Measurement Of VO2max Research Articles

Normative Data of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max) among Healthy Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is the maximum quantity of oxygen a person can consume, and it remains constant over time despite increased exertion. The amount of oxygen consumed by the working muscles is measured by maximal oxygen consumption. The maximal oxygen uptake can be measured using maximal or submaximal tests, by gas analyser or field methods. The estimated VO2 max can be used to study people’s fitness and raise awareness about physical activity and lifestyle changes. Aim: To determine the VO2 max values using a direct method and provide normative data of VO2 max for healthy young adults in the age group of 18-25 years in both sexes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. A total of 419 healthy young adults (male and female students) were recruited from RUHSCollege of Medical Sciences and MNIT College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India from January 2019 to March 2020. Anthropometric data included age, height, weight according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and followed by measurement of VO2 max using a gas analyser of AD-Instrument (model-ML206). Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel. Paired t-test was used to compare mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of variables between male and female participants. The p-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The study was conducted on 419 apparently healthy college students (275 male and 144 female). The mean VO2 max value for males was 45.30±7.35 mL/kg/min and for females it was 35.71±5.29 mL/kg/min, which was found to be significantly higher in males than in females. The mean VO2 max among the largest proportion of the males (27.63%) falls in the ‘Good’ category of cardiorespiratory fitness scale and the largest proportion of the females (32.63%) falls in the ‘Fair’ category of cardiorespiratory fitness scale. Conclusion: The value of VO2 max was lower in the Indian population than in the western population, when value obtained from this study was compared with the standard normative value of cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, the values obtained in this study could serve as a normative for the Indian population.

Physical qualities and body mass index in children

Physical development refers to the level of growth and control over muscles, coordination and the ability to sit, stand, walk and run. Motor development is part of physical development and refers to increasing a child’s ability to use their body and physical abilities. (Darlene Tanck, Dolly’s Daycare, Merrill, Teresa Storm, Tender Times Child Care, Amery, John Ratey, MD. Harvard Psychiatrist) Motor development can be divided into gross motor skills and net motor skills. (Darlene Tanck, Dolly’s Daycare, Merrill, Teresa Storm, Tender Times Child Care, Amery, John Ratey, MD. Harvard Psychiatrist). Measurement of body mass index in children by the method (BMI) weight / height2. Measurement of maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max by indirect measurement, Comparison of BMI between boys and girls and maximum oxygen consumption. Comparison of data obtained from tests obtained from maximal oxygen consumption and measurement of body mass index in children aged 6-7 years to highlight the difference or not of these abilities between the two sexes. The relationships between body weight, obesity and health have been extensively studied. Although the primary role of adiposes is to replace triglycerides, they play a more complex role, in the production of many hormones, prohormones, cytokines, and enzymes with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions or actions. In the state of obesity, the production of proteins derived from adipose tissue is increased, causing significant health consequences. There are regional differences in protein production in adipose tissue. Expansion of adipose tissue deep in the organs has negative effects on the body on hormonal functions and metabolism which contribute to the development of diseases and other chronic health problems.

Assessment of VO2 Max among Female Workers of Cotton Textile Industry at Visnagar, North Gujarat Region: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Occupational lung illness is a significant problem among textile factory workers. Occupational cotton dust exposure has been linked to lung involvement in many epidemiological studies of cotton industry workers. The maximum oxygen intake is one of the measures used to estimate functional capacity (VO2 max) of cardiopulmonary efficiency. The integration of the ventilatory, cardiovascular and neuromuscular system is necessary for attainment of VO2 max. Aim: To assess the VO2 max among women employees in cotton textile industry and to study the correlation between VO2 max and anthropometric parameters like Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Surface Area (BSA), fat percent (fat %) and Lean Body Mass (LBM). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2021 at Nootan Medical College and Research Centre/Nootan General Hospital, Visnagar, Dt. Mehsana, North Gujarat, India, which included study and control group which comprised 50 female workers of cotton industry and 50 age matched females respectively (n=50 each) who had never worked in the cotton industry or been exposed to cotton dust. The labourers of cotton industry were chosen from the Mehsana district’s numerous cotton factories. Physical examinations (resting heart rate, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and a standardised proforma were used to gather data. VO2 max and anthropometric measurements such as BMI, BSA, fat % and LBM were measured by standard procedure. The statistical analysis was done by using Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation test. The correlation between BMI, BSA, fat percent and LBM with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was assessed by using Karl-Pearson’s correlation with level of significance was considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Results: The mean value of VO2 max in study and control group was 35.62±0.34 mL/kg/min and 36.80±0.58 mL/kg/min respectively. It was decreased significantly (p<0.001) in study group. The r values of BMI, BSA, LBM and body fat % were 0.262, 0.132, 0.236, 0.224 respectively. In the present study correlation between BMI, BSA, LBM, body fat % with VO2 max was reported as weak positive correlation which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: VO2 max was significantly decreased in cotton industry workers compared to non exposed control subjects. More studies on the effects of cotton dust on VO2 max should be conducted in future in both genders.

To Assess and Correlate Cardiorespiratory Adaptations in Endurance-Trained Cyclist and Recreational Cyclist

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare and correlate HRV indices, body composition, and aerobic power (VO2max) in recreational cyclists and trained endurance (road) cyclists. 47 male cyclists participated in the study (age: 20.32 ± 0.365; height: 171.50 ± 1.117; BMI: 23.00 ± 0.47) divided into 3 groups (Group 1: Recreational cyclist; group 2: Delhi Cyclist, playing at State/National level; and group 3: IGI cyclist, playing at National/International level). Methods: The participants underwent body composition analysis (BMI, Subcutaneous whole body, body density, body fat %, lean body mass) and anthropometry profiling. HRV was recorded (RMSSD, pNN50%, SDNN, LH/HF ratio) at resting state (~5 minutes) using the Heartware Shimmer ECG device. Later 3 minutes McArdle step test was done to measure VO2 max. Result: The VO2max (F2, 44=22.821, P<0.001) and Body fat % (7-Fold) (F2, 44=6.772, P=0.003) differed significantly between the 3 groups of cyclists. A highly significant negative correlation was seen between cycling experience in years with Resting HR and LF/HF ratio (p<0.01) with their r- values at -.382 and -.448 respectively, and statistically significant negative correlation was indicated with Body fat% (7-fold), r=-.322 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Significant differences were seen in the aerobic capacity (VO2max) between all the 3 groups of cyclists. Improved VO2max in trained road cyclists can be particularly due to the nature of cycling (endurance) training, overall training volume, and reduction in the body fat % and fat mass, which further enhances the adaptations to autonomic control. KEY WORDS: adaptation, autonomic nervous system, body composition, cardiorespiratory, cyclist, endurance, HRV, recreational, road cycling, VO2max.

The ability of a submaximal cycle ergometer test to detect longitudinal changes in VO2max

BackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of a submaximal cycling test to detect longitudinal changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and examine the conformity between changes in measured and estimated VO2max over a time span of 5–8 years.MethodsA total of 35 participants (21 men and 14 women), aged 29 to 63 years, performed the Ekblom-Bak (EB) submaximal cycle test for estimation of VO2max and a maximal treadmill running test for direct measurement of VO2max. The baseline tests were conducted between 2009 and 2012, and the follow-up tests were completed 5 to 8 years later. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r) and paired sample t-test were used to analyse the association between change in measured and estimated VO2max. Random and systematic errors between the measured and estimated VO2max were evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to test differences between changes over time.ResultsThere was no significant change in mean measured VO2max between baseline and follow-up (p = 0.91), however large individual variations were noted (− 0.78 to 0.61 L/min). The correlation between individual change in measured and estimated VO2max was r = 0.75 (p < 0.05), and the unstandardised B-coefficient from linear regression modelling was 0.88 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.15), i.e., for each litre of change in estimated VO2max, the measured value had changed 0.88 L. The correlation between baseline and follow-up errors (the difference between estimated-measured VO2max at each occasion) was r = 0.84 (p < 0.05). With regard to the testing procedure, repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference between the group who exercised at the same work rates at baseline and follow-up (n = 25), and those who required a change in work rate (n = 10).ConclusionsThe EB test detected a change in VO2max with reasonably good precision over a time span of 5–8 years. Further studies are needed to evaluate if the test can be used in clinical populations and in subjects with different medications.

Effectiveness of Exercise Training on Male Factor Infertility: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Mounting evidence from the literature suggests that different types of training interventions can be successful at improving several aspects of male reproductive function in both fertile and infertile populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise training on male factor infertility and seminal markers of inflammation. We searched PubMed, CISCOM, Springer, Elsevier Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, PEDro, Ovid (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO), Sport Discus, Orbis, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that analyzed the impacts of selected types of exercise interventions on markers of male reproductive function and reproductive performance. A total of 336 records were identified, of which we included 7 trials reporting on 2641 fertile and infertile men in the systematic review and network meta-analysis. Level 1 (because this is a systematic review of RCTs). The data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion, intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. The results of network meta-analysis showed that, compared with a nonintervention control group, the top-ranking interventions for pregnancy rate were for combined aerobic and resistance training (CET) (relative risk [RR] = 27.81), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) (RR = 26.67), resistance training (RT) (RR = 12.54), high-intensity continuous training (HICT) (RR = 5.55), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (RR = 4.63). While the top-ranking interventions for live birth rate were for MICT (RR = 10.05), RT (RR = 4.92), HIIT (RR = 4.38), CET (RR = 2.20), and HICT (RR = 1.55). Also, with the following order of effectiveness, 5 training strategies were significantly better at improving semen quality parameters (CET > MICT > HICT > RT > HIIT), seminal markers of oxidative stress (CET > MICT > HIIT > HICT > RT), seminal markers of inflammation (CET > MICT > HIIT > RT > HICT), as well as measures of body composition and VO2max (CET > HICT > MICT > HIIT > RT). The review recommends that the intervention with the highest probability of being the best approach out of all available options for improving the male factor infertility was for CET.

Heterogeneity of cardiorespiratory fitness among Brazilian regions and comparison with Norwegian values

Abstract Introduction Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important component of health-related physical fitness, and its reduction is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) measured in the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) is the gold standard for CRF evaluation. The measured VO2 max is compared to predicted normal reference values to provide an accurate and individualized evaluation and classification. However, predicted values have gender and age differences, and data from different regions and countries can be heterogenous due to different demographic and biopsychosocial characteristics. Purpose To compare reference values of VO2 max in Brazilian and Norwegian population samples do analyze geographical CRF differences. Method Brazilian reference values for CRF were compared within each other and with Norwegian values. The included studies evaluated healthy individual with CPET and direct measurement of VO2 max on a treadmill. Mean, standard deviation and sample size were obtained from the published articles in the last decade, and and standard error of mean (SEM) were calculated. The differences on CRF between studies were analyzed using SEM and the 95% confidence interval. Results Brazilian reference values for CRF were different between each other, with lower values at Northeast region and higher values at Southeast for all age groups and both genders. Midwest region showed CRF with intermediate values between these two regions. Comparisons also revealed different values from Norway, which presented the highest CRF for all age groups and both genders (Pictures 1 and 2). Observed heterogeneity in CRF may be explained by anthropometric differences, as Northeast individuals had lower height than the other Brazilian samples, and the Norwegians were the tallest. Other demographic and biopsychosocial characteristics may also play a role. Conclusion The present study revealed differences on CRF between countries and within Brazilian population, with a negative gradient from southern to northern regions of Brazil. This finding reinforces the appropriateness of adequate use of regional and country specific reference values for VO2 max to ensure a correct CRF evaluation and classification. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

The effect of skipping combination with body weight training on cardiorespiratory endurance and body mass index (BMI) as a covid-19 prevention effort for overweight adolescents

This study aims to determine the effect of skipping combination with body weight training on cardiorespiratory endurance and BMI as an effort to prevent Covid 19 for overweight adolescents. This research is an experimental research. In this study, treatment was given in the form of skipping exercise combined with body weight training for 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 times / week, an intensity of 60%-70% MHR with a duration of 30 minutes. The population in this study were teenagers. Sampling was done by purposive sampling on adolescents aged between 17-21 years and overweight. Instrument used to measure VO2 max with MFT (multistage fitness test) and measurement of height and weight to determine BMI. The data analysis technique used prerequisite test and paired t test. Based on the results of the cardiorespiratory endurance data analysis, the t-count value was 10.495 with a significance value of 0.000, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of skipping combination with body weight training on cardiorespiratory endurance in overweight adolescents. The mean value of the cardiorespiratory endurance pretest was 34.92 and the posttest average increased to 40.05. While the results of the analysis on BMI data obtained a t-count value of 15.293 with a significance value of 0.000, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of skipping combination with body weight training on BMI in overweight adolescents. The mean value of the BMI pretest was 26.60 and the posttest average BMI decreased to 22.19. So it can be concluded that skipping exercises combined with body weight training can increase cardiorespiratory endurance and reduce BMI as an effort to prevent Covid 19 for overweight adolescents.

The Effects of Moderate Intensity Treadmill Exercise with Gradual Increase of Speed and Inclination on VO2max in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) recommends cardiorespiratory fitness training in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) for 3-7 days a week, total duration 150 minutes a week with moderate intensity using large muscle groups. Treadmill training is the best cardiorespiratory fitness training because it involves large muscle group compared to static cycle and arm crank.Aim: To determine the effect of moderate intensity treadmill exercise with gradual increase of speed and inclination on VO2max in men with T2DM.Material and Methods: Randomized group design in 22 men with T2DM, suitable with inclusion criteria was divided into 2 groups, the experimental and control group. The experimental group received moderate intensity treadmill exercise, 3 times a week with gradual increase of speed and inclination for 4 weeks. The control group underwent standard therapy. Measurement of VO2max was performed before and after program in both groups.Results: A significant increase of VO2max in the experimental group (p = 0.003). Compared to the control group, alteration of VO2max also significant among the experimental group (p = 0.000).Conclusion: Moderate intensity treadmill exercise with gradual increase on speed and inclination for 4 weeks increase VO2max in men with T2DM.

Examining The Effect Different Averaging Methods Have On Interpretation Of Vo 2 Max Data

VO2max is one of the most commonly used metrics in exercise physiology and related fields, and is typically measured through a graded exercise test. It is both the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness and a predictor of endurance exercise performance. However, there is a lack of standardization in the reporting and measurement of VO2max. Differences in technology and measurement systems may affect results. Specifically, in a breath-by-breath measurement system, some form of data averaging or smoothing is used to calculate VO2max. We performed a brief examination of recent articles reporting VO2max data, and found that only 1 out of 20 articles stated the averaging methods used. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare four VO2max averaging methods, and to determine whether the method of averaging resulted in significantly different VO2max values. METHODS: VO2max data from a marathon training class at the University of Minnesota collected before and after training was analyzed. Participants were healthy college aged males and females (n = 55). The following averaging methods were compared: unaveraged, mid 5-of-7, 8-breath mean, and 30-second rolling average. Pairwise comparisons were done to test for differences between averaging methods. RESULTS: Pre-training means and standard deviations of VO2max (in ml.kg-1.min-1) for the respective data averaging techniques were as follows: Mid 5-of-7 (47.54 ± 7.66), 8-breath mean (46.95 ± 7.65), 30-second rolling (44.66 ± 7.31) and unaveraged (57.60 ± 10.71). Post-training VO2max values for the respective data averaging techniques were: Mid 5-of-7 (50.90 ± 8.15), 8-breath mean (50.40 ± 7.995), 30-second rolling (48.57 ± 7.993) and unaveraged (59.88 ± 10.74). There were statistically significant differences between all averaging methods tested (P < 0.05) in both pre- and post-training data. CONCLUSION: Studies reporting VO2max data should include the averaging method used in order to allow for interpretation and comparison between studies.

Are hemoglobin and volume oxygen maximum (vo2max) relevant each other?

The support for recording achievements in sports achievements, two of which are the ability to enter oxygen (O2) into the lungs and further the ability to take up this oxygen so that it can be utilized in the process of providing energy. The second function of O2 is to transport carbon dioxide (CO2) through respiration. These two processes are carried out simultaneously at least between the respiratory cycle and its close relationship with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is part of the blood which has a function to bind O2 and CO2 at the end in the process of respiration. The purpose of this study was to determine evidence of a relationship between HB and VO2max. This research is a descriptive correlational study. Samples are sports athletes who are preparing for Pre PAPUA. The number of samples was 83 athletes in the game group consisting of sand volleyball (6), badminton (17), Petanque (12), table tennis (13), and Futsal (35). Measurement of VO2max was done by using the Bleep test and HB with the Hb test. Based on Kendall's tau non-parametric analysis, it is found that HB and VO2max are sufficiently correlated, so it is not certain that the higher the HB the higher the VO2max, although in the process of supplying energy these two variables are mutually supportive and relate.

Effectiveness of High Intensity Exercise Program on Cardiovascular Endurance in Overweight Children

BACKGROUND: Overweight is defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat that produces risk to health .The childhood overweight is epidemic, accelerating throughout the world and the fundamental cause of overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and expended. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study was to find the effect of high intensity exercise program on cardiovascular endurance in overweight children. METHODOLOGY: Quasi experimental study, pre and post test type, Study duration is 4weeks at Sree Sankara balavidhyalaya school pallikarani. Thirty overweight children were divided into two groups Group A=15, Group B= 15.Both Group A and Group B performed six minute walk test and distance walked in6- minute was measured and recorded Group A:high intensity exercises were taught to them along with that diet chart was given. Group B:The diet chart was given to them. After 4 weeks the post test was conducted and the data were analyzed. The outcome measure vo2 max was calculated by 6 -minute walk test. RESULTS: The post test mean value of Group A is20.3 and Group B is 17.58, statistical result shows that there was significant change in mean values between pre and post test. Thus both Group A and Group B mean values shows statistical significance p&lt;0.05. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the high intensity circuit training program with diet was effective when compared to diet protocol among overweight children.

Smartphone-Based VO2max Measurement With Heart Snapshot in Clinical and Real-world Settings With a Diverse Population: Validation Study.

BackgroundMaximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is one of the most predictive biometrics for cardiovascular health and overall mortality. However, VO2max is rarely measured in large-scale research studies or routine clinical care because of the high cost, participant burden, and requirement for specialized equipment and staff.ObjectiveTo overcome the limitations of clinical VO2max measurement, we aim to develop a digital VO2max estimation protocol that can be self-administered remotely using only the sensors within a smartphone. We also aim to validate this measure within a broadly representative population across a spectrum of smartphone devices.MethodsTwo smartphone-based VO2max estimation protocols were developed: a 12-minute run test (12-MRT) based on distance measured by GPS and a 3-minute step test (3-MST) based on heart rate recovery measured by a camera. In a 101-person cohort, balanced across age deciles and sex, participants completed a gold standard treadmill-based VO2max measurement, two silver standard clinical protocols, and the smartphone-based 12-MRT and 3-MST protocols in the clinic and at home. In a separate 120-participant cohort, the video-based heart rate measurement underlying the 3-MST was measured for accuracy in individuals across the spectrum skin tones while using 8 different smartphones ranging in cost from US $99 to US $999.ResultsWhen compared with gold standard VO2max testing, Lin concordance was pc=0.66 for 12-MRT and pc=0.61 for 3-MST. However, in remote settings, the 12-MRT was significantly less concordant with the gold standard (pc=0.25) compared with the 3-MST (pc=0.61), although both had high test-retest reliability (12-MRT intraclass correlation coefficient=0.88; 3-MST intraclass correlation coefficient=0.86). On the basis of the finding that 3-MST concordance was generalizable to remote settings whereas 12-MRT was not, the video-based heart rate measure within the 3-MST was selected for further investigation. Heart rate measurements in any of the combinations of the six Fitzpatrick skin tones and 8 smartphones resulted in a concordance of pc≥0.81. Performance did not correlate with device cost, with all phones selling under US $200 performing better than pc>0.92.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the importance of validating mobile health measures in the real world across a diverse cohort and spectrum of hardware. The 3-MST protocol, termed as heart snapshot, measured VO2max with similar accuracy to supervised in-clinic tests such as the Tecumseh (pc=0.94) protocol, while also generalizing to remote and unsupervised measurements. Heart snapshot measurements demonstrated fidelity across demographic variation in age and sex, across diverse skin pigmentation, and between various iOS and Android phone configurations. This software is freely available for all validation data and analysis code.

Intermittent fasting & performance: The iFast clinical trial protocol

There is increasing evidence from animal and human studies suggesting that fasting can play a role in disease prevention, weight control and longevity. However, few studies have compared exercise performances in individuals adhering to an intermittent fasting (IF) in comparison to individuals who are not. Given the rising popularity of IF we aim to investigate whether this type eating pattern will improve cardiovascular performance over a period of 12 weeks through VO2 max measurements in participants from a Lebanese community. Additionally, we will study the variation of different health parameters, physical performance and biomarkers potentially affected by IF. Participants will be recruited from a large university community and randomized into 4 arms. Baseline information will be collected from all participants, which includes biological, physical, nutritional, medical and psychological data. Two arms will follow a time-restricted fasting diet with and without physical exercise, one arm will exercise without fasting, and one will act as a control group. Throughout the study, measurements will be repeated, and data analysis will follow to evaluate results.

Analysis of VO2MAX Differences between Laboratory Test and Field Test in Rowing

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test and field test. This research is a descriptive quantitative research with a comparative approach. The samples of this study were 30 male and female athletes of the Indonesian rowing team (male = 17, female = 13) aged 23.5 ± 3.5 years. The anthropometric profile of the athletes included height = 182.2 ± 5.01 cm for male and 171.9 ± 5.73 cm for female, weight = 74.2 ± 5.85 kg for male and 68.6 ± 8.5 kg for female. According to the results of analysis of VO2max rowing test data gained from both methods, there were low and moderate correlations in the laboratory test and field test in rowing (male r = 0.425 and female r = 0.62). The results show that VO2max measured in the laboratory test and field test did not show a significant difference. Therefore, these two parameter tests can be used in Vo2Max testing.

The formula for calculating the predicted value of cardiorespiratory endurance using a foot rest-based cardiorespiratory exercise device.

This study developed a formula for calculating the predicted VO2 max value using a prototype model of foot-based cardiorespiratory exercise. Forty sedentary workers (20 men and 20 women) were enrolled via consecutive sampling. They underwent direct measurement of VO2 max using spiroergometry as the gold standard; the predicted VO2 max value was calculated using a prototype model of foot-based cardiorespiratory exercise, which was performed on consecutive days. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to formulate the equation for the predicted VO2 max value by including potential contributing variables: gender, body height, body weight and heart rate. Bland-Altman test was used for assessing the agreement level for the predicted VO2 max value. The equation for the predicted VO2 max value was formulated as 3.2 + 0.15 optimal exercise heart rate -5.5 sexes (0 for men, 1 for women). The agreement level for the formula was acceptable in all measurement result ranges. The formula developed in this study can be used to measure the predicted VO2 max value with an acceptable agreement level.

SURVEI TINGKAT KEMAMPUAN VO2 MAX WASIT BOLABASKET INDONESIAN BASKETBALL LEAGUE

In being a basketball referee, he is required to be in good shape while in charge of leading the match, so in this case the researcher wants to know the VO2 Max ability of the Indonesian Basketball League basketball referee for the 2020-2021 season. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of VO2 Max basketball referees in Indonesian Basketball League basketball referees for the 2020-2021 season. This study used a descriptive method with a test survey method. The study population was all basketball referees for the Indonesian Basketball League 2020-2021 season totaling 24 referees. Sampling in this study using total sampling technique. Of the 24 samples above VO2 Max is very good, good, sufficient, and moderate. The test and measurement technique is done by using multistage running (multistage fitness test) to measure VO2 Max. Based on the research results, the following conclusions were obtained; The physical ability of basketball referees in the Indonesian Basketball League, out of the 24 referees that we categorized as good, there were 3 with a percentage of 12.5% in the fair category, 17 referees with a percentage of 70.83% and 4 referees in the poor category with 16.6% and average value In conclusion, the researchers can say that physical training is still needed to add VO2 Max referees who are referees for Indonesian Basketball League basketball while leading the match in prime condition.

The correlation between sleep quality and performance in football athlete

Athletes are at risk of overtraining. Therefore, athletes need to build a strategy to get a better condition after training. If optimum recovery is achieved by good sleep, athletes can be engaged in other physical activities or increase the load of exercise in the upcoming days. Thus, we assumed that sleep quality is related to the performance of football athlete. To investigate if there is correlation between sleep quality and performance in football athletes, we undertook a cross-sectional analysis of 100 male football athletes. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, and athlete’s performance was quantified by oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) measurement by bleep test, while resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured with digital sphygmomanometer. There was significant correlation between sleep quality and all performance indicators including resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and VO2max (p < 0.001). In Pearson correlation, we found that sleep quality affects 14% of resting heart rate (r = 0.384) (p < 0.001), 17% of systolic pressure (r = 0.421) (p < 0.001), 21% of diastolic pressure (r = 4.69) (p < 0.001), and 16% of VO2max score (r = − 0.412) (p < 0.001). By Gamma correlation, we found that almost all of the participants with good sleep quality have normal resting heart rate, normal blood pressure, and either superior or excellent VO2max score (rheart rate = 0.768) (p = 0.002), (rsystolic = 0.773) (p < 0.001), (rdiastolic = 1.00) (p < 0.001), (rVO2max = 0.68) (p < 0.001). There was correlation between sleep quality and performance of football athlete.

Detrimental Effects of the Off-Season in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The off-season period in soccer leads necessarily to changes in fitness status. However, there is a lack of systematization that allows identifying the magnitude of these changes in groups participating in off-season training programs compared with those subjected to training cessation. This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of training cessation in off-season training programs on men soccer players' body fat, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), yo-yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT), vertical jump, sprinting time, and repeated-sprint ability. To qualify for inclusion in the systematic review, studies must have included: (1) a detraining period of ≥ 2weeks; (2) controlled trials or cohorts of healthy men soccer players with no restriction on age; and (3) a pre-post training cessation or off-season training programs measure of body fat (%), VO2max (mLkg-1min-1), YYIRT performance (meters), vertical jump (height), sprinting (time), and repeated-sprint ability (total time). The electronic search yielded 563 articles, and 12 were subsequently included. Significant (all p < 0.05) detrimental training cessation effects were noted for body fat (ES = 0.26), VO2max (ES = - 1.48), YYIRT (ES = - 0.46), vertical jump (ES = - 0.81), and repeated-sprint ability (ES = 0.68). Similarly, significant (all p < 0.05) detrimental off-season training programs effects were noted for body fat (ES = 0.26), VO2max (ES = - 0.48), vertical jump (ES = - 0.51), and sprinting time (ES = 0.86). When training cessation and off-season training programs effects were compared, greater detrimental effects were noted after training cessation for VO2max (p = 0.002) and repeated-sprint ability (p < 0.001). Detrimental effects on body composition and physical fitness were observed after both training cessation and off-season training programs. However, off-season training programs seem to ameliorate such detrimental effects on VO2max and repeated-sprint ability to some extent. The results presented here call for the implementation of more effective off-season training programs among male soccer players.

The Comparison of Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Functional Capacity between High Intensity Interval Training and Moderate Continuous Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Introduction: Increased aerobic exercise capacity appears to reduce all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Aerobic exercise improves functional capacity (FC) is strongly recommended.However, evidence regarding the most efficient exercise intensity for patients post Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG) is still limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of high-intensity intervalexercise (HIIT) compared to moderate-continous intensity exercise (MCT) for increasing FC in patients post CABG.&#x0D; Methods: True experimental pre-post study included 6 men post CABG participating in a phase II cardiac rehabilitation (CR) with age ≤ 65 years old, ejection fraction ≥ 40%, no heart failure, no valve disease.Each group had 3 participants. HIIT group exercise at 80-90% Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) followed by 60-70% HRR active rest periods, MCT group exercised at 60-80% HRR. Both groups trained 3 days/week for 4 weeks. FC measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of rehabilitation. FC was assessed by maximal exercise testing through indirect VO2 max measurement.&#x0D; Results: After training, FC increased significantly in both group HIIT: 0,98±0,48 METs (8.07±1.51 METs to 9.05±1.21 METs), p=0.03 and MCT : 0,79±1,03 METs (5.74±2.24 to 6.53±1.69 METs), p=0.04).Differences in FC improvement between the two groups are p=0.792.&#x0D; Conclusion: HIIT exercise had no difference with MCT in increasing FC in patients post CABG.&#x0D; Keywords: CABG, cardiac rehabilitation, continuous moderate training, functional capacity, highintensity interval training