Fasting Blood Glucose Measurements Research Articles

Observation of elevated fasting blood glucose and functional outcome after ischemic stroke in patients with and without diabetes.

During May 2015 to October 2016, this prospective study enrolled a total of 438 patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS), meanwhile, records regarding the severity of initial stroke and neurological outcomes at three months, as well as other examination were completed in patients on admission, as well as the measurement and evaluation of fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels. At admission, the median FBG levels in patients with a minor stroke (n=124), [P<0.001]) was significantly lower than that observed in patients with other degrees of stroke. The poor functional outcome distribution across the FBG quartiles ranged from 13.8 % (first quartile) to 59.6% (fourth quartile), with P <0.001. Compared with the reference category (first quartile), patients in the highest quartile had a relative risk of 3.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.88-6.15; P<0.001) while those in the second and third quartiles had relative risks of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.21-3.03; P=0.035) and 2.23 (95% CI, 1.50-3.69; P=0.010), respectively. Furthermore, in the patients without diabetes, FBG level was observed to be increased and indicated an increased risk of disability (odds ratio [OR]: 1.30 (95%CI 1.13-1.61), P=0.002), however, similar result was not detected in patients with prior diabetes (P=0.089). In conclusion, elevated FBG levels after stroke may suggest poor functional outcome at 3-month in patients without a previous history of diabetes.

Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Moringa oleifera is partly mediated by carbohydrase inhibition and glucose-fibre binding.

Moringa oleifera has potential anti-hyperglycaemic effects that have been reported earlier by different scientific groups using animal models of diabetes. We aimed to explore the possible mechanisms of action of M. oleifera extract through different methods. Primarily, we measured fasting blood glucose and performed glucose tolerance test, in Type 2 diabetic rats. Further, we studied the effects of extracts on pancreatic insulin concentration. Extracts’ effect on carbohydrate breakdown was assayed using α-amylase inhibition assays and assay of six different segments of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. An in situ intestinal perfusion model and a glucose fibre assay were performed to see the potentiality of M. oleifera on glucose absorption. M. oleifera showed no significant change in insulin secretion in vivo. Additionally, substantial effect of the extract was seen on retarded glucose absorption and in the in situ perfusion study of rat intestinal model. α-amylase action was inhibited by the extract, yet again, these findings were further confirmed via the Six Segment assay, where sucrose digestion was found to be inhibited throughout the length of the GI tract. A combined in vitro, in vivo and in situ tests justified the potential of anti-hyperglycaemic activity of M. oleifera and its tissue level mechanism is also justified.

Insulin resistance and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients.

We analyzed whether insulin resistance (IR) assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2-IR) index can stratify hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A retrospective cohort of 1696 chronic HBV-infected patients (age: 50.0±7.8years, men=964 [56.8%]) who underwent detailed health checkup program including C-peptide and fasting blood glucose measurement and followed up for more than a year were analyzed. During a median follow-up of 5.0years (range, 1.0-10.5years), 24 patients (1.4%) developed HCC. The HCC incidence rate was higher for patients with higher HOMA2-IR value than those with lower HOMA2-IR value (1.7% vs 0.5% for HOMA2-IR >1.200 vs ≤1.200, P=0.009). HOMA2-IR was a significant factor associated with HCC development in multivariable-adjusted model (HR [95% CI]: 3.25 [1.13-9.31], adjusted for age, sex, cirrhosis, and HBV DNA levels). The association between HOMA2-IR and HCC was markedly attenuated and became no longer statistically significant (HR [95% CI]: 1.93 [0.57-6.51]) when further adjusted for obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. In subgroup analysis, HOMA2-IR value was an independent factor associated with HCC in patients without overt metabolic abnormalities (hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) but not for those with overt metabolic abnormalities. Insulin resistance assessed by HOMA2 was associated with the risk of HCC, indicating that HOMA2-IR can be a useful tool for stratifying the risk of HCC in chronic HBV-infected patients, particularly in patients without overt metabolic abnormalities.

Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus and Related Factors in East Gojjam (NW Ethiopia) in 2016: A Community-Based Study.

IntroductionCurrently, diabetes is the second most common non-communicable disease (NCD) in Ethiopia. Its burden is 4.8% in this country, even though three quarter of its population live with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM), which causes complications like heart failure, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves damages. Early detection of DM is vital for a timely intervention to prevent these life threatening complications. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed DM and related factors in East Gojjam, North West Ethiopia, in 2016.Materials and methodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 757 individuals in East Gojjam from June to September 2016. The sampled population was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Basic data were collected in Amharic (local language) and a pretested interviewer administered the questionnaire. Peripheral blood samples were collected by puncturing the ring finger in order to measure fasting blood glucose. Univarite and multivariate logistic regressions analysis were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0.ResultsThe percentage of undiagnosed DM in the study area was 11.5% (95%CI=9.2, 13.7). The prevalence was 11.3% among male vs. 11.8% among female; 13.4% in urban areas vs. 10.3% in rural areas. The occurrence of undiagnosed DM was mainly associated with older age (AOR=5.99, 95%CI=1.54, 23.24), family history of diabetes (AOR=9.86, 95%CI=4.25, 22.89), history of gestational diabetes (AOR=3.01, 95%CI=1.17, 8.39) and sedentary behaviour >4 hours per day (AOR=2.13, 95%CI=1.04, 4.34). Being non-smoker (AOR=0.05, 95%CI=0.01, 0.17) and unmarried (AOR=0.09, 95%CI=0.02, 0.42) were also predictive characteristics for undiagnosed DM in the study area.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study revealed a relatively high prevalence of undiagnosed DM in the study area. The occurrence of undiagnosed DM was significantly higher when associated with the age of the participants, their marital status, history of hypertension, diabetes family history, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, current smoking practices and sedentary behaviour. Thus, efforts have to be made, particularly by the individuals involved in health practice, to early detect the disease and thereby initiate a suitable therapeutic service, before complications ariseSignificance for public healthCurrently, diabetes is the second most common non-communicable disease in Ethiopia. Its burden is 4.8% in this country, though three quarter of its population live with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM), which could lead to several complications such as heart failure, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves damages. Evidence shows that the disease is increasing through time. Early detection of DM is vital for a timely intervention to prevent life-threatening complications. Efforts should be made by politicians, decision makers and other healthy institutions to implement screening modality and early interventions.

Intake of different dietary proteins and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.

The roles of different dietary proteins in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary proteins with the risk of incident T2D in Finnish men from the prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The study included 2332 men aged 42-60 years at the baseline examinations in 1984-1989. Protein intakes were calculated from 4-d dietary records. Incident T2D was determined by self-administered questionnaires, fasting blood glucose measurements, 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests, and with national registers. The multivariable-adjusted risk of T2D on the basis of protein intakes was compared by the Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR). During the mean follow-up of 19·3 years, 432 incident T2D cases were identified. Total, animal, meat or dairy product protein intakes were not associated with risk of T2D when the potential confounders were accounted for. Plant (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile HR 0·65; 95 % CI 0·42, 1·00; P trend 0·04) and egg (HR 0·67; 95 % CI 0·44, 1·00; P trend 0·03) protein intakes were associated with a decreased risk of T2D. Adjustments for BMI, plasma glucose and serum insulin slightly attenuated associations. Replacing 1 % energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein was associated with a 5 % (95 % CI 0, 11) increased risk of T2D, but adjustment for fibre intake attenuated the association. Replacing 1 % of energy from animal protein with energy from plant protein was associated with 18 % (95 % CI 0, 32) decreased risk of T2D. This association remained after adjusting for BMI. In conclusion, favouring plant and egg proteins appeared to be beneficial in preventing T2D.

Grape seed procyanidin B2 ameliorates hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice.

Diabetes is commonly associated with liver lipid metabolism disorders. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a key role in regulating lipid metabolism. Grape seed procyanidin B2 (GSPB2), a natural polyphenol polymer, ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibits oxidative stress or apoptosis via AMPK pathways. In the present study, the hypothesis that GSPB2 treatment may ameliorate liver lipid metabolic disorders by activating AMPK and downstream pathways was tested in diabetic mice. Db/m mice were used as controls, and diabetic db/db mice were randomly divided into 2 groups for treatment: Vehicle and GSPB2 (30mg/kg/day for 10weeks). Animals were weighed every week. Fasting blood was collected prior to sacrifice to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Hepatic TG and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were analyzed. Hepatic sections were examined by light microscopy following hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of hepatic AMPK, phosphorylated acetyl‑CoA carboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and 4‑hydroxynonenal (4‑HNE) was measured by western blot analysis. Liver mitochondria were isolated to assess electron transport complex I (CI), complex II (CII) and complex IV by high-resolution respirometry. The results demonstrated that GSPB2 significantly decreased body weight and serum TG, TC and FFA levels, but not FBG levels in diabetic mice. GSPB2 visibly decreased lipid droplet accumulation in the liver and significantly reduced hepatic TG and FFA levels. In diabetic mice, GSPB2 restored liver AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, increased CPT1 protein expression, ameliorated lipid peroxidation damage, which was assessed by comparing 4‑HNE levels, and partially restored the damaged mitochondrial respiratory capacity of CI and CII in the liver. In conclusion, long‑term oral treatment with GSPB2 may benefit hepatic lipid metabolism disorders, potentially by decreasing hepatic lipid synthesis and increasing hepatic FFA β‑oxidation via the AMPK‑ACC pathway.

The Effectiveness of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Improving Glycaemic Control in Adults with Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

People with severe mental illness (SMI) have reduced life expectancy compared with the general population, which can be explained partly by their increased risk of diabetes. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the clinical effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for improving glycaemic control in people with SMI (PROSPERO registration: CRD42015015558). A systematic literature search was performed on 30/10/2015 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with SMI, with or without a diagnosis of diabetes that measured fasting blood glucose or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Screening and data extraction were carried out independently by two reviewers. We used random effects meta-analysis to estimate effectiveness, and subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression to explore heterogeneity. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was used to assess risk of bias. We found 54 eligible RCTs in 4,392 adults (40 pharmacological, 13 behavioural, one mixed intervention). Data for meta-analysis were available from 48 RCTs (n = 4052). Both pharmacological (mean difference (MD), -0.11mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI), [-0.19, -0.02], p = 0.02, n = 2536) and behavioural interventions (MD, -0.28mmol//L; 95% CI, [-0.43, -0.12], p<0.001, n = 956) were effective in lowering fasting glucose, but not HbA1c (pharmacological MD, -0.03%; 95% CI, [-0.12, 0.06], p = 0.52, n = 1515; behavioural MD, 0.18%; 95% CI, [-0.07, 0.42], p = 0.16, n = 140) compared with usual care or placebo. In subgroup analysis of pharmacological interventions, metformin and antipsychotic switching strategies improved HbA1c. Behavioural interventions of longer duration and those including repeated physical activity had greater effects on fasting glucose than those without these characteristics. Baseline levels of fasting glucose explained some of the heterogeneity in behavioural interventions but not in pharmacological interventions. Although the strength of the evidence is limited by inadequate trial design and reporting and significant heterogeneity, there is some evidence that behavioural interventions, antipsychotic switching, and metformin can lead to clinically important improvements in glycaemic measurements in adults with SMI.

The change in blood glucose levels in tuberculosis patients before and during anti-tuberculosis treatment in China

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to observe (i) changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) in tuberculosis (TB) patients before and during anti-TB treatment, (ii) whether FBG levels were stable or unstable and (iii) baseline characteristics associated with an unstable FBG. Method: TB patients consecutively attended six clinics or hospitals. FBG measurements were made at months 0, 2 and 6. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 232 patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) whose initial FBG < 6.1 mmol/L, over 90% maintained FBG < 6.1 mmol/L during treatment and no patient developed DM. Of 17 patients without DM and initial FBG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L, over half had FBG < 6.1 mmol/L during treatment and no patient had DM at the end of treatment. Eight DM patients with already known DM had their FBG controlled at < 7.0 mmol/L during treatment. There were 13 DM patients newly diagnosed with FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, and 69% continued to have FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L. After adjustment for confounding, the odds for an unstable FBG were higher for HIV-positive status, already having DM, smoking and coming to hospitals rather than clinics. Conclusion: TB patients who do not have DM based on FBG measurements do not develop DM during anti-TB treatment. Those newly diagnosed with DM on screening in general maintain their DM status with high FBG and need to be better managed.

Antidiabetic Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of Strophanthus hispidus in Fructose-induced Type 2 Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats

Background: Strophanthus hispidus DC. (Apocynaceae) (SHP) is used in African traditional medicine in the treatment of several diseases including diabetes. Objective: The study sought to explore and scientifically validate the antidiabetic activity of Strophanthus hispidus in fructose- induced Type 2 diabetic Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: S. hispidus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.), glibenclamide (5 mg/kg p.o.), normal saline (10 mL/kg p.o.; diabetic control) and distilled water (10 mL/kg p.o.; normal control) were administered once daily for 28 days to 12 weeks fed fructose rats with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) &gt;1.5 and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level &gt;200 mg/dL. Measurement of FBG and body weight of the fructose-induced Type 2 diabetic rats was carried out at 7 days interval. On day 28, blood samples were collected for assessment of serum biochemical parameters, including albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), bilirubin and urea; serum insulin; and haematological (haemoglobin, Hb and glycated haemoglobin, HbA1c) parameters. The liver of rats was harvested for glycogen assay. Results: S. hispidus-treated fructose-induced Type 2 diabetic rats produced significant (p&lt;0.05) day-dependent reduction in FBG level and significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in HDL and TP levels compared with diabetic control rats. In addition, significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in TG, LDL, TC, AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine and urea levels was produced compared with diabetic control rats. Furthermore, significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in serum insulin and liver glycogen levels was also observed. S. hispidus- treated diabetic rats displayed significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in Hb and decrease in HbA1c levels. Conclusion: The findings in this study showed that S. hispidus possesses beneficial antidiabetic property in Type 2 diabetes. This validates its use in African traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes.

Glycemic Control and it’s Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Suhul Hospital, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia

Introduction: Diabetic complication can be reduced by maintaining good glycemic control. The main goal in diabetic management is achieving good glycemic control because it reduces hospital admission due to diabetic related complication. However, majority of them did not achieve and needs contextual factor identification because the reasons for poor glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes are complex. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of poor glycemic control and its associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients at Suhul Hospital, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study was conduct on systematically sampled 200 type 2 diabetic patients with regular follow up. Data was collect by interviewing patients during hospital visits and measuring fasting blood glucose at the time of interview at the same time by reviewing the last two month fasting blood glucose results from their chart. Data collection took place from march to april 2014. Good glycemic control was defined as the three month average fasting blood sugar (FBS)<126 mg/dl. Binary logistic regression analysis was conduct to identify predictor of glycemic control. Result: Patients had the mean age of 42.2 ± SD 6.6 years, 68.5% were males, 71.5% were living in urban, 57% had diploma and above educational status, 36.5% achieve good glycemic control, FBS<126 mg/dl, 66% of the patients had <7 year duration of diabetes. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, moderate physical exercise (AOR=2.927, 95% CI=1.335-6.420) taking meal prescribed by their physician appropriately (AOR=2.568, 95% CI=1.222-5.398) and medication adherence (AOR=4.156, 95% CI=1.835-9.409) were factors associated with good glycemic control. Conclusion: This study reveals that the proportion of diabetic patients achieving good glycemic control was low. Moderate physical exercise, taking meal prescribed by their physician appropriately and medication adherence were factors associated with good glycemic control.

Association of genetic variants of pentraxin 3 rs3816527 with hypertension in Chronic kidney disease patients.

Hypertension is a nearly constant feature and both a cause and a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Atherosclerotic lesions showed a marked expression of pentraxin 3 on the surface of lumen and in the plaque. The aim was to assess the correlation of exon 2 of pentraxin 3 gene SNP rs3816527 with hypertension with CKD. The study was conducted on 110 CKD patients (60 patients with and 50 patients without hypertension) and 40 healthy subjects as control. Laboratory investigations including the measurement of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and indices of oxidative stress, liver function tests, and renal function tests were done. Genotyping of pentraxin 3 gene SNP rs3816527 was done by real-time PCR. There was a significant difference between CKD patients with hypertension and the subjects in the control group regarding systolic and diastolic BP, urea, creatinine, GFR, TG, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and total antioxidant levels (p<0.001). There is a statistically significant difference between CKD patients with hypertension and the other studied groups regarding the frequencies of AA genotype and A allele of exon 2 SNP of pentraxin 3 gene compared to CC genotype and C allele (wild type) (p<0.001), while there was significant difference between CKD patients without hypertension and control (p>0.05). Pentraxin 3 AA genotype SNP rs3816527 can be considered as a potential biomarker and a risk factor for CKD patients, especially hypertensive patients, and specifically as an independent predictor of hypertension in CKD.

Serum Zinc and &#946; D Glucuronidase Enzyme Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Periodontitis.

The exact mechanism by which nutritional deficiency and lysosomal enzyme change, modify periodontal destruction has not yet been precisely defined. The study aimed to determine the serum zinc and β D glucuronidase enzyme level in the selected groups and how its increase or decrease levels are related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with periodontitis when compared to other groups. Six hundred subjects were selected and are categorized into four groups as Group I (control healthy subjects, n=150), Group II (T2DM with periodontitis, n=150), Group III (T2DM without periodontitis, n=150) and Group IV (Non-DM with periodontitis, n=150). The lab investigations included measuring fasting blood glucose, serum zinc and β D- glucuronidase levels. In the results, the level of serum zinc was found to be lesser in group III subjects and the activity of serum β D glucuronidase was found to be elevated nine times in group III (T2DM with periodontitis) and two times elevated in group II (T2DM without periodontitis) and group IV (Non-DM with periodontitis), when compared to control. Zinc has been reported to reduce the stabilization of lysosomal membranes. Periodontitis has been taken as the prime condition in this study and categorized as experimental groups. Perturbations in mineral metabolism are more pronounced in diabetic populations. When the level of zinc is decreased, the structural integrity of lysosomal membrane has been lost and it would have caused for the increased release of β D glucuronidase in T2DM with periodontitis.

Effect of subacute agomelatine treatment on painful diabetic neuropathy: involvement of catecholaminergic mechanisms.

In this study, we investigated the effects of subacute agomelatine (40 and 80 mg/kg) administration on chronic hyperglycemia, metabolic parameters, and pain perception in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to evaluate the effect of agomelatine on glycemia, while metabolic parameters were monitored using metabolic cages. Potential effect of agomelatine on diabetes-induced mechanical and thermal allodynia was evaluated using dynamic plantar aesthesiometer and warm plate (38 °C) tests, respectively. Additionally, influence of agomelatine on hyperalgesia occurring in connection with diabetic neuropathy was examined using the Randall-Selitto (mechanical nociceptive stimulus), Hargreaves (thermal nociceptive stimulus), and cold plate (4 °C, thermal nociceptive stimulus) tests. Obtained data indicated that, in diabetic rats, agomelatine significantly improved hyperalgesia and allodynia responses, without no effect on hyperglycemia or the associated polydipsia, polyuria, and hyperphagia. Therapeutic potential of agomelatine on neuropathic pain was suppressed with α-methyl-para-tyrosine methyl ester (an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis), phentolamine (a nonselective α-adrenoceptor antagonist), and propranolol (a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist) administrations. However, p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) pretreatment could not be achieved to reverse these antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects. These results suggest that the curative effect of agomelatine on neuropathic pain is mediated through rising synaptic catecholamine levels as well as through interactions with both α- and β-adrenoceptors. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show findings that indicate catecholaminergic system mediated antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of agomelatine.

The Effect of a Short-Term Circuit Resistance Training on Blood Glucose, Plasma Lipoprotein and Lipid Profiles in Young Female Students

Background: According to observations on the effect of exercise training on lipid profile, there is little evidence about the effect of short-term circuit resistance training in females because these researches often use aerobic methods in males. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the effect of a short term course of circuit resistance training on blood glucose and serum lipids in female students. Methods: Twenty female students from the physical education in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 10 (resistance training and control groups). For seven consecutive days, the experimental group conducted a circuit resistance training including 10 exercises with the intensity of 60% of one maximum repetition and duration of 20 seconds for each exercise in four sets. Each session took 32 - 40 minutes including warm-up and cool-down time. To measure fasting blood glucose, three glyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first session and after the seventh session in a 12-hour overnight fasting. Results: Analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed that although seven sessions of circuit resistance training with a moderate intensity had no significant effects on plasma HDL-c, VLDL-c, TC, and TG in the female students, a significant reduction was observed in the fasting blood glucose and plasma LDL-c. Conclusions: Resistance training exercises in the present method can be considered as a prophylaxis attempt against related diseases by improving cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Status of cardiovascular health among adults in a rural area of Northwest China: Results from a cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to assess the status of cardiovascular health among a rural population in Northwest China and to determine the associated factors for cardiovascular health.A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural areas of Hanzhong in Northwest China. Interview, physical examination, and fasting blood glucose and lipid measurements were completed for 2693 adults. The construct of cardiovascular health and the definitions of cardiovascular health metrics proposed by the American Heart Association were used to assess cardiovascular health. The proportions of subjects with cardiovascular health metrics were calculated, adjusting for age and sex. The multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health and its associated factors.Only 0.5% (0.0% in men vs 0.9% in women, P = 0.002) of the participants had ideal cardiovascular health, whereas 33.8% (18.0% in men vs 50.0% in women, P < 0.001) and 65.7% (82.0% in men vs 49.1% in women, P < 0.001) of the participants had intermediate and poor cardiovascular health, respectively. The prevalence of poor cardiovascular health increased with increasing age (P < 0.001 for trend). Participants fulfilled, on average, 4.4 (95% confidence interval: 4.2–4.7) of the ideal cardiovascular health metrics. Also, 22.2% of the participants presented with 3 or fewer ideal metrics. Only 19.4% of the participants presented with 6 or more ideal metrics. 24.1% of the participants had all 4 ideal health factors, but only 1.1% of the participants had all 4 ideal health behaviors. Women were more likely to have ideal cardiovascular health, whereas adults aged 35 years or over and those who had a family history of hypertension were less likely to have ideal cardiovascular health.The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health was extremely low among the rural population in Northwest China. Most adults, especially men and the elderly, had a poor cardiovascular health status. To improve cardiovascular health among the rural population, efforts, especially lifestyle improvements, education and interventions to make healthier food choices, reduce salt intake, increase physical activities, and cease smoking, will be required at the individual, population, and social levels.

Sweetening yoghurt with glucose, but not with saccharin, promotes weight gain and increased fat pad mass in rats

The claim that non-nutritive sweeteners accelerate body weight gain by disrupting sweet-calorie associations was tested in two experiments using rats. The experiments were modelled on a key study from a series of experiments reporting greater body weight gain in rats fed yoghurt sweetened with saccharin than with glucose (Swithers & Davidson, 2008). Both of the current experiments likewise compared groups fed saccharin- or glucose-sweetened yoghurt in addition to chow and water, while Experiment 1 included a third group (Control) given unsweetened yoghurt. In Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, rats were initially exposed to both saccharin- and glucose-sweetened yoghurts to assess their relative palatability. We also tested whether the provision of an energy-dense sweet biscuit would augment any effects of saccharin on food intake and weight gain, as seemingly predicted by Swithers and Davidson (2008). In Experiment 1 there were no differences in body weight gain or fat pad mass between the Saccharin and Control group, whereas the Glucose group was the heaviest by the final 5 weeks and at cull had the largest fat pads. Greater acceptance of saccharin predicted more weight gain over the whole experiment. Consistent with past reports, fasting blood glucose and insulin measures did not differ between the Saccharin and Control groups, but suggested some impairment of insulin sensitivity in the Glucose group. Experiment 2 found similar effects of glucose on fat mass, but not on body weight gain. In summary, adding saccharin had no detectable effects on body-weight regulation, whereas the effects of glucose on fat pad mass were consistent with previous studies reporting more harmful effects of sugars compared to non-nutritive sweeteners.

PERBEDAAN NILAI INDEKS GLIKEMIK DAN BEBAN GLIKEMIK NASI PECEL BERAS CIHERANG, BERAS MERAH DAN BERAS SINTANUR

Background: The glycemic index is a value that indicates the ability of a carbohydrate-containing foods in improving blood sugar. Previous research also done extensive research on the glycemic index of a food, but every meal we consume some foods and through various treatment processes This study will calculate the glycemic index prepared foods namely pecel distinguished from varieties of rice such as rice Ciherang that have a low glycemic index (55), brown rice has a medium glycemic index (59) and Sintanur rice has a high glycemic index (91). Based on this background, researchers interested in researching on the difference in value of glycemic index and glycemic load of rice pcel of three kinds of rice. Objective: To determine differences in the value of glycemic index and glycemic load on Ciherangpecel of rice, red rice, and rice Sintanur. Methods: This study used an experimental research design. There were three treatment groups each group consisting of 9 people. After 10 hours of fasting blood glucose measurements were taken and given 50 grams of carbohydrates such as white bread 95 grams. Blood glucose levels were measured again at minute 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120. An interval of one week, the subjects were given pecelciherang rice, red rice and rice Sintanur, subsequently re-measured blood glucose as the first treatment. Results: The value of rice IG pecelCiherang rice was 86.67, 86.69 pecel brown rice and rice pecelSintanur 90.59. Pecel glycemic load of 43.82 Ciherang rice, red rice 43.95 and 45.38 Sintanurpecel rice.

Blood glucose levels and cortical thinning in cognitively normal, middle-aged adults

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) increases risk for cognitive decline and is associated with brain atrophy in older demented and non-demented individuals. We investigated (1) the cross-sectional association between fasting blood glucose level and cortical thickness in a sample of largely middle-aged, cognitively normal adults, and (2) whether these associations were modified by genes associated with both lipid processing and dementia. To explore possible modifications by genetic status, we investigated the interaction between blood glucose levels and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM) 40 '523 genotype on cortical thickness. Cortical thickness measures were based on mean thickness in a subset of a priori-selected brain regions hypothesized to be vulnerable to atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (i.e., ‘AD vulnerable regions’). Participants included 233 cognitively normal subjects in the BIOCARD study who had a measure of fasting blood glucose and cortical thickness measures, quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, depression, and medical conditions, higher blood glucose was associated with thinner parahippocampal gyri (B=−0.002; 95% CI −0.004, −0.0004) and temporal pole (B=−0.002; 95% CI −0.004, −0.0001), as well as reduced average thickness over AD vulnerable regions (B=−0.001; 95% CI −0.002, −0.0001). There was no evidence for greater cortical thinning in ε4 carriers of the APOE gene or in APOE ε3/3 individuals carrying the TOMM40 VL/VL genotypes. When individuals with glucose levels in the diabetic range (≥126mg/dL), were excluded from the analysis, the associations between glucose levels and cortical thickness were no longer significant. These findings suggest that glucose levels in the diabetic range are associated with reduced cortical thickness in AD vulnerable regions as early as middle age.

Diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in ART-naïve patients with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual infection in Guinea-Bissau: a cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is expected to increase in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients with HIV are at particular risk. We investigated the DM burden among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients with HIV in Guinea-Bissau. Patients were consecutively included. Demographic and lifestyle data were collected and one fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurement was used to diagnose DM (FBG≥7.0 mmol/L) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (FBG≥6.1 and <7.0 mmol/L). By June 2015, 953 newly diagnosed ART-naïve patients with HIV had been included in the study of whom 893 (93.7%) were fasting at the time of inclusion. Median age among the fasting patients was 37 years (IQR 30-46 years) and 562 (62.9%) were women. The prevalence of DM was 5.8% (52/893) while 5.6% (50/893) had IFG. DM was associated with family history of DM (OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.78 to 8.63), being 41-50 years (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.18 to 7.49) or older than 50 years (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.09 to 9.07) and Fula ethnicity (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.12 to 6.62). DM prevalence was higher among younger patients compared with the background population in Bissau. Traditional risk factors for DM such as advancing age and a family history of DM apply also for ART-naïve patients with HIV.

Salidroside-regulated lipid metabolism with down-regulation of miR-370 in type 2 diabetic mice

Salidroside is known for its pharmacological properties and in particular its antioxidation effects. In recent years, it has been recognized that salidroside plays an important role in treating diabetes. Accumulated evidence suggests that microRNAs may be involved in diabetic lipid disorders. We investigated how salidroside regulates lipid metabolism through miR-370 in vivo and in vitro. After 4 weeks of a high-fat diet, and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (100mg/kg), type 2 diabetes was induced in male C56BL/6J mice. After 4 weeks, mice with fasting blood glucose levels above 7.8mmol/l were divided into five groups: those with diabetes mellitus, and those treated with 40mg/kg, 80mg/kg, and 160mg/kg salidroside, and metformin (480mg/kg), for a further 4 weeks. The hypoglycemic effects of salidroside were consistently demonstrated when measuring fasting blood glucose levels, observing insulin-sensitizing effects, and testing oral glucose tolerance. In addition to this, the expressions of miR-370, and related lipid protein expression in primary hepatocytes, were examined in primary type 2 diabetic mice. The present study has shown that the expression levels of miR-370, SREBP-1 and FAS-1 were significantly elevated in the liver of type 2 diabetic mice. In contrast, the elevated expression levels were reversed by salidroside. The addition of salidroside attenuated the effect of miR-370, and reduced the expression of these lipid metabolism proteins in primary hepatocytes. These findings demonstrate that salidroside can directly decrease the expression of miR-370 in type 2 diabetic mice, and particularly in primary hepatocytes, affecting lipid metabolism in the liver.