Measurement Results Research Articles

New method for determining iron power losses in switched reluctance motors with laminated and composite magnetic cores

Power losses from motors and drives can decrease their efficiency. The development of devices with high efficiency is a necessity nowadays, with a view to reducing CO2 emissions. The application of new magnetic materials is one method for increasing the efficiency of motors, although prediction and calculation of the losses in the magnetic circuits of motors are also very important. To reduce the iron losses, iron powder composites are used here instead of Fe-Si laminated steel sheets, in a low-power switched reluctance motor (SRM), and a new method of determining the iron loss in the magnetic circuit is developed. Through the use of new materials in the motor, we can achieve a 19% decrease in the iron loss in comparison to a commercial motor. A comparison of the measurement results for our new method of iron loss prediction showed that the difference is approximately 20-26%, depending on the type of magnetic circuit used for the motor. The usage of soft magnetic composites rather than electrical steel sheets can decrease the loss in magnetic circuits. The results from our new method of determination of iron loss are in good agreement with results of measurements, meaning that it can be applied in a detailed analysis of SRMs. The application of soft magnetic composites in electromagnetic and electromechanical converters is a new method for lowering iron losses in new devices. The determination of such losses in SRMs is still challenging, and the proposed method broadens the state of the art in this area. The method developed here is based on motor current measurements, FEM calculations, and measurements of the magnetisation curves and iron loss for samples according to IEC standards. The results obtained in this work can be used by designers for the development of new kinds of SRMs.

The Synergic Effect of Brine Salinity and Dispersed Clay Particles on Water-in-Heavy Oil Emulsion: Insight into Asphaltene Structure and Emulsion Stability

Summary The research on enhancing oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs through low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) has been well-documented, while there have been few studies conducted on the impact of emulsion formation in heavy oil due to the incompatibility between the injected brine, clay particles, and heavy oil components. In this study, we explored the synergic role of asphaltene and clay in the process of LSWF by introducing an innovative and thorough experimental approach. Our findings presented new insights into how LSWF in clay-rich sandstone reservoirs can influence the behavior and properties of the water-in-heavy oil emulsions. In this regard, we contacted the heavy oil and brine (with and without clay) for 20 days at 90°C. Then, the emulsion was centrifuged to separate the oil and brine phases. The oil phase was examined by conducting the viscosity, interfacial tension (IFT), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and asphaltene onset point (AOP) precipitation experiments. Significant decreases in viscosity and asphaltene precipitation values were observed when crude oil was exposed to clay solutions, as indicated by viscosity and IP-143 results. Furthermore, the zeta potential of clay particles suspended in various brines was determined to assess the electrostatic aspects of rock-oil interactions. The analysis of the emulsion phase indicated that the emulsion stability in the presence of clay increased because of the improvement of asphaltene contribution in the interface. This trend aligns with the zeta potential measurement results. In addition, after examining the pH and conductivity of aged brine in the presence and absence of clay, it was observed that the clay caused the release of hydrogen ions in the brine and then bonded with the dissolved cations, leading to improvement in the emulsion stability. Ultimately, the asphaltene molecular structure was compared via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and attenuated total reflection analysis before contact with the brine and after separation from the emulsion phase. The results indicated a decrease in the concentration of aliphatic groups in the molecular structure of the remaining asphaltene following the aging of the oil bulk. These new findings can potentially mitigate unwanted emulsion damage in the LSWF in heavy oil recovery.

Identification of mineralogical ore varieties using ultrasonic measurement results

Purpose. To improve the measurement and information base of ultrasonic measurements rock characteristics to assess their mineralogical varieties. It is proposed to use a combination of measurement results of the acoustic quality factor of the test sample in relation to longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves, as well as the characteristic coefficient based on the dispersion and the average amplitude value of the received signal, for fuzzy identification of mineralogical and technological varieties of iron ore. Methods. As elastic waves propagate through the rock mass, they undergo attenuation due to absorption and dissipation of ultrasonic signal energy. The degree of attenuation, as well as the wave propagation velocity, is dependent on the physical-mechanical and chemical-mineralogical properties of the medium through which they travel. In this paper, we analyze a rock characterized by a complex structure comprising ore inclusions and surrounding matrix, each of which differs in its physical-mechanical and chemical-mineralogical properties. In particular, in iron ore samples, the distribution of mineral grains and aggregates exhibits significant heterogeneity in terms of both amount and size. Findings. An iterative method of fuzzy identification of mineralogical-technological iron ore varieties, based on the analysis of their properties in vector space of features, allows, by minimizing the sums of weighted distances between the analyzed and reference values of ultrasonic measurement results, to attribute them with a certain degree of belonging to the main technological types of ores mined at the deposit, and define them as magnetite quartzite with a confidence probability of 0.93. Originality. As an information base for identification of mineralogical iron ore varieties, the results of measuring the velocity and attenuation of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves of appropriate frequency are used, on the basis of which the acoustic quality factor of the rock sample is calculated, as well as the characteristic parameter S, which is determined by the dispersion and average values of the received ultrasonic signal intensity, which has traveled a certain distance in the studied environment. Practical implications. The results of tests and practical approbation of the method for identifying mineralogical iron ore varieties based on the data of ultrasonic well logging testify to its high efficiency, which allows recommending the developed scientific-technical solutions for wide industrial application at mining enterprises.

Hybrid Checkerboard Metasurface Combining Passive and Active AMCs

In this paper, a hybrid checkerboard metasurface is proposed for controlling radar cross-sections (RCSs) using a small number of active devices. The proposed metasurface consists of passive and active artificial magnetic conductors. The passive metasurface contributes to reducing the RCS level owing to the dispersion characteristics of the checkerboard arrangement, while the active metasurface aids in controlling the RCS. The active RCS pattern of the proposed hybrid checkerboard metasurface in response to changes in phase distribution is also investigated. The results show that the RCS level at the boresight changed from -20.3 dBsm to 4.4 dBsm, and the main lobe of the RCS pattern steered up to 31°. The fabrication and measurement results of the proposed hybrid checkerboard metasurface are also described in this study.

Magnetically Induced Displacement Force Test Method for Ultralight Implants Based on Counterweight Correction Method

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) F2052-21 (Chinese corresponding standard titled as YY/T 0987.2) introduces a test method to measure the magnetically induced displacement force on medical devices in the magnetic resonance environment. This method has been widely accepted and utilized globally, which is intended for implantable medical devices that can be suspended from a string. The angular deflection of the string from the vertical is measured and thereby measuring out the magnitude of the magnetically induced deflection force relative to gravity. When applying this method on ultralight implants, it is practically almost impossible to use a suspension string that weighs less than 1% of the mass of the implant. That study proposes a method for measuring the magnetically induced displacement force on ultralight implants based on counterweight correction by using a string and clamp that exceed 1% of the weight of the implant. And then to measure the deflection angle according to the standard requirement, following that to correct the deflection angle by using the proportion of the mass of the implant under test to the total mass of the tested object, to obtain the measurement result. That study also provides theoretical calculations and experimental verification to the counterweight correction method, the results prove that the proposed method can effectively measure the magnetically induced displacement force on ultralight implants.

Comparative Characteristics of Electrolyte Solutions Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Method

Electrolyte solutions can conduct electric current and help maintain balance in the human body. This study compares the electrical impedance characteristics of various electrolyte solutions using the Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. Three types of electrolyte solutions were tested: NaCl solution, Ringer’s Lactate (RL) solution, and Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution with concentration variations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Measurements were conducted over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz to compare electrolyte solutions using a frequency of 10 kHz with an electric current of 50 μA. At a frequency of 10 kHz, a comparison of the three types of electrolyte solutions with concentration variations from 20% to 100% was made. The measurement result showed that the NaCl solution had an impedance value of 200Ω to 900Ω at high frequencies. The Ringer’s Lactate (RL) solution exhibited impedance variations with impedance values ranging from 800Ω to 300Ω, which is more complex due to the other hand, the Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution demonstrated impedance stability at high frequencies with impedance values ranging from 400Ω to 200Ω, indicating its electrical properties suitability with human body conditions. Each electrolyte solution has its characteristics in impedance values at a frequency of 10 kHz, which allows for comparing the three types of electrolyte solutions. For further research, additional studies could include impedance characteristics of electrolyte solutions to broaden understanding of their electrical properties, considering variations in frequency and current conditions to optimise impedance characteristic measurements for various electrolyte solutions.

Stereo Bi-Telecentric Phase-Measuring Deflectometry.

Replacing the endocentric lenses in traditional Phase-Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) with bi-telecentric lenses can reduce the number of parameters to be optimized during the calibration process, which can effectively increase both measurement precision and efficiency. Consequently, the low distortion characteristics of bi-telecentric PMD contribute to improved measurement accuracy. However, the calibration of the extrinsic parameters of bi-telecentric lenses requires the help of a micro-positioning stage. Using a micro-positioning stage for the calibration of external parameters can result in an excessively cumbersome and time-consuming calibration process. Thus, this study proposes a holistic and flexible calibration solution for which only one flat mirror in three poses is needed. In order to obtain accurate measurement results, the calibration residuals are utilized to construct the inverse distortion map through bicubic Hermite interpolation in order to obtain accurate anchor positioning result. The calibrated stereo bi-telecentric PMD can achieve 3.5 μm (Peak-to-Valley value) accuracy within 100 mm (Width) × 100 mm (Height) × 200 mm (Depth) domain for various surfaces. This allows the obtaining of reliable measurement results without restricting the placement of the surface under test.

Effect of age, sex, and chronic kidney disease on urinary creatinine excretion in Japanese patients.

Urinary creatinine levels are used to estimate the excretion rates of certain analytes from the respective analyte-to-creatinine ratios. We clarified the influence of age and sex on estimated daily urinary creatinine excretion (eUCrE) based on the urinary creatinine level and daily urine volume. All inpatients aged ≥ 18years who attended the Kochi Medical School Hospital with serum and urinary creatinine measurement results were enrolled. Serum and urinary creatinine concentrations were extracted from the database and fluctuations with sex and age were investigated. The eUCrE was calculated for patients with early morning spot urine protein excretion (UPE), and daily urine volume was measured on the same day. Overall, 643 participants (322 men, 321 women) were enrolled. The eUCrE levels of men and women aged 18 - 64 and 18 - 44years, respectively, significantly exceeded 1g/day. Those of women aged 65-74 and ≥ 75years were significantly lower than 1g/day. Each age group was further categorised into Groups A (patients with eGFR ≥ 30mL/min/1.73 m2 and UPE < 0.5g/gCr), B (eGFR ≥ 30mL/min/1.73 m2 and UPE ≥ 0.5g/gCr), and C (eGFR < 30mL/min/1.73 m2 and UPE ≥ 0.5g/gCr). The eUCrE levels were the highest in Group A, followed by Groups B and C. This study revealed age-, sex-, and renal function-related biases in adjusted values using urinary biomarkers, including proteinuria and creatinine ratio.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectra Measurements and Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis on Short Stack

Transferring Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy from fundamental research towards close to application systems allows direct insights into kinetics, transport processes and a state of health indication. Since such stacked systems are optimized for application comprehensive monitoring with reference electrodes is hardly possible. In addition, due to the high power consumption suitable measurement devices are hard to find and the results can only be used to a limited extent. In this work such a test object was set up and tested in different measurement configurations to investigate the reasons for the high noise ratio of the impedance measurement data at more than 200A. It was found that a series circuit consisting of a DC power supply, a high-precision impedance load and the test electrolyser has the least influence on the measurement result of all the methods tested. Finally, the impedance spectra were checked for interpretability using DRT and equivalent circuit fit.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectra Measurements and Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis on Short Stack

Transferring Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy from fundamental research towards close to application systems allows direct insights into kinetics, transport processes and a state of health indication. Since such stacked systems are optimized for application comprehensive monitoring with reference electrodes is hardly possible. In addition, due to the high power consumption suitable measurement devices are hard to find and the results can only be used to a limited extent. In this work such a test object was set up and tested in different measurement configurations to investigate the reasons for the high noise ratio of the impedance measurement data at more than 200A. It was found that a series circuit consisting of a DC power supply, a high-precision impedance load and the test electrolyser has the least influence on the measurement result of all the methods tested. Finally, the impedance spectra were checked for interpretability using DRT and equivalent circuit fit.

The graphene-on-diamond structure with Ni-catalyzed under high temperature

Graphene-on-diamond (GOD) composite structure has been attracting considerable attention due to its unique features for all carbon sp3-sp2 electronic applications. Whereby the electrical properties of diamond surface can be purposely tailored and significantly altered through transformed graphene layers. In this work, GOD composite structures were prepared by nickel (Ni)-catalyzed high-temperature rapid annealing, and were analyzed by Raman, Hall effect measurement and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the difference in surface conductivity of GOD composite structure is mainly related to the number of transformed graphene layers, which is mainly affected by annealing temperature, annealing time and the thickness of nickel film. Hall measurement and TEM results demonstrate that when the transformed graphene grows graphite with a lot of Ni atoms embedded into diamond, the surface carriers of GOD composite structure are electrons. On the contrary, the surface carriers are holes while the transformed graphene contains about 3 or 5 layers. These findings may provide a route for GOD structure to become a strong candidate for next generation complementary diamond electronic devices.

Dynamic phase measurement based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry with geometric phase grating

Abstract This paper proposes a novel dynamic 2-step phase-shifting interferometry method with a geometric phase grating and direct aberration-free object phase recovery algorithm. By exploring the amplitude-phase modulation property of the geometric phase grating, two-step phase-shifting interferograms with π / 2 phase shift can be obtained in a single shot through two kinds of spatial-multiplexing arrangements. Then the restriction on the background uniformity of the 2-step phase-shifting algorithms and the system aberration can be avoided simultaneously, based on the presented direct and fast object phase demodulation strategy with an object-free state recorded in advance, so an accurate object measurement result can be guaranteed. Accordingly, a detailed analysis of the theoretical model of error sources is conducted by taking the depolarization error of geometric phase grating and phase measurement model error into consideration, with a Least Squares Iteration optimization strategy established to further improve the measurement accuracy. Experiments on various types of phase objects, such as a photo-etched quartz substrate, the spatial light modulator, and a silicon chip, validate the effectiveness and accuracy of our method when compared with the reference phase obtained from 4-step temporal phase-shifting method. The dynamic phase measurement capability is demonstrated by exhibiting the evaporation process of alcohol droplet.

Online functional connectivity analysis of large all-to-all networks in MNE Scan

Abstract The analysis of electroencephalography (EEG)/magnetoencephalography (MEG) functional connectivity has become an important tool in neuroscience. Especially the high time resolution of EEG/MEG enables important insight into the functioning of the human brain. To date, functional connectivity is commonly estimated offline, that is, after the conclusion of the experiment. However, online computation of functional connectivity has the potential to enable unique experimental paradigms. For example, changes of functional connectivity due to learning processes could be tracked in real time and the experiment be adjusted based on these observations. Furthermore, the connectivity estimates can be used for neurofeedback applications or the instantaneous inspection of measurement results. In this study, we present the implementation and evaluation of online sensor and source space functional connectivity estimation in the open-source software MNE Scan. Online capable implementations of several functional connectivity metrics were established in the Connectivity library within MNE-CPP and made available as a plugin in MNE Scan. Online capability was achieved by enforcing multithreading and high efficiency for all computations, so that repeated computations were avoided wherever possible, which allows for a major speed-up in the case of overlapping intervals. We present comprehensive performance evaluations of these implementations proving the online capability for the computation of large all-to-all functional connectivity networks. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the feasibility of online functional connectivity estimation in the evaluation of somatosensory evoked brain activity

Performance compensation model of turbine flowmeter under vibration conditions

Vibration conditions will affect the performance of the turbine flowmeters, resulting in inaccurate or unstable measurement results. A DN10 turbine flowmeter is taken as an example to study the influence rule of vibration conditions on the turbine flowmeter performance. An experimental facility is built to simulate the vibration conditions with amplitude ranging from 35 mm to 90 mm and frequency ranging from 0 Hz to 4 Hz. A simulation method for simulating a turbine flowmeter under vibration conditions based on a dynamic coordinate system and 6DOF (Six Degrees of Freedom) is proposed. Based on the experiments and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation, the results show that the average meter factor of the turbine flowmeter under vibration conditions is larger than that under non-vibration conditions. The average meter factor increases with vibration amplitude and vibration frequency. The maximum relative error of the measured flow rate is 9.73 %. To reduce the measurement error, a performance compensation model of the turbine flowmeter applied to vibration conditions is proposed. The meter factor increment is taken as the dependent variable, and the frequency, amplitude, and flow rate are taken as independent variables. The results show that compared to the original model, the relative error of the turbine flowmeter with the compensation model shows an average reduction of 76.61 %.

Influence of inhomogeneous magnetic field source location on the intensity of thermomagnetic convection in a closed loop

Purpose. Obtaining information on the influence of the location of the inhomogeneous magnetic field source relative to the heated section of a vertical hydrodynamic loop filled with magnetic fluid on the intensity of convective heat transfer along the loop.Methods. Experiments were carried out using a hydrodynamic loop made of a thin tube of circular cross-section and placed in a vertical plane. Heat source was carried out by a heater on a short vertical section of the loop, and heat removal was implement out by blowing the entire surface of the tube with thermostated air. The source of the magnetic field was the flat pole tips of the ferrite magnetic core, in the gap between which the heater was located. The position of the pole tips relative to the heater varied vertically in the experiments. In the control experiments, the source of the magnetic field was deleted. The circuit was filled with medium concentrated magnetic liquid of the type "magnetite - kerosene - oleic acid". The intensity of steady-state convective heat flow along the tube was calculated from the results of measuring the tube surface temperature by copper-constantane thermocouples. The measurement results were presented in dimensionless form - the relationship between the Nusselt number and Rayleigh number.Results. The unfluctuating mixed, thermomagnetic and gravitational, convection of the magnetic fluid in the loop was observed at any location of the pole tips of the magnetic core relative to the heater. At location of pole tips above the heater, competition of gravitational and thermomagnetic convection was observed, and the heat flux was weak. When the pole tips were placed below the heater, the Nusselt number was 2 - 4 times higher than in the control tests (only gravitational convection) with equal Rayleigh numbers. The highest Nusselt numbers were obtained when the field source was placed in center of the heater.Conclusion. Information on the influence of the relative location of the magnetic field source and the heater on convective heat transfer by magnetic fluid in a hydrodynamic loop is obtained experimentally. The optimal concerning of heat transfer intensity position of the field source was found.

A Proposed Non-Intrusive System for the Verification of Sensitive Nuclear Material

One of the primary challenges in negotiating treaties related to the control of Nuclear Materials (NM) is the verification process, particularly when dealing with sensitive information. Normally, in this process, the inspector utilizes a suitable measuring system to verify the declared information. The difficulty may arise whenever sensitive information related to the NM should not be released to an inspector. Simultaneously, the NM owner (operator) should remain unaware of the measuring system employed by the inspector to prevent any probable manipulation. To address this issue, a neutral third party is assumed to act as an intermediary, who matches the data declared by the operator with the results obtained by the inspector, without exchanging any information between them. In this work, a Non-Intrusive System (NIS) is proposed and tested to play this role. The system receives data and information from both the operator and the inspector in the form of CAD or Monte Carlo (MC) input files, in addition to the results of measurements performed by the inspector. Then the system performs calculations and combines the results of these calculations with the inspector's measurement result to estimate the mass of the NM. The only information automatically conveyed to the inspector is the final conclusion regarding whether the declared and the estimated masses of NM are matched or not. The proposed NIS concept is tested using samples of NMs, and the results are presented.

Process simulation and optimization of process parameters of single-pulse femtosecond laser processing Invar 36 alloy

Invar 36 alloy has an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion and is suitable for preparing a fine metal mask (FMM) for the evaporation of silicon-based organic light emitting display microdisplays. The higher the resolution and the greater the number of pixels, the finer and more delicate the holes required. Femtosecond laser processing technology is an effective technical means for processing Invar 36 alloy FMM due to its characteristics of extremely short pulse width, extremely high pulse energy density, smaller heat-affected zone, and more regular machining edges. The femtosecond laser processing parameters directly affect temperature distribution and then affect the manufacturing quality and efficiency of Invar 36 alloy FMM. At present, femtosecond laser processing of Invar 36 alloy FMM is still in the exploration stage, and the processing mechanism and technology are not clear. In this paper, a simulation model of single-pulse femtosecond laser processing Invar 36 alloy is established based on the two-temperature equation. By comparing the ablation morphology of the simulation output with the experimental measurement results, the validity of the simulation model is verified and the processing mechanism is preliminarily explored. Based on the simulation model, the effects of femtosecond laser energy density, pulse duration, and spot diameter on the electron temperature field, lattice temperature field, and ablation morphology of the craters are explored. The process window of laser processing parameters is determined. A full-factor test is conducted. Take the minimum length of the heat-affected zone, the maximum depth of the ablation crater, and the minimum diameter of the ablation crater as three optimization objectives and obtain Pareto optimal solutions based on genetic algorithm. The optimization of single-pulse femtosecond laser drilling Invar 36 alloy is realized.

Installation and initial measurement results of the Rogowski-coil-based wind turbine lightning current waveform measurement system

This paper introduces a lightning current waveform measurement system developed at the University of Zagreb's high-voltage laboratory. It details the installation process and initial measurements of the prototype, which was deployed on a wind turbine in the southern part of Croatia, an area prone to winter lightning activity. The system employs two Rogowski coils - one high-frequency, high-amplitude (1 MHz, ±250 kA) and one low-frequency, low-amplitude (10 kHz, ±12.5 kA) - both fixed with magnets near the base of the wind turbine tower. The system efficiently captures both continuing-type currents, such as initial continuous currents, and pulse-type currents, such as return strokes and superimposed impulses. A detailed analysis of a typical upward lightning strike highlights the challenges in waveform measurement, including issues like 2-MHz oscillations in high-frequency sensor measurements and DC offsets in low-frequency sensor measurements. Validation against lightning location system data confirms the overall effectiveness of the current measurements, with the return stroke timestamps matching within the millisecond range.

On testimony in scenarios with Wigner and Friend

The paper constructs a semi-formal language suited to the analysis of Wigner’s Friend scenarios: it represents an epistemic notion of rational beliefs and perspectives, to accommodate the insights of perspectival interpretations of quantum mechanics. The language is then used to analyze a paradox put forward by Frauchiger and Renner (Nat Commun, 9(1):3711, 2018). Their argument is presented as a semi-formal derivation with specified rules of reasoning. These rules bear an affinity to some of the cherished tenets of epistemology and we argue that they are valid (one universally, and the other in experimental contexts). Since our proof is a reductio, it leaves a choice which premises are responsible for a contradiction. Our first choice is a step that appears incorrect from the point of view of the universal unitary evolution as well as the view that every measurement induces a collapse of a measured system’s state. Our second choice, brought to view by the paper’s attention to perspectives and epistemology, points to a step reporting the transmission of beliefs (testimony) about measurement results. We argue that testimony is not licensed by quantum mechanical formalism; we discuss some recent attempts to save the cogency of testimony in the context of quantum measurements.

Comparison of the Female Sexual Function Index, Beck Depression Inventory, and Patient Satisfaction Scale in Patients Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Single-Port Laparoscopic Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions

Aim: The uterus is widely accepted as a sexual organ, children-making body, secretory organ, youth, charm, or power supply by women. By hysterectomy, psychosocial problems such as fear of losing sexual identity occur, and depression may arise as a result of this. In this study, we investigated the effects of surgery on female sexual function and psychosocial situation according to the methods of Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) and Single Port Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (SPLH). Method: This prospective surgical study included 60 patients, including 30 SPLH and 30 TAH patients with benign reasons. The demographic data of patients, Female Sexual Function Inventory (FSFI) score, Beck Depression Questionnaire Scale, and Patient Evaluation Measurement (PEM) results were all assessed according to TAH and SPLH methods. Results: In the FSFI questionnaire, significant differences were found between SPLH and TAH groups for all "desire frequency," "desire level," "stimulation frequency," "stimulation level," and "stimulation trust" subquestions (p=0.004, p=0.0001, p=0.003, p=0.011 and p=0.011, respectively). In the Beck depression questionnaire, the TAH score (4.4±3.25) was significantly higher than the SPLH score (2.77±2.97) (p:0.047). TAH had 7.97±3.6 points, and SPLH had 3.73±1.1 points regarding treatment results (p:0.00017). Similarly, TAH had 14±4.4 points, while SPLH had 6.1±1.3 points regarding the functionality of hysterectomy (p