Measures Of Trust Research Articles

Education, trust, and likelihood to vaccinate against COVID-19 among patients with diabetes in the American South

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explain the relationship among education, likelihood to vaccinate for COVID-19, and trust in healthcare providers among patients living with diabetes in the American South. MethodsExplanatory iterative sequential mixed methods design combined retrospective chart review, self-report surveys, and qualitative interviews. ResultsAnalysis of covariance revealed that severity of diabetes was not linked to vaccine acceptance. Overall, patients reported higher likelihood to vaccinate if their healthcare providers strongly recommend the vaccine. People with “some college” education reported lowest likelihood to vaccinate, before and after their healthcare providers’ strong recommendation. Integrated analysis revealed the complexity of patient-provider trust and vaccination decisions. ConclusionsIn the context of COVID vaccination, particularly as conspiracy theories entered the mainstream, measures of trust in the system may be a clearer indicator of vaccine decision making than trust in personal physician. Practice implicationsThe nonlinear relationship between education and likelihood to vaccinate challenges providers to talk to patients about knowledge and understanding beyond a superficial, quantitative screening question about education. Health systems and public health officials need to find strategies to build trusting relationships for patients across systems, such as community health workers.

Assessing the incremental value of intellectual humility and cognitive reflection in predicting trust in science

BackgroundPrevious studies show that trust in science is an important predictor of health behavior. While it varies significantly in the population, the factors explaining this variability are not fully understood. In the present study, we first aimed to investigate the role of previously documented predictors of trust in science, specifically education, political conservatism, religiousness, conspiracy ideation, and openness to experience. Second, we aimed to investigate the incremental value of two novel predictors - intellectual humility and cognitive reflection. MethodAn adult sample from the United States (N = 705) completed an online questionnaire containing basic demographic questions and measures of trust in science and the proposed predictors. FindingsThe results showed that political conservatism, religiousness, conspiracy ideation, and openness to experience significantly contributed to trust in science, while education did not. Furthermore, after controlling for these factors, an aspect of intellectual humility, openness to revising one's viewpoint, emerged as one of the key predictors of trust in science. ConclusionOur study provides a better understanding of factors contributing to trust in science and highlights a novel malleable factor that could be addressed with future interventions.

Evaluating Collective Action for Effective Land Policy Reform in Developing Country Contexts: The Construction and Validation of Dimensions and Indicators

Although land reform can be motivated by different policy objectives, it always involves the participation of many actors. Insights from New Institutional Economics suggest that individual interests that are not aligned with collective interests tend to undermine the goals of reform. This study provides a viable framework and measures for social capital, trust, and cooperation performance and their interrelationships to compensate for the existing separate analysis of these three factors and their rare application in achieving goals of collective action. We also build a strong and deepening theoretical foundation for the indicator design, providing a rich representation of social capital, trust, and cooperation performance. After being presented with variables, indicators are used to further elaborate on the variables to enhance the richness and science of the indicator design. The validation results of indicators from 12 experts and 223 respondents are to yield an average reliable coefficient as a positive sign of reliability and validity of the evaluation process with Kendall’s Co-efficient of Concordance (W) through R programming. This study emphasizes the importance of collective action for sustainable land use and effective land policy reform, a topic that remains underrepresented in most land reform analyses.

Age as a Moderator of Health Outcomes and Trust in Physicians.

Objectives: Patient trust in physicians is associated with patient satisfaction with healthcare, patients engaging in follow-up care, and positive health-related outcomes. The current study investigated whether age moderated the relation between trust in physicians and four health outcome variables, including patient satisfaction, doctor visits, emergency room visits, and hospital admissions. Methods: 398 English-speaking, community-dwelling adults completed measures of physician trust and important health outcome variables via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Results: Age significantly moderated relations between trust in physicians and hospital admissions, and trust in physicians and patient satisfaction, with both positive relations becoming stronger with increasing age. Discussion: The results highlight the need for a lifespan approach to the study of physician trust and related health outcomes. They offer an avenue for increasing physician trust, engagement with the healthcare system prior to the need for hospitalization, and the reduction of healthcare costs.

Non-Invasive Measurement of Trust in Group Interactions

Trust between group members has many implications for how well a group performs. In this study, we predict perceived trustworthiness of group members when there are subversive group members. We collected multimodal verbal and non-verbal data from a group interaction experiment. During the interaction, we periodically surveyed the group members about their perceptions of trustworthiness of other group members. We used this data to model the relationship between observable behavior and perceptions of trustworthiness. This research advances the study of behavioral measurement in groups and the role of behavior on perceived trustworthiness.

Do jihadist terrorist attacks cause changes in institutional trust? A multi‐site natural experiment

AbstractResults from previous research suggest that terrorist attacks lead to relatively short‐term increases in trust in institutions. The explanation for this increase is known as the ‘rally effect’, whereby individuals respond to crises and threats with more positive support for political leaders and institutions. Even though the number of related natural experiments with survey data is increasing, these studies merely represent case studies of single incidents with limited external validity. To advance quasi‐experimental research on the effects of terrorist attacks on institutional trust, we propose a new methodological approach by assessing all jihadist terrorist attacks resulting in at least one civilian death in a European country that take place during the fieldwork of the European Social Survey and combining the results of eight unique natural experiments in five different countries using meta‐analytic and meta‐regression techniques. The results of this ‘multi‐site natural experiment’ indicate that support for the rally‐hypothesis is mixed at best. While some attacks appear to significantly increase at least some measures of institutional trust (e.g., The Netherlands 2004, France 2015, Israel 2012), others seem to have no effect at all (e.g., Germany 2015, France 2018), or even substantially decrease trust in domestic political institutions (Russia 2012). Summary effects from multilevel meta‐analyses are non‐significant for any institutional trust outcome. These results are robust to a large number of robustness tests and alternative specifications. In comparison with previous research, it appears that a lot of the European evidence for the rally‐hypothesis was based on ‘outlier’ case studies like the Charlie Hebdo attack in France, 2015. Accordingly, our results cast doubt on the unrestricted generalisability of rally effects after terrorist attacks to different geographic, political, social or historical contexts.

A qualitative analysis of trust and distrust within patient-clinician interactions

ObjectivesTrust represents a key quality of strong clinician-patient relationships.1 Many have attempted to assess patient-reported trust. However, most trust measures suffer from ceiling effects, with no variability, making it not possible to examine predictors of trust and distrust. Rather than rely on patient reports, we created a codebook for instances of trust and distrust from actual patient-clinician encounters. MethodsThree coders conducted a qualitative analysis of audio recordings among patient-cardiologist outpatient encounters. ResultsWe identified trust and distrust based on vocal and verbal cues in the interactions. We found consistent patterns that indicated patient trust and distrust. ConclusionOverall, this work empirically validates a new more accurate measurement of trust for patient-doctor interactions. InnovationWe are the first to use audio recordings to identify verbal markers of trust and distrust in patient-clinician interactions. From this work, others can code trust and distrust in recorded encounters rather than rely on self-report measures.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence Improves Human Decision-Making: Results from a Mushroom Picking Experiment at a Public Art Festival

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) enables Artificial Intelligence (AI) to explain its decisions. This holds the promise of making AI more understandable to users, improving interaction, and establishing an adequate level of trust. We tested this claim in the high-risk task of AI-assisted mushroom hunting, where people had to decide whether a mushroom was edible or poisonous. In a between-subjects experiment, 328 visitors of an Austrian media art festival played a tablet-based mushroom hunting game while walking through a highly immersive artificial indoor forest. As part of the game, an artificially intelligent app analyzed photos of the mushrooms they found and recommended classifications. One group saw the AI’s decisions only, while a second group additionally received attribution-based and example-based visual explanations of the AI’s recommendation. The results show that participants with visual explanations outperformed participants without explanations in correct edibility assessments and pick-up decisions. This exhibition-based experiment thus replicated the decision-making results of a previous online study. However, unlike in the previous study, the visual explanations did not significantly affect levels of trust or acceptance measures. In a direct comparison, we consequently discuss the findings in terms of generalizability. Besides the scientific contribution, we discuss the direct impact of conducting XAI experiments in immersive art- and game-based environments in exhibition contexts on visitors and local communities by triggering reflection and awareness for psychological issues of human–AI interaction.

Firm innovation and generalized trust as a regional resource

Generalized trust represents an important regional resource for a firm. It increases human capital, fosters frequent interaction and information sharing, and lowers transaction costs. We provide empirical evidence on the impact of generalized trust among people on firm innovation in German regions. Our observation period ranges from 2004 to 2018. A trust measure is generated by using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, firm-level data is obtained from the Mannheim Innovation Panel and regional data is retrieved from the INKAR database. We apply a 3-level multilevel model, with yearly observations nested in firms, which are nested in regions. Our results show that the relationship between trust and firm innovation has an inverted U-shape. An increase in trust is particularly beneficial for firms inside regions with very low levels of trust, and in small and medium-sized enterprises, especially those that operate in the doing-using-interacting mode of innovation (DUI) with an emphasis on employee freedom and creativity.

Determinants of continuous intention to use retail apps: A hybrid PLS-ANN approach

ABSTRACT Although consumers’ intent to use retail applications (apps) over time is crucial to their success, academics have paid less attention to this factor. Using the attractiveness of alternatives as a moderator, this study aims to determine how users’ perceptions of app quality affect their propensity to use the app in the future through measures of performance confirmation and trust. The study analyzed the 435 acceptable responses using a hybrid approach incorporating partial least squares structural equation modeling and deep learning (artificial neural network). Results showed that utilitarian and hedonic performance confirmation and trust drive the use of retail apps. Service and information qualities validate trust and utilitarian and hedonic performance confirmation. System quality solely influences utilitarian performance confirmation. The attractiveness of alternatives adversely moderates utilitarian performance confirmation and continuation intention. The novel theoretical model integrating stimulus–organism–reaction model and information system success model reveals the relative importance of specific aspects, providing a better understanding of retail app users’ continuation intention.

Measuring Interpersonal Trust towards Virtual Humans with a Virtual Maze Paradigm.

Virtual humans, including virtual agents and avatars, play an increasingly important role as VR technology advances. For example, virtual humans are used as digital bodies of users in social VR or as interfaces for AI assistants in online financing. Interpersonal trust is an essential prerequisite in real-life interactions, as well as in the virtual world. However, to date, there are no established interpersonal trust measurement tools specifically for virtual humans in virtual reality. This study fills the gap, by contributing a novel validated behavioural tool to measure interpersonal trust towards a specific virtual social interaction partner in social VR. This validated paradigm is inspired by a previously proposed virtual maze task that measures trust towards virtual characters. In the current study, a variant of this paradigm was implemented. The task of the users (the trustors) is to navigate through a maze in virtual reality, where they can interact with a virtual human (the trustee). They can choose to 1) ask for advice and 2) follow the advice from the virtual human if they want to. These measures served as behavioural measures of trust. We conducted a validation study with 70 participants in a between-subject design. The two conditions did not differ in the content of the advice but in the appearance, tone of voice and engagement of the trustees (alleged as avatars controlled by other participants). Results indicate that the experimental manipulation was successful, as participants rated the virtual human as more trustworthy in the trustworthy condition than in the untrustworthy condition. Importantly, this manipulation affected the trust behaviour of our participants, who, in the trustworthy condition, asked for advice more often and followed advice more often, indicating that the paradigm is sensitive to assessing interpersonal trust towards virtual humans. Thus, our paradigm can be used to measure differences in interpersonal trust towards virtual humans and may serve as a valuable research tool to study trust in virtual reality.

Trust and Voice Biometrics Authentication for Internet of Things

In recent years, IoT adoption has been higher, and this causes lots of security concerns. One of the fundamental security concerns in IoT adoption is the question, “Are you who you say you are?” Thus, authentication forms the gateway for a secure communication system with IoT. So far, the human voice is one of the most natural, non-intrusive, and convenient behavioural biometric factors compared to other biometric authentication methods. Despite the non-intrusive characteristics of voice as a biometric authentication factor when accessing IoT technologies, there is a concern of a general societal trust and distrust with IoT technology and the risk of theft of users' data and imitation. This study derived a realistic trust evaluation model that incorporates privacy, reliability, security, usability, safety, and availability factors into a trust vector for a flexible measurement of trust in the user accessing IoT technologies.

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Trust Me Scale-Italian Version: A Validation Study.

The Trust Me Scale is a widely used instrument to measure trust in healthcare providers. However, no Italian version of the scale exists yet, limiting its use in Italian-speaking populations. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the Trust Me Scale for use in Italian-speaking populations in nurses and nurse managers. The translation process involved methodological steps of collaborative and iterative translation with cultural adaptation. The validation process included a cross-sectional study enrolling a convenience sample of 683 nurses and 188 nurse managers who completed the Italian version of the Trust Me Scale and measures of intention to leave, satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Item 5 was removed for poor factor loading, and items 11 and 13 were removed following an a priori strategy focused on deleting items with correlations between residual variables different than expected based on theoretical expectations derived from previous research. The final model fit well to sample statistics with a three-factor structure (harmony, reliability, and concern) and 13 items. A multiple-indicator multiple-cause model showed a measurement invariance between nurses and nurse coordinators. Construct validity was also supported by the evidence that the measured domains of trust align with the theoretical expectations and are related to the intention to leave, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Each dimension showed adequate scale reliability. The Italian version of the Trust Me Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure trust in nurses and nurse managers in Italian-speaking contexts. It can be used for research in nursing and leadership and evaluation of interventions aimed at improving trust in healthcare contexts.

Trust and vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national analysis

Previous studies of vaccine hesitancy in the context of COVID-19 have reported mixed results in terms of the role played by political and institutional trust. This study addresses this ambiguity with a global analysis of the relationship between trust and vaccine hesitancy, disentangling the effects of generalized trust orientations, trust in specific institutions and conspiracy mentality. It first draws upon a cross-national survey of 113 countries to demonstrate that trust in government is a predictor of vaccine hesitancy across global regions. It further draws on original surveys fielded in seven countries (France, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Croatia, Brazil, India), which deploy a diverse range of measures, to disentangle the individual-level predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Our findings confirm the robust effects of trust in government across countries, but when including other trust measures in the same models, the most robust effects are those of trust in health institutions and conspiracy mentality. Weaker associations are observed for right-wing ideology and online political engagement, while the consumption of traditional media tends to predict the willingness of individuals to be vaccinated.

Trust and COVID precautionary measures during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from two African countries

This study examines how trust was associated with social distancing during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso and Kenya. It fills gaps in previous research on trust and health by 1) simultaneously considering the relationship of individual- and aggregate-level indicators of trust, and 2) evaluating trust in local government and national government separately. Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) data on COVID-precautionary measures and individual-level trust measures were spatially linked with aggregated trust data from the Afrobarometer to create a multilevel dataset. PMA data show that women in Kenya were generally more likely to report taking COVID-precautionary measures relative to Burkinabé women, although levels of these measures were high in both countries. Hierarchical logistic models for each country show levels of interpersonal trust mattered more in Burkina Faso. Although the association between individual-level trust in government and social distancing was not statistically significant, overall levels of trust in the region where an individual lived were associated with social distancing. We found a significant interaction effect between regional trust in the national government and regional trust in local government: individuals in regions where trust was high in both national and local government were the most likely to socially distance; individuals in regions with low local government trust but high national government trust were less likely to report social distancing. We unpack possible implications of these findings; they point to the importance of a unified government front within African countries in promoting health safety measures during a pandemic.

What are you assessing when you measure "trust" in scientists with a direct measure?

This article analyzes three publicly available datasets focused on trust in science and scientists. It specifically seeks to understand what direct measures of trust (i.e. questions that directly ask respondents how much they trust scientists) assess in terms of discrete measures of trustworthiness (i.e. perceptions of scientists' ability, integrity, and benevolence). Underlying the analyses is a concern that direct measures of trust are a poor substitute for differentiating between discrete trustworthiness perceptions and behavioral trust in the form of a specific willingness to make oneself vulnerable. The research concludes that it is unclear what direct trust measures are capturing in any given context and suggests that researchers should better use trust-related theory when designing surveys and trust-focused campaigns. The secondary data used come from the General Social Survey, Gallup, and the Pew Research Center.

Vaccine attributes and vaccine uptake in Hungary: evidence from a conjoint experiment.

In an ongoing public health crisis, the question of why some people are unwilling to take vaccines with particular attributes is an especially pertinent one, since low rates of vaccination mean that it will take longer for many nations to exit the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this article, we conduct a pre-registered conjoint experiment in Hungary (N = 2512), where respondents were asked about their attitudes towards hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines whose characteristics varied across a number of attributes. Results indicate that vaccine attributes matter for the likelihood of uptake when it comes to the prevalence of severe side effects, efficacy and country of origin. Moreover, we find that our pre-treatment measure of institutional trust moderates the effect of our treatment, as differences in vaccine attributes are larger for those with robust levels of institutional trust compared to those with weaker levels. Our findings suggest that institutional trust matters when it comes to understanding the relationship between vaccine attributes and likelihood of uptake.

245 Do they REALLY Trust Us?: The Importance of Trust and Trustworthiness in All IN for Health

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The critical role that trust plays continues to be documented and highlights the gap in understanding the extent to which initiatives such as All IN for Health from the Indiana Clinical and Translational Institute (I-CTSI) can improve trust between the community and researchers. We discuss measures of trust and evaluate how we may improve recruitment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this study, we invited over 13000 volunteers from the All IN for Health research participant registry. Six hundred and sixty-three (663) respondents participated in the survey. The Relationship of Trust and Research Engagement Survey included three validated surveys: Distrust in Healthcare Organizations, the Trust in Medical Researchers scale by Hall et. al, and Patient Trust in Medical Researchers by Mainous et al.. The 36-item survey also included open-text questions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on preliminary results 74% agreed it’s safe to be in medical research, yet 79% had never been asked to participate in medical research by their doctor. Sixty percent believed that HCOs put money above patients’ needs. Forty percent agreed that doctors do medical research for selfish reasons. Fifty percent disagree that patients get the same medical treatment regardless of race/ethnicity. Moreover, 28 % agree that medical researchers act differently toward minorities. Between 9 and 11% believe that researchers select minorities for their most dangerous studies and some projects are secretly designed to expose minoritized groups to diseases. Our next step is to disaggregate the data by race and ethnicity and evaluate these answers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study's population willingly engaged in a research registry making their diminished trust quite alarming. Amongst the general population, trust in scientists is now below pre-pandemic levels. We must critically assess our own trustworthiness, and critically reflect on the authenticity of our efforts.

171 COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Latinx Sexual and Gender Minorities in South Florida

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Intersecting marginalized identities and multimorbidity elevate Latinx sexual and gender minority (SGM) risk for severe COVID-19, making vaccination critically important for this group. This study provides some of the first data on strategies for improving vaccination efforts in this community. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data come from the Latinx SGM substudies of the NIH-funded Florida Community Engaged Alliance against COVID-19 Health Disparities (FL-CEAL), recruited between April 2021-August 2022 (n=215). Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses informed a multivariable logistic regression model with a dichotomous outcome variable for respondents who received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose. Covariates included, gender, education, poverty, immigration status, an index of six COVID-19-related challenges, and dominant COVID-19 strain. Dichotomous measures of trust in six information sources (e.g., doctors, community organizations, social media) were also included. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 182 respondents (85%) had received one or more vaccines. Key findings of statistical significance associated with vaccination from the adjusted model include White race (p=0.028), college degree attainment (p=0.006), high trust in community organizations (p=0.022), and the dominant variant at the time of survey (p DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In a departure from non-SGM Latinx samples, high trust in community organizations was significantly associated with vaccine uptake. This highlights the importance of LGBT organizations to Latinx SGM and suggests messaging regarding vaccination via these organizations may be especially effective.

Examining trust between supervisors and trainees in the pediatric emergency department.

Lack of trust between supervisors and trainees can have harmful consequences. Trust has been examined between physicians, patients, and staff in multiple settings but has not been examined in a bidirectional manner in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Debra Meyerson in 1996 discussed the theory of swift trust, a type of trust that develops quickly between temporary groups through reliance on categories. Meyerson describes categories as groups unified by social identities such as gender or profession. We explored the applicability of swift trust in the relationship between supervisors and trainees in the PED. This multimethods study used qualitative interviews and the validated interpersonal mistrust trust measure (IMTM) to assess baseline trusting style. PED attendings from a single institution and residents from various training levels, specialties, and institutions rotating through the same PED were sampled until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. IMTM scores were triangulated with interviewee's reported trusting styles. Seventeen PED attendings and 16 residents participated. Residents and attendings emphasized different factors that influence trust. Common factors across groups included affect, the need for vulnerability, and appropriate communication. Most described reliance on certain categories (level of training, specialty, etc.) when making trusting decisions. Categories such as gender and race were noted to be unimportant when making trusting decisions about others, although some participants believed these attributes played into decisions made by others. Quantitative data from the IMTM supported qualitative conclusions regarding trusting style. The trusting relationship between supervisors and trainees in the PED dovetails with the swift trust theory. Common factors that influence trust reveal entry points for attendings and residents to improve trust and ultimately prevent negative patient outcomes. Future studies may examine how reliance on categories influences an individual's trust in their colleagues.