Battery Voltage Measurements Research Articles

Determination of the Variations on Battery Consumption According to Temperature and Relative Humidity of Silicon Labs Si7021Wireless Sensor Systems in Greenhouse

Climatic parameters need to be measured and necessary arrangements should be made according to these observations in order to be suitable for greenhouse climatic conditions in agricultural production. In agricultural production, it is important to know the temporal change of climatic values belonging to different locations of the greenhouse in order to ensure the comfort of plant growing environment. Today, the use of sensors determining various climatic parameters is becoming widespread. The design of the sensor system to include battery and wireless communication technology makes it easier to position the sensor in the desired position in the greenhouse. In this study, it was tried to determine the daily battery consumption of Silicon Labs Si7021 sensors used to determine temperature and humidity values in a greenhouse according to temperature and humidity values. In this study, 18 sensors were used and placed in different locations in the greenhouse. Temperature, relative humidity and sensor battery voltage measurements were carried out for twelve months between 2016-2017 in five minute intervals. From these values, daily average temperature, relative humidity and battery voltage changes were determined. Data were tested by ANOVA, regression and correlation analyzes. According to the results, it was investigated whether there was a significant relationship between the daily battery level change in the sensors used and the daily average temperature and humidity values. It is concluded that there is no strong relationship to create regression model between daily battery voltage change and two environmental parameters for all sensors.

Seaweed gel utilization in wet battery

The weaknesses of wet batteries that require extra attention in maintenance such as having to routinely check and add water batteries, less stable voltage, water batteries can spill out and damage the body of a car or motorcycle, and water batteries can cause itching and irritation when touched by the skin. This study aims to determine the potential of seaweed powder as a gel that is added to a wet battery and functions like a dry battery. The method used is: data collection, concept design, manufacturing process, testing. The results of the study were obtained that the wet battery can function like a dry battery so that it does not need to refill the battery water anymore and the results of the battery voltage measurement using an avometer show the number 12.6 volts.

Semi Automotive Vehicle Using Raspberry

Voice controlled robotic framework is exceptionally helpful in self driving vehicles and also territories where there is high hazard for people to enter. Voice controlled robotic framework is controlled through voice orders got by means of android gadget. Using the speech as the interface for processes became more important with the improvements of artificial intelligence. Robot direction controlling along with speed control is main motto of this concept. Three speeds are generated using PWM signals based on user speech command. The proposed system allows user to view live video from robot position through General WIFI communication. Raspberry stops its movement if any obstacle comes in its direction. Battery voltage measurement is also done by this amazing robot to alert user.

A Novel Active Cell Balancing Circuit and Charging Strategy in Lithium Battery Pack

A novel, active cell balancing circuit and charging strategy in lithium battery pack is proposed in this paper. The active cell balancing circuit mainly consists of a battery voltage measurement circuit and switch control circuit. First, all individual cell voltages are measured by an MSP430 microcontroller equipped with an isolation circuit and a filter circuit. Then, the maximum cell voltage difference is calculated by subtracting the minimum cell voltage from the maximum cell voltage. When the maximum cell voltage difference exceeds 0.05 V, the balancing action starts to carry on. The MSP430 microcontroller output controls signals to close the switches corresponding to the battery cell with the maximum voltage. At this time, the balancing charge power performs a balancing charge for other batteries, except for the one that is switched on. In addition, a three-stage balancing charge strategy is also proposed in this paper to achieve the goal of speedy charging with balancing action. In the first stage, a 0.5 C balancing current is used to perform pre-balanced charging on all battery cells until the maximum cell voltage difference is less than 0.05 V, which is required for entry to the second stage of charging. In the second stage, constant current charging of 1 C, coupled with 0.2 C balancing current charging is carried out, until the maximum battery cell voltage reaches 4.2 V, which is required for entry into the third stage of charging. In the third stage, a constant voltage charging is coupled with 0.2 C balancing current charging, until the maximum battery cell voltage reaches 4.25 V, which is required to complete the balancing charge. The imbalance of power between the battery cells during battery pack charging, which reduces battery charging efficiency and battery life, is thus effectively improved. In this paper, a six-cells-in-series and two-in parallel lithium battery pack is used to perform a balancing charge test. Test results show that the battery cells in the battery pack are capable of quickly completing a balancing charge under different initial voltages, the maximum voltage difference is reduced to within the range of 0.05 V, and the total time required for each balancing charge is approximately 3600 s.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO CONTROLLER-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Photovoltaic (PV) system performance highly depends on meteorological parameters and, to reduce frequent maintenance and avoid PV system failure, the meteorological and electrical parameters of the system need to be monitored. This paper is on the development of a simple, reliable and high precision photovoltaic monitoring system, which obtains PV system parameters (i.e. PV panel temperature, irradiance, PV battery voltage, ambient temperature and humidity and PV system load current) in real time, display and store the parameters in personal computer. The system uses electronic sensors to obtain the PV system parameters, which are then processed by a microcontroller with Arduino Board and the parameters displayed in personal computer. C language was used for the microcontroller programming. From the experimental results obtained from the work, it shows that the parameters obtained using the developed systems have good correlations with those obtained using standard commercial instruments used in meteorological stations and laboratory for measurements of the same parameters. The mean bias error of the parameters obtained using the developed system to those obtained using meteorological/laboratory instruments are 0.043%, 0.0412%,-0.297% and 0.024% for solar radiation intensity, temperature, humidity and PV battery voltage measurements respectively. The research would provide PV end-users with important information that will be useful in improving PV system performance by reducing frequency of maintenance and also avoid PV system failure. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.27

Characterizing different types of lithium ion cells with an automated measurement system

Lithium ion batteries are among the most promising electrochemical storage systems currently available. However, even though their high values of specific energy and energy density make them suitable for the development of new research approaches to counteract the global energy consumption, its diffusion is still limited in several sectors because of the high costs and safety problems. Five different Lithium ion cells of similar energy size but different chemical composition have been studied here, with the aim of pinpointing the fundamental characteristics of each battery. A comprehensive knowledge of these technologies can help finding out the critical parameters indicating dangerous situations. An automated test system based on the synchronous measurement of battery voltage, current and temperature has been employed in this comparative study. The system allows for testing the cells with a huge variety of protocols, from the standard charge cycle to the more complex power control test. Experimental results highlight that, for example, the LiNiCoO2 and the Lithium Polymer batteries outperform for their energy density and specific energy while the LiFePO4 show the highest versatility, efficiency and safety.

An area-efficient 55 nm 10-bit 1-MS/s SAR ADC for battery voltage measurement

An area-efficient CMOS 1-MS/s 10-bit charge-redistribution SAR ADC for battery voltage measurement in a SoC chip is proposed. A new DAC architecture presents the benefits of a low power approach without applying the common mode voltage. The threshold inverter quantizer (TIQ)-based CMOS Inverter is used as a comparator in the ADC to avoid static power consumption which is attractive in battery-supply application. Sixteen level-up shifters aim at converting the ultra low core voltage control signals to the higher voltage level analog circuit in a 55 nm CMOS process. The whole ADC power consumption is 2.5 mW with a maximum input capacitance of 12 pF in the sampling mode. The active area of the proposed ADC is 0.0462 mm2 and it achieves the SFDR and ENOB of 65.6917 dB and 9.8726 bits respectively with an input frequency of 200 kHz at 1 MS/s sampling rate.

Charge Circuit Timeout

Since the advent of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, much attention has been given to the possibility of ICD or lead hardware failures resulting in inappropriate ICD function. Less attention has been given to the potential for software programming errors resulting in inappropriate device behavior. We report a case of a software programming error that led to a premature “end of service” alert that triggered a “lock-up” of the device antitachycardia therapies. Typically, the capacitor charge time for the Medtronic Secura ICD in anticipation of a full energy shock is about 7.7 to 9.2 seconds, depending on how close the device is to the elective replacement time and other factors.1 A charge circuit timeout indicates that at least 1 charging period exceeded 30 seconds. When 3 consecutive charging periods each exceed 30 seconds, the ICD charge circuit becomes inactive, and all automatic therapy functions and manual system tests become disabled except for emergency VVI pacing, all for the purpose of conserving battery voltage for pacemaker dependent patients when the generator reaches end of service.1 An alert is displayed to indicate that the time allotted to reach the programmed output energy (30 seconds) has been exceeded. A charge circuit timeout usually occurs when the battery voltage is depleted below the “elective replacement indicator.” In this specific instance, the charge circuit timeout occurred because of a glitch in the software. Three events occurred almost simultaneously, exposing the software programming error.2 These events occurred during an episode of tachycardia in the brief time span between the end of charging the capacitors and redetection/confirmation before delivery of a shock. The 3 events are:

Wireless Mesh Network for Irrigation Control and Sensing

Variations in plant water and nutrient demand and environmental regulations to protect water quality provide significant justification for site-specific irrigation and fertigation systems. We have developed wireless valve controllers that self-assemble into a mesh network. Mesh networking means that controllers pass messages to extend the effective communication range without using high-power radios. Solar energy is collected with a 200 mW panel to operate each controller node without yearly battery replacement. Nine nodes were tested in a mesh network, and each properly responded to commands. Measurements of battery voltage, solar panel voltage, enclosure temperature, and external sensors were transmitted every 10 min. Irrigation schedules were stored locally on each node and executed automatically. Schedules for each node were unique, based on the needs of the particular area being irrigated. Internal clock drift was an average 6.3 s per day. Clock offset was removed using daily time stamps. One-hop transmission range using 916 MHz radios varied from 20.9 m with a whip antenna at ground level to 241.1 m with a dipole antenna at 3 m. Node commands were acknowledged after an average of 2.7 s per hop. Charge consumption was approximately 7.03 mAh per day for the node circuit and 1 mAh per day for battery self-discharge. The solar panel produced 26.0 to 81.3 mAh in direct sunlight and 6.5 to 13.7 mAh in shade. Node operation is expected to be continuous with occasional sunlight exposure. Soil moisture, pressure, temperature, and other environmental sensors will be used for feedback control and detection of problems. Such a network of intelligent valve controllers will allow growers in orchards, vineyards, nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes to develop management practices that improve water- and fertilizer-use efficiency.

A New Online State-of-Charge Estimation and Monitoring System for Sealed Lead–Acid Batteries in Telecommunication Power Supplies

This paper presents a new, online, battery state-of-charge estimation and monitoring system for both the discharge and charge periods of sealed lead-acid batteries, commonly used in telecommunication power systems as backup power supplies. The proposed monitoring system is based on discharge time versus discharge rate data given in manufacturers' data sheets, and coulometric measurements, without the need for any battery voltage measurement under open-circuit conditions. The corresponding battery management system can perform both the online monitoring and battery charging tasks by the use of the same low-cost 8-bit microcontroller. Battery state-of-charge monitoring tests have been carried out under both constant and dynamic load conditions and for alternate charge-discharge cycles of lead-acid batteries of different capacities, and for different operating temperatures. The test results have shown that a very good accuracy (better than 3%-4%) in the estimation of available capacity is obtained for various charge-discharge strategies corresponding to practical operating conditions. Changes in battery characteristics which occur due to aging are also taken into account by estimating the actual capacity of the battery and adopting the corresponding recharacterization of the aged cells automatically.

Acute effects of radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias on implanted permanent pacing systems.

We studied the safety of performing RF catheter ablation in patients with implanted permanent pacemakers by monitoring the function of implanted pacing systems before, during, and immediately after exposure to RF energy. Patients with implanted pacing systems may require RF ablation for treatment of a variety of tachyarrhythmias. High frequency electromagnetic fields, such as RF energy, may affect implanted pacing systems, causing temporary or permanent loss of output, undersensing, oversensing, asynchronous pacing, or reversion to "reset" (Recommended Replacement Time or Power On Reset) parameters. Thirty-five patients with implanted pacing systems (23 DDDR, 6 VVIR, 5 DDD, 1 VVI, 31 bipolar and 4 unipolar) underwent RF catheter ablation. Prior to ablation, each pacing system underwent measurements of pacing and sensing thresholds, telemetry of intracardiac electrograms and measurement of battery voltage and lead impedance(s). During ablation, pacemaker function was monitored by real-time telemetry, intracardiac electrograms, and surface ECG. Immediately after ablation, each pacing system was reevaluated. Telemetry during RF ablation revealed normal pacing and sensing in 14 (40%) of 35 patients. Refractory period extension with asynchronous pacing and noise mode reversion were seen in 16 (46%) of 35 patients. Rare under- and/or oversensing, reversion to reset parameters, and telemetry "lock up" with inhibition of pacing output was seen in a few patients. After ablation, there were no significant changes in atrial or ventricular pacing or sensing thresholds or measurements of atrial and ventricular lead impedances. We conclude that most permanent pacemakers are not adversely affected by exposure to RF energy during catheter ablation. A variety of pacemaker behaviors may be seen during RF ablation, and a thorough understanding of each pulse generator's potential response(s) to electromagnetic interference is important before undertaking catheter ablation in patients with permanent pacemakers. Careful reevaluation of the patient's pacing system following the procedure is mandatory.

Advances in follow-up techniques for implantable defibrillators

The complexity of newer implantable defibrillators has made device follow-up increasingly more intricate. Extensive data-logging capacity provides specific information on recorded events, which facilitates more accurate determination of patient arrhythmias. This helps the clinician judge whether the device is detecting and treating arrhythmias appropriately, or whether false sensing of external signals or supraventricular rhythms is occurring. There is also a record of the efficacy of delivered therapy from the device that helps in optimizing subsequent programming. Programming itself has become much more complicated, with multiple independently programmable therapy zones, each with numerous available therapeutic modalities. In addition, defibrillator status information has been improved. Accurate battery voltage measurements give a reasonable estimate of remaining device life, and pace/sense and shock lead impedances can be measured to provide information on total system integrity. Together, these advances allow more specific programming of the device to the individual patient's condition but require increasing experience and expertise of the physician.