozygotic (MZ) co-twin analysis. Methods. Adiposity measures collected 1998–2000 on 987 MZ female 20–60 year old twin pairs ( n = 1974) included BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), LBM, trunk fat (TF), %TF, total BF, and % total BF (measured by DEXA). Serum lipids included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL, and HDL. Co-twin analyses and conventional regression analyses were used to assess the association between individual adiposity and LBM measures, and serum lipids. Results. In this lean population with a mean BMI 21.8 (2.8), we observed considerable variability in adiposity measures and serum lipids. A positive linear association between all adiposity measures with LDL, TC, and TG, and a negative linear association with HDL was observed. A 1-unit z-score increase of adiposity measures, reflecting fat distribution, was associated with increases in (mmol/L) TC (0.063 to 0.164), LDL (0.064 to 0.131), TG (0.049 to 0.164), and a decrease in HDL (0.021 to 0.038) while controlling for matched factors within twin pairs (i.e., age and unmeasured confounders). However, similar associations were not observed for LBM. Conclusion. It is the BF (not LBM) that appears to be associated with serum lipid profiles. This study underscores that in populations where BMI is highly correlated with BF, BMI can be used as a surrogate for BF in evaluating risk of dyslipidemia. Otherwise, direct measures of BF are needed.

Insulin sensitivity in subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism and the effect of a low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level on insulin sensitivity

To investigate the relation between secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and insulin sensitivity, 15 subjects with SHPT (serum PTH >6.4 pmol/l, serum calcium <2.40 mmol/l, and normal serum creatinine) and 15 control subjects were investigated with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a 3-h hyperglycemic clamp. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No differences were found between the SHPT and control groups on any indices of glucose or insulin metabolism. However, when dividing the 30 subjects in the upper and lower halves according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (<59 and >58 nmol/l), those in the lower half had significantly higher 2-h serum insulin value at the OGTT, significantly higher insulin secretion during the last hour of the clamp, and significantly lower insulin sensitivity index (ISI; glucose infusion rate/insulin secretion during the last hour of the clamp). In a multiple linear regression analysis correcting for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI), the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was significantly and positively associated with the ISI. The amounts of total body and truncal fat were negatively and significantly associated with the ISI, whereas no association between measures of lean body mass were associated with insulin secretion or sensitivity.

Influence of Age on Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic Force Production Characteristics in Men

Most previous studies have focused on the effects of age on muscle performance of a single type of contraction, usually isometric, and usually on only a single muscle group. Instead,we investigated the influence of age on isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic muscle performance in men aged 20-83 years and determined relationships between regional lean body mass and muscle performance. Seventy-five volunteers were placed into designated 10-year age groups: 20-29 (n=13), 30-39 (n=14), 40-49 (n=15), 50-59 (n=10), 60-69 (n=14), and 70+ years (n=9). Muscle performance was characterized by a number of parameters, including strength, time, and rate for maximal voluntary contractions using all 3 contraction types and 4 muscle groups (elbow extensors, elbow flexors, knee extensors, and knee flexors). Measures of lean body mass were obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. There were significant age group differences in maximal force (P < or = 0.05) for each type of muscle contraction, and in maximal rates of isometric force production (P < or = 0.05), with declines beginning around 60 years of age. Differences in muscle performance between age groups remained when body composition differences were controlled statistically. Chronological age affected performance of both upper and lower extremity muscles, independent of muscle mass, and regardless of contraction type; however, isometric performance was the least affected.

Serum creatinine: A surrogate measurement of lean body mass in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Since creatinine is formed almost exclusively in skeletal muscle, the hypothesis of a relationship between serum creatinine (SC) and lean body mass (LBM), determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), was tested. Two cohorts of patients were analyzed: 37 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 20 children with primary muscular disorders (PMD). The latter cohort was used as a comparative group. Statistical analyses were performed using linear regressions. A strong correlation was demonstrated between SC and LBM in the patients with PMD (r = 0.77) and in patients with ALL (r = 0.83 at diagnosis; r = 0.77 on therapy; and r = 0.56 off therapy). The correlation between SC and body size (body mass index) was much weaker (r = 0.38; r = -0.09; r = 0.29 at the successive observations in the ALL cohort and r = 0.05 in the PMD cohort). These data provide support for the initial hypothesis. Further investigations with a wider variety of diseases are needed for this will allow the consideration of SC as a general surrogate measure of LBM and consequently of nutritional status.

Grip Strength as an Index for Assessment of Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-10 Years

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of grip strength as an index of nutritional status in 6-10 y old children. Seven hundred and eighty seven children (364 boys and 423 girls) in the age group of 6 to 10 y were selected from private and municipal schools, orphanages and slums in the cities of Mumbai and Pune, India. Grip strength was measured using the dominant hand. Height, weight, mid-arm circumference and triceps skinfold were also measured in all subjects. A significantly high correlation (p<0.01) was observed between grip strength and age for both sexes. Boys had a higher grip strength than girls at all ages. Grip strength was significantly correlated with height, weight, mid arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm fat and arm muscle areas (p<0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed height, weight, triceps skinfold and age to be independent variables influencing grip strength. Grip strength was found to be a specific measure of lean body mass (75 to 94%), but sensitivity was quite low (about 25%). The positive predictive value was variable, ranging from 54.6 to 21.5%. The specificity, sensitivity and positive predictive values were very high when compared with arm muscle area. Grip strength may have a potential value as an additional test for nutritional assessment in field situations and clinical settings.

Influence of Age on Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic Force Production Characteristics in Men

2437 Most previous research have focused on the effects of age on force production characteristics of a single contraction type (isometric, isokinetic, or isotonic) and usually a single muscle group. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chronological age on isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic force production characteristics of four muscle groups in normal, healthy men aged 20–83 years. A second objective was to determine relationships between regional lean body mass and the force production characteristics examined. METHODS: Seventy five volunteers were placed into designated 10-year age groups: 20–29 (n = 13); 30–39 (n = 14); 40–49 (n = 15); 50–59 (n = 10); 60–69 (n = 14); and 70+ years (n = 9). Muscle function was characterized by a number of parameters (strength, time, rate, etc) for all three contraction types (isometric, isokinetic, isotonic) and four muscle groups (elbow extensors, elbow flexors, knee extensors, and knee flexors). Measures of lean body mass were obtained by DXA. RESULTS: There were significant age group differences in the ability to produce maximal force (strength) (p < 0.05) for each type of muscle contraction, and to generate maximal rates of isometric force production (p < 0.05), with an overall decline beginning around 60 years of age. The differences that were observed in force production capabilities between age groups remained when body composition differences were statistically controlled. CONCLUSION: Chronological age did affect force production parameters of both upper and lower extremity muscles, regardless of contraction type, however, isometric strength was not affected as much as isokinetic and isotonic measures. Additionally, differences in muscle function with increasing age could not be explained by differences in muscle mass.

Influence of Age on Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic Force Production Characteristics in Men

2437 Most previous research have focused on the effects of age on force production characteristics of a single contraction type (isometric, isokinetic, or isotonic) and usually a single muscle group. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chronological age on isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic force production characteristics of four muscle groups in normal, healthy men aged 20–83 years. A second objective was to determine relationships between regional lean body mass and the force production characteristics examined. METHODS: Seventy five volunteers were placed into designated 10-year age groups: 20–29 (n = 13); 30–39 (n = 14); 40–49 (n = 15); 50–59 (n = 10); 60–69 (n = 14); and 70+ years (n = 9). Muscle function was characterized by a number of parameters (strength, time, rate, etc) for all three contraction types (isometric, isokinetic, isotonic) and four muscle groups (elbow extensors, elbow flexors, knee extensors, and knee flexors). Measures of lean body mass were obtained by DXA. RESULTS: There were significant age group differences in the ability to produce maximal force (strength) (p < 0.05) for each type of muscle contraction, and to generate maximal rates of isometric force production (p < 0.05), with an overall decline beginning around 60 years of age. The differences that were observed in force production capabilities between age groups remained when body composition differences were statistically controlled. CONCLUSION: Chronological age did affect force production parameters of both upper and lower extremity muscles, regardless of contraction type, however, isometric strength was not affected as much as isokinetic and isotonic measures. Additionally, differences in muscle function with increasing age could not be explained by differences in muscle mass.

Sonographic evaluation of fetal growth and body composition in women with different degrees of normal glucose metabolism.

To investigate the maternal demographic and metabolic factors contributing to the growth of fetal lean and fat body mass in women whose degree of glucose intolerance is less than that defining gestational diabetes in comparison with women with normal glucose metabolism. Longitudinal sonographic examinations of 66 singleton fetuses without anomalies of nonobese mothers with abnormal oral glucose challenge test (GCT) results and without gestational diabetes (group 1) were compared with those of 123 singleton fetuses without anomalies of nonobese mothers with normal GCT values (group 2). Lean body mass measurements included head circumference, femur length, mid-upper arm, and mid-thigh central areas. Fat body mass measurements included the anterior abdominal wall thickness, the subscapular thickness, and the mid-upper arm and mid-thigh subcutaneous areas. All the women performed a 24-h glucose profile on the day preceding the ultrasound scan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis established best-fit equations for fetal sonographic measurements of fat and lean body mass. Independent variables included groups 1 and 2, maternal age, parity, prepregnancy BMI, gestational age, weight gain during pregnancy, fetal sex, and the following averaged 24-h profile maternal capillary blood glucose values: preprandial, 1-h postprandial, and 2-h postprandial. No difference was found between the two groups with respect to fetal lean body mass parameters; the factors that contributed significantly and most frequently were gestational age and fetal sex (male). With respect to fetal fat body mass, all the measurements were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. In all instances, the significantly contributing factors were gestational age and maternal 1-h postprandial glucose values, whereas another frequent contributor was prepregnancy BMI. Our study suggests the possibility of using sonographically determined fetal fat and lean mass measurements as indicators of body composition. The assessment of these parameters, achievable in a noninvasive and reproducible fashion in pregnancies complicated by glucose intolerance, might enable the real-time detection of fetal overgrowth and disproportion, thus opening the possibility of exploring interventions to limit fetal fat accretion, birth weight, and potential resulting morbidity.

Lean Mass Estimation by Creatinine Kinetics and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Peritoneal Dialysis

Background: Malnutrition is widely prevalent in dialysis. Malnourished patients present depletion of somatic protein stores and a decrease in lean body mass (LBM) that can be measured by different techniques. Aims: (1) To assess the reliability of lean mass measurements obtained by creatinine kinetics (CrK) in a group of stable peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements as the reference method; (2) to establish the reproducibility of LBM estimated by CrK in individual patients analyzing repeated measurement in the short term, and (3) to correlate measurements of LBM with laboratory determinations that assess nutritional status. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional evaluation of LBM by DEXA and CrK in 39 PD patients. In 14 patients we performed repeated measurements of LBM by CrK in the short term. Results: No significant difference was found in mean lean mass values estimated by both methods: mean DEXA LBM was 41.7 kg, 36.1 ± 4.5 kg in females and 52.7 ± 6.4 kg in males and mean CrK LBM was 41.08 kg, 37.5 ± 6.1 kg in females and 48.1 ± 8.4 kg in males. A good correlation was found between both techniques (r = 0.71; p < 0.003). The mean difference between the two methods was 0.638 ± 6.95 kg (95% confidence limits: –12.98 and +14.26). A wide scatter of the differences between both methods was seen throughout the range of measurements of LBM. When LBM by CrK was repeatedly (2–3 times) measured in a period of 3–4 months in 14 patients, it had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 15.39% (range 2.89–42.88%), while body weight CV in the same period was 0.69% (range 0–1.9%). Conclusions: CrK is an unsatisfactory method for the assessment of LBM in PD patients.

Generic task-related occupational requirements for Royal Naval personnel

Physical tests and selection criteria have historically been used by many military organizations. However, the standards associated with them have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. This paper describes a series of experiments that were conducted to establish task-related occupational tests and standards (TBTs) for Royal Naval (RN) personnel. A total of 172 (106 male and 66 female) RN personnel volunteered for these experiments, which were designed to: identify the anthropometric requirements for operating various safety hatches and doors on board a RN Frigate (TBT1); quantify the metabolic demands of shipboard firefighting tasks and establish an aerobic fitness standard (TBT2); and identify a battery of tests to predict performance of shipboard casualty-carrying tasks (TBT3). Whilst all subjects completed the criterion tasks during TBT1, performance of the bulkhead door (BD) escape task was related to height (r = 0.50- 0.62, P < 0.05) and vertical reach (r = 0.42-0.54, P < 0.05), with shorter subjects struggling to perform the task. During TBT2, the mean metabolic demand of representative firefighting tasks was 38 ml/min/kg, which must be sustained for 20-30 min. Finally, a battery of tests incorporating measures of lean body mass, fat mass, standing broad jump, 20 m sprint, press-ups, sit-ups and grip strength produced a high correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) with casualty-carrying task performance. From the results of these experiments, it is recommended that RN personnel perform the BD simulation task at the recruitment stage (TBT1), to prove that they possess the anthropometric characteristics commensurate with survival at sea. Secondly, personnel should be frequently screened to ascertain whether they have the maximal aerobic power (41 ml/min/kg) commensurate with shipboard firefighting for 20-30 min (TBT2). Finally, they should perform the battery of proposed tests and score at least 34 points, in order to establish whether they have the anaerobic and strength capacity commensurate with shipboard casualty-carrying tasks (TBT3).

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SOY PROTEIN ON LEAN BODY MASS AND UPPER BODY FORCE DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY

Athletes that focus on resistance training frequently consume a high protein diet in an attempt to optimize the training-induced adaptations. As soy is the one of the few sources of dietary protein containing antioxidants, it may be beneficial for athletes who engage in frequent resistance training to consume the majority of their dietary protein in the form of soy. PURPOSE: The specific aim was to determine the role ingestion of a dietary soy protein supplement has on enhancement of lean body mass and upper-body force development capacity during a 9-week resistance-training program. To achieve the aim, we tested the following two hypotheses: Compared with the ingestion of a whey protein supplement, ingestion of a soy protein supplement will: 1.) produce a greater increase in lean body mass; and 2.) produce a greater increase in upper-body force development capacity. METHODS: Twenty-nine college-aged males (mean age = 20.8 years ± 0.3) were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to either a soy protein supplement (S), whey protein suplement (W), or a control (C) group. All three groups participated in a prescribed resistance-training program. Protein groups (S and W) consumed 33 grams of protein daily in a bar form. The C group received no supplement. Pre- and post-training assessments included lean body mass measurements via a three-site skinfold, the Bod Pod, and hydrostatic weighing, and determination of a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) lift on the flat-bench chest press. RESULTS: There were no pre-test to post-test differences in lean body mass between or among groups for any of the three assessment methods utilized. The 1-RM chest press values (kg) were not different between or among groups from pre- (W = 95 ± 4.7, S = 104 ± 8.3, and C = 103 ± 3.4) to post (W = 105 ± 5.1, S = 121 ± 12.1, and C = 129 ± 12.1). CONCLUSION: The hypotheses were not supported. The results suggest that, compared with a whey protein supplement, a soy protein supplement produces no greater gains in the enhancement of lean body mass or upper-body force development capacity. Supported by Dr. Soy, Inc. (RAD, STD) and an OSU Seed Grant (STD).

Lean Body Mass (LBM) als eigener Osteoporose-Risikofaktor bei postmenopausalen Frauen

Osteoporose-Prävention mittels HRT muss mit zunehmend kritischerer Nutzen-Risiko-Diskussion gezielter indiziert werden.

Evaluation of the TOBEC Method for Calculating Fat Mass in Tree SparrowsPasser montanusand House SparrowsPasser domesticus

Abstract. Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is the name of a non-invasive method for investigating total body fat (TBF) in vertebrates. The error of measurement depends on body mass (for large animals the relative error is small), body shape and other factors. The ACAN-2 apparatus operating on the basis of the TOBEC method shows integer numbers (readings) correlated with lean body mass (LBM). From the series of these readings (measurements) TOBEC can be calculated in many ways. The error for LBM and TBF measurements in Tree Sparrows (of masses 22.5 ± 1.7 g) and House Sparrows (of masses 29.8 ± 2.0 g) was 1.19 g. This error may be reduced by repeating the TOBEC measurement and calculating the arithmetic mean of readings from the apparatus obtained 1 second after the commencement of measurement. Readings making up a single measurement series showed periodic irregular fluctuations of average amplitude 3 units in the case of Tree Sparrows and 5 units for House Sparrows — corresponding to errors of 0....