Measurement Of Power Factor Research Articles

Development and Deployment of a High-Precision Power Factor Measurement Meter

This research article presents the development and deployment of a high-accuracy power factor measurement meter. Power factor measurement is crucial for assessing the efficiency of electrical systems and ensuring optimal power usage. The proposed meter employs advanced signal processing techniques to accurately measure both leading and lagging power factors with high precision. The design incorporates robust hardware components such as ATMega8 micro- controlling chip and sophisticated algorithms to minimize errors and provide reliable measurements even in challenging operating conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed meter in accurately measuring power factor across a wide range of electrical loads. The developed meter offers significant improvements in accuracy and reliability compared to existing solutions, making it suitable for various industrial and commercial applications where precise power factor measurement is essential for efficient energy management.

TEM-compatible microdevice for the complete thermoelectric characterization of epitaxially integrated Si-based nanowires.

Nanostructured materials present improved thermoelectric properties due to non-trivial effects at the nanoscale. However, the characterization of individual nanostructures, especially from the thermal point of view, is still an unsolved topic. This work presents the complete structural, morphological, and thermoelectrical evaluation of the selfsame individual bottom-up integrated nanowire employing an innovative micro-machined device compatible with transmission electron microscopy whose fabrication is also discussed. Thanks to a design that arranges the nanostructured samples completely suspended, detailed structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy is enabled. In the same device architecture, electrical collectors and isolated heaters are available at both ends of the trenches for thermoelectrical measurements of the nanowire i.e. thermal and electrical properties simultaneously. This allows the direct measurement of the nanowire power factor. Furthermore, micro-Raman thermometry measurements were performed to evaluate the thermal conductivity of the same suspended silicon nanowire. A thermal profile of the self-heating nanowire could be spatially resolved and used to compute the thermal conductivity. In this work, heavily-doped silicon nanowires were grown on this microdevices yielding a thermal conductivity of 30.8 ± 1.7 W Km-1 and a power factor of 2.8 mW mK-2 at an average nanowire temperature of 400 K. Notably, no thermal contact resistance was observed between the nanowire and the bulk, confirming the epitaxial attachment. The device presented here shows remarkable utility in the challenging thermoelectrical characterization of integrated nanostructures and in the development of multiple devices such as thermoelectric generators.

Development and Deployment of a High-Precision Power Factor Measurement Meter

Development and Deployment of a High-Precision Power Factor Measurement Meter

Design of Power Factor Monitoring System Based on Android Application

Electrical energy is an essential resource for human needs. The prolific utilization of electrical devices accounts for high energy consumption patterns. Resistive and inductive loads characterize conventional electrical equipment. In practice, the properties of electrical loads impact energy demand and system efficiency. Thus, power factor correction presents a viable strategy to improve electrical energy efficiency. This research aims to develop an Internet of Things-integrated power factor monitoring system. When connected to Wi-Fi, the system employs a PZEM-004T sensor to monitor current, voltage, power, and power factor measurements from the load in the absence of active monitoring. The ESP32 microcontroller processes the sensor data. Then, control programs running on the microcontroller instruct a relay to engage capacitive banks accordingly. The system displays output metrics on a Liquid Crystal Display and Android application. Experimental results indicate that a single-phase electric motor operates at a baseline power factor of 0.31. However, integration of the factor correction tool detailed herein improves the power factor to 0.98 for the given load.

STATCOM Effect on Voltage Profile of a Distributed Network Considering Two Different Measurement Positions

he voltage profile of low voltage distribution systems must be in accordance to national regulations, usually given by a range in which voltage needs to be. Along a day, usually voltage fluctuates according to load characteristics, especially power level and power factor, and in some situations can overpass minimum acceptable values. This paper studies the influence of the power factor measurement point governing a DSTATCOM, over the feeder voltage profile. By simulation, it was saw that connecting the D-STATCOM at the end of the system, but correcting power factor saw by the initial pole, a better voltage compliance is obtained.

Kajian Manajemen Energi Listrik Pada Stasiun Pompa Air

One of the important components for a drinking water company is the operation of a pump station that functions to regulatethe water supply from existing water sources to customers. To operate the water pump, an electric motor is needed as the driving force. Inorder for the energy consumption needed to operate an electric motor to be regulated, it is necessary to manage electrical energy at thepump station. One example of a pump station is the local water company (PDAM) Unit Wendit Malang City. This unit consists of 3 pumpstations namely Wendit 1, Wendit 2 and Wendit 3. These three parts are supplied by 2 transformers with a capacity of 1110 kVA for Wendit2 and 1730 kVA for Wendit 1 and 3.From the results of power factor measurements in the three sections , it is known that the power factorvalue at the Wendit 3 pump station is 0.82. This value does not meet the PLN minimum standard, which is 0.85. If the power factor is lessthan 0.85 then the industry will incur the excess reactive power consumption (kVARh) charges. Therefore it is necessary to study energymanagement at the pump station of PDAM Unit Wendit Malang City. To improve the low power factor, two recommendations were given,namely the installation of VSD (Variable Speed Drive) at the PDAM Unit Wendit 1 and 3 pump stations and the installation of a CapasitorBank at the PDAM Unit Wendit 2 pump station.Based on the analysis, the power factor value PDAM Wendit 3, which was originally 0.82increased to 0.9. In addition, there are savings in electricity consumption per month of 10.48% at PDAM Unit Wendit 1 and 3 and 28.32%at PDAM Unit Wendit 2.

On-Grid PV Performance in Various Irradiation Conditions, Types, and Load Power

There are several types of photovoltaic system configurations, one of which is the on-grid PV system. This system is simple compared to other systems. Because there are two different energy sources that can supply the load either together or separately, an analysis of how the irradiation affects the electrical parameters on the load side or the grid itself is required. The goal of this research is to examine the performance of on-grid PV under various irradiation variation, type, and load power to power factor, grid frequency, and load conditions. To measure the performance of on-grid PV, parameter calculations are carried out in the form of PV efficiency, final yield, reference yield, and performance ratio, and the results of measurements of power factor, grid frequency, and load are observed due to variations in irradiation, type, and load power. The results show that the performance of on-grid PV is good; low irradiation can result in a decrease in the grid power factor, while the grid and load frequencies are in normal conditions for various variations of irradiation, type, and load power.

Qualification of Fe0.95Co0.05Si2 as a reference material for high temperature measurement of the thermoelectric power factor

Precise characterization of thermoelectric (TE) materials is mandatory for a meaningful validation of scientific results, focusing on traceable determination of the Seebeck coefficient (S), the electric (σ) and thermal (κ) conductivity. These properties form the thermoelectric figure of merit zT = (S2σ/κ)T, which is used for assessment of TE conversion efficiency with respect to the absolute temperature T. The level of metrological standardization is characterized to date by available reference samples for the Seebeck coefficient, publications on best practice measurement approaches, and accomplished international round robin (RR) campaigns on transport property measurements.We report on the qualification of β-Fe0.95Co0.05Si2 (FeSi2) as the first semiconducting high temperature reference material for the TE power factor (PF = S2σ), which is currently developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The relation between the size of FeSi2 compacts obtained by current-assisted short time sintering and the resulting functional homogeneity of the material is presented, which is studied by spatially resolved Seebeck coefficient measurements at room temperature. Data from temperature dependent characterization of the PF is provided to assess functional stability and homogeneity under integral measurement conditions. The outcome of certification measurements at PTB report on individual uncertainty contributions as the base for a later testimony of FeSi2 as a metrological reference for the PF. Integral measurements have been expanded to further comparative test results obtained by the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), and the Netzsch Gerätebau GmbH. The findings give evidence of an excellent homogeneity, reproducibility and stability with low standard deviations for S and σ far below typical measurement uncertainties, which effectively demonstrates the suitability of FeSi2 as a future reference material for TE metrology at elevated temperatures up to 1000 K.

Fair Power Factor Billing Under Unbalanced and Nonsinusoidal Voltage Supply

Utilities apply an additional fee for medium and large customers with low power factors. However, unfair financial charges may occur in installations subjected to voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion. The objective of this paper is to determine the fairest PF definitions and their corresponding measurement algorithms in the case in which a constant impedance load or an induction motor is supplied with unbalanced and nonsinusoidal voltages. Fairness is defined considering that the meter (built based on a particular definition and measurement method) under nonideal supply should lead to very close values as if it was submitted to an ideal balanced sinusoidal supply. We performed computational simulations to emulate several conditions in which a balanced customer (modeled as a constant impedance load or an induction motor) is charged due to a voltage supply no longer balanced and sinusoidal. We also performed experimental tests with an induction motor subjected to a wide range of unbalanced nonsinusoidal supply conditions to ratify the conclusions drawn from the simulations. Based on the simulation results and the experimental tests, we indicate some power factor definitions and measurement methods that are not significantly affected by voltage unbalance and harmonic distortions. These indicated PF definitions provide the fairest billing for conditions with unbalanced nonsinusoidal voltages.

Simulation of passive filter design to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in Energy-Saving Lamps (LHE) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

This paper discusses the design of a passive filter system for Energy-Saving Lamps (LHE) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED) using the MATLAB Simulink software. This type of lamp is a type of non-linear load that produces harmonics of current and voltage. However, this harmonic problem can be reduced using passive filters. To determine the size of the passive filter components, research was carried out in the form of measurements of power, power factor, voltage, current, THDi and THDv produced by the LHE and LED. The results of these measurements were simulated using MATLAB Simulink to determine the passive filter design that reduces the THD value on the LHE and LED. To reduce the level of current harmonics, a single tuned LC passive filter was designed. The filter, designed to work at a frequency of 50 Hz and is expected to reduce the level of harmonics in the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th harmonic orders so that the THD produced by LHE and LED meets the IEEE 519-2014 standards. The simulation results of single tuned LC passive filter design can reduce THDi by 46.78% from the initial THD of 84.55% so that it becomes 37.77%.

Efficiency, Power Loss, and Power Factor Measurement of Quadrupole Magnet Power Supplies at the Spallation Neutron Source

Efficiency, Power Loss, and Power Factor Measurement of Quadrupole Magnet Power Supplies at the Spallation Neutron Source

Simulating and Building an Appliance Clustering Fuzzified SVC for Single Phase System

A power system suffers from losses that can cause tragic consequences. Reactive power presence in the power system increases system losses delivered power quality and distorted the voltage. As a result, many studies are concerned with reactive power compensation. The necessity of balancing resistive power generation and absorption throughout a power system gave birth to many devices used for reactive power compensation. Static Var Compensators are hunt devices used for the generation or absorption of reactive power as desired. SVCs provide fast and smooth compensation and power factor correction. In this paper, a Fuzzified Static Var Compensator consists of Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) branch and Thyristor Switched Capacitors branches for reactive power compensation and power factor correction at the load side is presented. The system is simulated using Simulink using a group of blocks and equations for measuring power factor, determining the weightage by which the power factor is improved, determining the firing angle of TCR branch, and capacitor configuration of TSC branches. Furthermore, a hardware prototype is designed and implemented with its associated software; it includes a smart meter build-up for power monitoring, which displays voltage, current, real power, reactive power and power factor and SVC branches with TRIAC as the power switching device. Lastly, static and dynamic loads are used to test the system's capability in providing fast response and compensation. The simulation results illustrated the proposed system's capability and responsiveness in compensating the reactive power and correcting the power factor. It also highlighted the proportional relation between reactive power presence and the increased cost in electricity bills. The proposed smart meter and SVC prototypes proved their capabilities in giving accurate measurement and monitoring and sending the data to the graphical user interface through ZigBee communication and power factor correction. Reactive power presence is an undesired event that affects the equipment and connected consumers of a power system. Therefore, fast and smooth compensation for reactive power became a matter of concern to utility companies, power consumers and manufacturers. Therefore, the use of compensating devices is of much importance as they can increase power capacity, regulate the voltage and improve the power system performance.

Thermopower Enhancement of Rutile-type SnO2 Nanocrystalline Using Facile Co-Precipitation Method

Metal oxide semiconductor has attracted so much attention due to its high carrier mobility. Herein, thermoelectric study of nanocrystalline SnO2 through a simple co-precipitation method is conducted to enhance the Seebeck coefficient (S). X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), resistivity (r), Seebeck coefficient (S), and power factor (PF) measurements are conducted to analyze the thermoelectric properties of the material. The measurements show that there are two interesting results, which are the unusual resistivity behavior and the high value of the S. Resistivity behavior shows a non-reflective intermediate semiconductor-metals behavior where the turning point occurs at 250 o C. This behavior is strongly correlated to the surface oxide reaction due to annealing temperature. The maximum S likely occurs at 250 ºC, since the curve shows a slight thermopower peak at 250 ºC. The value of the S is quite high with around twenty times higher than other publications about SnO2 thermoelectric material, this happens due to the bandgap broadening. The energy gap of SnO2 calculated using density functional theory (DFT), which was performed by Quantum Espresso 6.6. The result shows that there is a broadening energy gap at different momentum or wave factor. Nanocrystalline semiconductors material is giving an impact to increase the width of bandgap due to quantum confinement and could enhance the thermopower especially in SnO2 nanocrystalline

Grid integration of Photovoltaic System Interfaced with Artificial Intelligence based Modified Universal Power Quality conditioning system

Unified Power Quality Compensators (UPQC) in load side utility system is not able to fully suppress harmonies in power grid and distortion in the interface system. To enhance the operation of the UPQC, a Fuzzy based Modified Universal power quality conditioning system (Fuzzy-MUPQCS) is developed. Modified Universal power quality conditioning system (MUPQCS) is a combination of two active filters in series and one active filter in shunt. A 3φ voltage source inverter is also used to maintain a common DC link capacitor voltage through Photo voltaic (PV) system connected to a utility grid. Highest Power Point Tracking (HPPT) algorithm is mainly used to pull out the maximum amount of power in the PV system. In this paper, Proportional integral controller based MUPQCS (PI- MUPQCS) and Fuzzy-MUPQCS are used to analyse the load voltage and load current distortion, THD analysis, power factor measurement, grid voltage and grid current distortion in the three phase system under nonlinear load conditions. The execution of the MUPQCS based 3φ system and the controllers are simulated using Matlab /Simulink model.

Design of Multi-function Power Factor Instrument with STM32

Background: A multifunctional power factor device based on the FFT algorithm has been designed. The digital panel can display power factor, voltage, current, frequency, phase angle, active power and reactive power. Objective: To solve the influence of the harmonic interference and the aperiodic component on the accuracy of power factor measurement. Methods: In this paper, by combining a fixed-point 256-point FFT algorithm and taking STM32 as the core microcontroller, the hardware circuit and the software program are designed respectively. The hardware circuit is tested and analyzed in practice. Among them, the hardware circuit mainly includes the main circuit design, STM32 control circuit design, EMI and second-order RC filter circuit design, sampling circuit design, and signal conditioning circuit design. The software program mainly includes the main program, AD conversion subroutine, voltage and current acquisition subroutine, LCD display subroutine and twirl factor array. FFT algorithm is achieved by the table look-up method. Results: Finally, the hardware circuit is built and the software program is debugged to test the designed device. The experimental results show that the designed power factor instrument meets the task requirements under the different types of loads. Conclusion: After processing and analyzing the measurement results, it can be concluded that: under the pure resistive load, the maximal relative error of electrical parameters is 4.49%; and under the resistive inductive load, the maximal relative error of electrical parameters is 2.86%. Both results meet the design requirements.

Power quality and reactive power of water electrolyzers supplied with thyristor converters

Industrial water electrolyzers apply direct current in kiloampere ranges. Therefore, rectifiers are typically based on thyristors despite the high amplitude current fluctuation excited by the rectifier. This paper studies the effect of thyristor rectifiers on the power quality of the electrolyzer stack and the supplying AC grid. The thyristor bridge excites high current and power fluctuation causing additional losses in the electrolytic cells. Further, the both AC supply side and DC output power factors are low especially under partial load conditions. The reactive power is divided into phase shift and distortion components. In the case of thyristor rectifier without any passive filter components the distortion reactive power component is dominating. The simulated results are supported by the power factor measurements of an industrial alkaline water electrolyzer. It is proposed that electrolyzer stack manufacturers should give requirements for the DC power quality to maximize the stack energy efficiency and lifetime.

Virtual Instrumentation in Electrical Engineering Applications

This paper presents the applications of LabVIEW tools in the field of electrical engineering for student-centric learning such as power factor measurement, AC-to-DC converters, speed control of induction and DC motor drive. LabVIEW is a powerful graphical interface and user-friendly tool designed specifically for test, measurement and control. The power factor of resistive and inductive loads, the performance parameters of fully controlled converters and speed control of induction motor are performed in LabVIEW with DAQ device USB 6009. The speed control of a DC motor is performed with PI-speed controller using LabVIEW control and simulation toolkit and fuzzy logic controller. Measurement results are presented to validate the feasibility of system.

Design of power factor meter using internet of things for power factor improvement, remote monitoring and data logging

<span>Nowadays, many residential and commercial buildings that used electricity needs to take care the power factor to avoid penalty from the utility companies. A power factor that is close to one provides a good indicator for the overall power quality. Therefore, power factor improvement plays a significant role to reduce electricity consumption and more efficient system operation. In this paper, the design of power factor meter using Internet of Things will be discussed. Voltage and current sensors outputs were interfaced to Arduino, in which the real power and apparent power were calculated to determine the power factor. Results showed the effectiveness of our proposed device in measuring power factor. Moreover, the measured data points were logged in an SD card and can be accessed by computer with Matlab graphical user interface (GUI). In addition, IoT framework analysis for smart meter which can provide power factor improvement, remote monitoring, and data logging was further discussed in this paper.</span>

A novel fractional order power factor measurement

This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of a smart power factor metering system to measure the fractional order power factor of a load. The variation of grid frequency or power factor (PF) increases the utility charges. The proposed design provides an accurate PF measurement by using a real-time AC power triangle. The system is designed by proposing a novel embedded system based controller that enables reading the main-line frequency, load voltage, current and their phase differences. A converter is designed first to transform the high voltage and current to the controller. The converter consists of a potential transformer, a current transformer, high differential strobe terminal based comparator and a logic gate that detects the phase delay between the load voltages and currents. A set of parallel capacitors are interconnected with the load terminal for improved PF measurement. The improved power factor confirms the saving of the utility charges for inductive loads. The simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of proposed metering system.

Temperature Influence on Dielectric Response of Rotating Machine Insulation and Its Correction

Insulation condition is an essential aspect for the operational reliability of high voltage rotating machines in power plants and industrial applications. Insulation resistance (IR) and line-frequency dissipation-factor / power-factor (tanδ) measurement are often performed for the assessment of stator insulation condition. These measured values need to be normalized to a reference temperature (e.g. 40 °C) for comparison and trending and this is traditionally achieved by multiplying the results with a certain factor. However, this correction could be subject to error for an individual device since the correction factors recommended by various standards are average values of a certain number of machines at different conditions. In addition to that, insulation condition also has some influence on the temperature dependent property.With the introduction of Dielectric Frequency Response, DFR and Polarization/Depolarization Current, PDC as more advanced insulation diagnostic methods, with proper modelling, temperature correction can be done based on the insulation condition of an individual device and thus accuracy is considerably improved. In this paper, the background of DFR and its superiority in temperature correction are introduced. After that, the numerical Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transformation algorithm is applied to correct the time domain measurement (IR and PDC).