Measured Serum Magnesium Research Articles

Continuous Observation of Serum Total Magnesium Level in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background: Magnesium is an indispensable cation and plays an important physiological role in the body. Most previous studies focused on the single measurement of serum magnesium in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, scant studies focused on continuous observations of serum magnesium levels. Objective: To provide continuous observations of serum magnesium levels in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The levels of magnesium in patients initiating hemodialysis are also recorded and analyzed in the present study. Methods: In this retrospective study, we serially investigated the measurements of serum total magnesium in MHD patients and patients initiating hemodialysis. Our data were followed up for one year. We provided real-time update on the levels of serum magnesium in patients on hemodialysis. Results: On January 1, 2019, a total of 356 end-stage renal disease patients were receiving hemodialysis in our hospital. On December 31, 2019, the number had increased to 383. We found that serum total magnesium levels were in the normal range before initiating hemodialysis. With the initiation of hemodialysis, the levels of serum total magnesium increased. In patients on MHD, hypermagnesemia was very common. Hypomagnesemia was rare when 0.5 mmol/L magnesium dialysate was used. We did not find proton pump inhibitor associated hypomagnesemia. Conclusion: We find that serum total magnesium levels are in the normal range before initiating hemodialysis. However, in patients on MHD, hypermagnesemia is common when 0.5 mmol/L magnesium dialysate is used. Hypomagnesemia is very rare. Hypomagnesemia in patients on MHD is an indicator of poor condition.

Magnesium and Risk of Bleeding Complications From Ventriculostomy Insertion.

Hemorrhages are a serious complication of brain surgery, and magnesium has shown hemostatic properties in hemorrhagic stroke and non-neurological surgeries. External ventricular drain (EVD) insertion is an advantageous model of emergency neurosurgical hemorrhage risk because it is common, standardized, and the operator is blinded to the outcome during the procedure. We tested the hypothesis that low magnesium is associated with risk of hemorrhagic complications from EVD insertion. Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were enrolled in a prospective, observational study. Demographic and clinical variables were prospectively recorded, including serum magnesium measurements. Catheter tract hemorrhage (CTH) was measured on postoperative head computed tomography within 48 hours of EVD insertion. We observed 50 CTH among 327 EVD procedures (15.3%) distributed similarly among intracerebral hemorrhage (21/116 [18.1%]) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (29/211 [13.7%]). Magnesium was lower in patients with CTH compared with those without (median 1.8 versus 2.0 mg/dL, P<0.0001). Higher magnesium was associated with lower odds of CTH (odds ratio 0.67 per 0.1 mg/dL magnesium [95% CI, 0.56-0.78], P<0.0001) after adjustment for other risk factors, with similar effect in the intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage subgroups. Preprocedural increase in magnesium (odds ratio 0.68 [0.52-0.85]) and dose of preprocedural magnesium sulfate (odds ratio 0.67 [0.40-0.97]) were associated with reduced CTH risk after adjustment for initial magnesium and other risk factors. Lower magnesium at the time of EVD insertion was an independent predictor of hemorrhagic complications. Baseline risk was attenuated by preprocedural increases in magnesium, suggesting a therapeutic opportunity.

Hypomagnesemia after heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device implant for end-stage heart failure.

Patients with advanced heart failure undergoing heart transplant (HTx) or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implant are at high risk of magnesium deficiency, that may favor development of diabetes. We aimed to comparatively assess prevalence and correlates of hypomagnesemia during cardiac rehabilitation between 51 HTx and 46 LVAD recipients. We measured serum magnesium and correlated it to clinical and laboratory findings upon admission (T1 ) and at discharge (T2) from cardiac rehabilitation. Among LVAD, magnesium levels increased from admission to discharge. Among HTx, magnesium concentrations were below normal in 33% and 47% at T1 and T2 , respectively, and decreased from admission to discharge. HTx on tacrolimus showed greater decreases in magnesium and increases in glucose levels than those on cyclosporine. Magnesium levels were inversely associated with >15mg/dL increased glucose concentrations between T2 and T1 (HR 0.373, 95% CI 0.154-0.903, P=.029) after adjustment for pre-existing diabetes, insulin resistance markers, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine/tacrolimus), prednisone doses, and magnesium supplementation. Hypomagnesemia is rare in LVAD recipients, but common within 1month from HTx, worsens during rehabilitation, despite immunosuppression tapering and magnesium supplements, and is independently associated to increasing glucose levels. Studies evaluating whether correcting hypomagnesemia improves outcome are warranted.

Study On Serum Magnesium, Calcium And Iron In Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Children

Background: Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and one of the major cause of lifelong disability. Magnesium, calcium and iron are important minerals of biological system. Hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia and iron deficiency has been found to be associated with abnormal metabolic functions resulting in autistic spectrum disorder.&#x0D; Hypothesis: Serum magnesium, calcium and iron levels are lower in ASD children than healthy control.&#x0D; Objective: To measure serum magnesium, calcium and iron in ASDchildren and to compare them with healthy control.&#x0D; Method: This observational type of analytical study with case-control design was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka from March 2014–January 2016. For this study, 80 children aged 3-10 years were randomly selected, among which 40 were apparently healthy and 40 were diagnosed as ASD. The study group was selected from the Parents’ Forum (Mohakhali DOHS, Dhaka) for ASD children and the control group was selected from some regular schools. 5ml venous blood was collected from both groups for analysis of fasting serum magnesium, calcium and iron. Fasting magnesium, calcium and iron were estimated in all children by standard laboratory method. Independent sample‘t’ test and proportion (Z) test were used for statistical analysis. P value Â0.05 was accepted as significant.&#x0D; Result: The mean serum magnesium, calcium and iron were significantly lower (pÂ0.001) in cases as compared to controls. The frequency of hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia and iron deficiency were significantly higher in early diagnosed ASD children, which was 7 (17.5%), 22 (55%) and 5 (12.5%) out of 40 ASD children respectively.The mean values of all the biochemical variables in normal children were within normal ranges.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicate that hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia and iron deficiency are common in ASD children.&#x0D; J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.2, October, 2018, Page 199-204

Serum Magnesium Measurements After Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Should It be Routine?

BackgroundParathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Following surgery, significant changes in bone and mineral metabolism may follow, but routine magnesium monitoring is not standard practice. The occurrence of significant clinical events linked to hypomagnesaemia in 3 patients after parathyroidectomy led to our evaluation of magnesium levels after surgery for PHPT.MethodsSerum magnesium levels before and after parathyroidectomy for PHPT were prospectively evaluated in a single centre over a year. The incidence and severity of hypomagnesaemia and its correlation with other biochemical variables were assessed.ResultsA total of 138 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT. Pre-operative and day 1 post-operative serum magnesium levels were available in 57/138 (41.3%) and 99/138 (71.7%) patients, respectively. Serum magnesium decreased significantly after surgery (mean ± SD of 0.85 ± 0.08 and 0.75 ± 0.11 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.001). On the day after parathyroidectomy, 31/99 (31.3%) patients had hypomagnesaemia (<0.70 mmol/L); in 3 of whom it was severe (<0.50 mmol/L). Patients with hypomagnesaemia had lower pre-operative magnesium (mean ± SD of 0.78 ± 0.06 and 0.87 ± 0.07 mmol/L, p < 0.001), higher pre-operative calcium [median (IQR) of 2.83 (2.71–2.99) and 2.71 (2.63–2.80) mmol/L, p = 0.001] and higher post-operative calcium [median (IQR) of 2.41 (2.30–2.51) and 2.35 (2.28–2.43) mmol/L, p = 0.046] compared to those with normomagnesaemia. In addition, these patients demonstrated higher drop in calcium levels after surgery (0.44 ± 0.20 and 0.35 ± 0.18 mmol/L, p = 0.033). Magnesium levels after surgery correlated positively with pre-operative magnesium (r = 0.561, p < 0.001) and post-operative PTH (r = 0.210, p = 0.037) and negatively with pre-operative adjusted calcium (r = − 0.389, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSerum magnesium decreased significantly following parathyroidectomy for PHPT and nearly a third of patients developed post-operative, mostly mild hypomagnesaemia. Whilst routine serum magnesium measurements could facilitate prompt recognition and treatment of this electrolyte disturbance, further research needs to establish the clinical importance of mild hypomagnesaemia in these clinical settings and, if indicated, to devise optimal treatment strategies.

Commutability of external quality assessment materials for serum magnesium and calcium measurements

The commutability of pooled patient sera (PPS) and control materials (CM) should be evaluated to investigate their suitability for use in an external quality assessment (EQA) program. Individual human samples, PPS and CM were analyzed by four routine methods and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reference methods for magnesium and calcium measurements. The commutability was analyzed according to EP14-A3 protocol and the difference in bias approach, respectively. For magnesium measurements, all PPS were commutable and 3/5 CM were commutable for all measurement systems according to the EP14-A3 protocol. For calcium measurements, most PPS were commutable for all measurement systems, but the CM were only commutable with the Cobas c702 system. The IFCC approach produced similar commutability profiles, except that a large number of inconclusive results appeared. The routine methods exhibited excellent linearity and precision. The majority of relative biases between the routine and reference methods were beyond the bias limits. The commutability of the CM and PPS vary depending on which evaluation approach and criterion is applied. Superiority in the commutability of PPS over CM was observed whichever evaluation approach is applied.

Magnesium: Are We Consuming Enough?

Magnesium is essential for maintaining normal cellular and organ function. In-adequate magnesium balance is associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, routinely measured serum magnesium levels do not always reflect total body magnesium status. Thus, normal blood magnesium levels eclipse the wide-spread magnesium deficiency. Other magnesium measuring methods, including the magnesium loading test, may provide more accurate reflections of total body magnesium status and thus improve identification of magnesium-deficient individuals, and prevent magnesium deficiency related complications.

The Relation between Serum Magnesium Level and Acute Exacerbation of Asthma in Children Admitted to Rapareen Teaching Hospital in Erbil city

Background and objectives: Asthma is a common disease caused by chronic information and increased responsiveness of pulmonary airways with airflow obstruction. Magnesium in extracellular fluid is crucial for normal neuromuscular activities, and its deficiency is associated with increased contractility of smooth muscle cells including bronchiolar wall leading to bronchospasm. The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of hypomagnesemia among asthmatic children and to find out any significant correlation of hypomagnesemia with asthma in children. Methods:A case control study performed in Erbil city, from January 2017 to January 2018. One hundred asthmatic patients aged (3-13) years were examined, all of them had acute asthmatic attacks with respiratory distress for which they were admitted to (Rapareen Pediatric Teaching Hospital). The control group included 100 healthy non asthmatic children who visited the hospital with their parents. Blood samples were taken to measure serum magnesium level. Statistical analysis performed by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS19). Results: the mean serum magnesium in patients group was (1.91± 0.33) mg/dl and it was significantly lower than control group it (2.03± 0.33) mg/dl. Serum magnesium level decreased with increasing severity of asthma symptoms. Conclusions: Serum magnesium level is significantly lower in asthmatic children as compared to the control group, serum magnesium level decreased as the duration of asthma is longer but not significantly, there was an inverse relation between serum magnesium and the severity of asthma, no significant change in its serum level was found when steroids and bronchodilators are used

Estimation of magnesium level in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with HbA1c level.

SummaryBackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disease; the total number of diabetes patients is expected to reach 366 million by 2030. Magnesium has received considerable attention for its potential role in improving insulin sensitivity and preventing diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Hypomagnesaemia is linked to poor control of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and depletion of serum magnesium occurs exponentially with duration of disease. The aim of this study was to measure serum magnesium level and the correlation of magnesium level with HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we included 100 diabetic patients; blood is taken for measurement of both magnesium and HbA1c levels. Patients with risk factors of magnesium deficiency were not included.ResultsOf the total 100 patients recruited in our study, majority had diabetes for 8.0 years duration. The mean age of the patients was 53.97 ± 10.65 years, most of them were on oral hypoglycaemic agents (84.9%) followed by combination of oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin (10.5%), and a small percentage were on insulin alone (4.7%). The mean of serum magnesium and HbA1c levels was 1.88 ± 0.25 mg/dL and 8.38% ± 1.53%, respectively. The majority of the patients had a normal level of magnesium (95.0%); however, most of them had uncontrolled blood glucose (82.0%). The study showed that the serum magnesium level and HbA1c are not significantly correlated (P = 0.462).ConclusionNormal magnesium levels were observed in majority of patients, there is no significant correlation between serum magnesium and HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM, but larger‐scale clinical trials are needed in future.

Relationship between serum magnesium concentration during the transition period, peri‑ and postpartum disorders, and reproductive performance in dairy cows

This study evaluated the relationship between serum magnesium concentration, peri‑ and postpartum disorders, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Blood samples were collected from 198 Holstein cows 4 weeks prepartum, after calving, and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postpartum to measure serum magnesium and/or progesterone concentrations. To determine the relationship between serum magnesium concentration and peri‑ or postpartum disorders, cows were divided into two groups based on their mean serum magnesium concentration 4 weeks prepartum and just after calving: a Low-Mg group (1.45–2.65 mg/dL, n = 110) and a High-Mg group (2.70–5.40 mg/dL, n = 88). Analysis of these groups showed that the incidences of dystocia, retained placenta, endometritis, and lameness were lower (P < 0.05–0.01) in the High-Mg than in the Low-Mg groups. To determine the relationship between serum magnesium concentration during the transition period and reproductive performance, cows were divided into two groups based on their mean serum magnesium concentration from 4 weeks prepartum to 4 weeks postpartum: a Low-Mg group (1.80–2.59 mg/dL, n = 116) and a High-Mg group (2.60–4.17 mg/dL, n = 82). The probability of cyclicity resuming (shown by a progesterone concentration ≥ 1 ng/mL) by 8 weeks postpartum was higher in the High-Mg group (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.70; P < 0.01) than that in the Low-Mg group. Moreover, the probabilities of first insemination by 150 days and pregnancy by 210 days postpartum were higher (HRs: 2.16 and 2.36, respectively; P ≤ 0.0001) in the High-Mg than in the Low-Mg groups, resulting in the mean calving-to-conception interval being 25 days shorter in the High-Mg group. In conclusion, high serum magnesium concentration during the transition period is associated with lower incidences of peri‑ and postpartum disorders and improved reproductive performance in dairy cows.

Refeeding syndrome : Pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment

Refeeding syndrome is alife-threatening complication that may occur after initiation of nutritional therapy in malnourished patients, as well as after periods of fasting and hunger. Refeeding syndrome can be effectively prevented and treated if its risk factors and pathophysiology are known. The initial measurement of thiamine level and serum electrolytes, including phosphate and magnesium, their supplementation if necessary, and aslow increase in nutritional intake along with close monitoring of serum electrolytes play an important role. Since refeeding syndrome is not well known and the symptoms can be extremely heterogeneous, this complication is poorly recognized, especially against the background of severe disease and multimorbidity. This overview aims to summarize the current knowledge and increase awareness about refeeding syndrome.

Serum magnesium is associated with the risk of dementia.

To determine if serum magnesium levels are associated with the risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease. Within the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study, we measured serum magnesium levels in 9,569 participants, free from dementia at baseline (1997-2008). Participants were subsequently followed up for incident dementia, determined according to the DSM-III-R criteria, until January 1, 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to associate quintiles of serum magnesium with incident all-cause dementia. We used the third quintile as a reference group and adjusted for age, sex, Rotterdam Study cohort, educational level, cardiovascular risk factors, kidney function, comorbidities, other electrolytes, and diuretic use. Our study population had a mean age of 64.9 years and 56.6% were women. During a median follow-up of 7.8 years, 823 participants were diagnosed with all-cause dementia. Both low serum magnesium levels (≤0.79 mmol/L) and high serum magnesium levels (≥0.90 mmol/L) were associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.69, and HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.67, respectively). Both low and high serum magnesium levels are associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia. Our results warrant replication in other population-based studies.

SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVEL IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN DUHOK CITY

Background&#x0D; Asthma is an increasingly common disease over the last century. It is caused by chronic inflammation of lung airways with increased airway responsiveness and airflow obstruction. Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the body and the major intracellular divalent cation. Mg+2 in extracellular fluid is crucial for normal neuromuscular activities. Magnesium deficiency is associated with increased contractility of smooth muscle cells including bronchiolar resulting in bronchospasm.&#x0D; Objectives&#x0D; To detect the prevalence of hypomagnesemia among asthmatic children and to find out any significant correlation of hypomagnesemia with asthma in children.&#x0D; Patients and Methods&#x0D; A case control study conducted in Duhok, North of Iraq in the period between January the 1st 2014 and January the 1st 2015. One hundred asthmatic patients aged between 1 and 15 years were examined. All patients had acute asthmatic attacks with features of respiratory distress for which they were admitted to Heevi Pediatric Teaching Hospital. Those with fever, dehydration, localized wheezing, pneumonia, cardiac, renal, or hepatic dysfunction were excluded. They were all studied in terms of age, gender, duration of asthma, drugs used for treatment, severity of asthma and the patients’ growth as measured by Body Mass index. Control group included 100 children who were healthy non asthmatic and visited the hospital with their parents. Samples of blood were taken to measure serum magnesium level.Statistical analysis were performed by using the SPSS 19 where P&lt;0.05 is significant.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The mean serum magnesium in patients group was 1.91± 0.33 mg/dl while in the control group it was 2.03± 0.33 mg/dl. Serum magnesium levels were lower in the asthmatic patients than controls P= 0.01. Male gender predominated in both groups (68% , 61%) and the most common age among cases was 1- &lt; 3 years and controls 5- &lt;10 years. Serum magnesium level indirectly correlated with duration of asthma but not significantly (P=0.1). Serum magnesium level was not significantly related to body mass index P=0.3.Serum magnesium level decreased with increasing severity of asthma symptoms P= 0.05. Serum level is slightly lower in asthmatics on steroids and bronchodilators than those who were not P=0.7, P=0.9 respectively. &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Serum magnesium level is significantly lower in asthmatic children as compared to the control group. Serum Mg+2 level decreases as the duration of asthma is longer but not significantly. There is an inverse relation between serum Mg+2 and the severity of asthma. No significant change in serum Mg+2 develops when steroids and bronchodilators are used.

Correlation between Serum Magnesium and Calcium Level in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome during Nephrosis

Background: Biochemical alteration is a common phenomenon in all kidney disease including nephrotic syndrome (NS).Objective: To evaluate the magnesium (Mg) level in patients with nephrotic syndrome and its relation to calcium.Methods: In this observational cross sectional study,we measured serum magnesium and serum calcium levels in children with nephrotic syndrome.It was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Dhaka Shishu(children) Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2015 to June 2015. A total of fifty four diagnosed cases of nephrotic syndrome were divided into initial episode, first relapse,infrequent relapse and frequent relapse. Mean level of serum magnesium and calcium of all four groups were then compared.Results :The mean level of serum magnesium during initial episode was 2.28±0.36mg/ dl and it was 2.04±0.29,2.06±0.29 and 1.76±0.32mg/dl during first relapse, infrequent relapse and frequent relapse respectively. The mean serum magnesium level in different patterns of nephrotic syndrome was found to be statistically significant. Hypomagnesemia was mostly found in frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome patients. The mean level of serum calcium during initial episode was 2.01±0.16 and it was 1.98±0.17,2.06±0.13 and 2.05±0.15 during first relapse, infrequent relapse and frequent relapse respectively. The mean serum calcium level in different patterns of nephrotic syndrome was found to be statistically insignificant. There was no significant corelation between calcium level with magnesium level (r = -0.08, p = 0.28).Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is commonly found in frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome. There was no significant correlation between calcium with magnesium level.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (3) :139-143

Association of Serum Trace Elements with Schizophrenia and Effects of Antipsychotic Treatment.

Variation of serum trace elements was previously reported in schizophrenia (SZ) patients; however, whether such variation is resulted from the antipsychotic treatment remains obscure. A case control study consist of 165 SZ inpatients and 614 healthy controls measured serum magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (Phos), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) to investigate the relationship of trace elements and SZ. The SZ patients were further followed up (average 3.8weeks) to evaluate the effects of antipsychotic treatment on the trace element concentrations using repeated measures ANOVA analysis. The results showed that higher concentrations of Mg and Phos and lower concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn were significant in SZ patients than that of controls (P<0.01). The age was positively correlated with Fe and Cu, and negatively correlated with Ca, Phos, and Zn in controls (P<0.05). Fe in male SZ patients was significantly higher than in female (P<0.001), as well as in paranoid SZ and acute SZ (P<0.05). Phos significantly increased after risperidone, clozapine, and aripiprazole treatment (P<0.05), while Cu was decreased after clozapine and aripiprazole treatment. Zn significantly decreased particularly in mixed type SZ, acute SZ, and schizotypal SZ after antipsychotic treatment. These results suggested that higher concentration of Phos and lower concentration of Fe and Zn have important implications for the risk of SZ and the antipsychotic treatment is likely to result in the decreased Fe and increased Phos in the clinical subtypes of SZ.

Low serum magnesium levels are associated with increased risk of fractures: a long-term prospective cohort study

Magnesium, which is an essential trace element that plays a key role in several cellular processes, is a major component of bone; however, its relationship with risk of major bone fractures is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of baseline serum magnesium concentrations with risk of incident fractures. We analyzed data on 2245 men aged 42–61 years in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study, with the assessment of serum magnesium measurements and dietary intakes made at baseline. Hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for incident total (femoral, humeral, and forearm) and femoral fractures were assessed. During a median follow-up of 25.6 years, 123 total fractures were recorded. Serum magnesium was non-linearly associated with risk of total fractures. In age-adjusted Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% CIs) for total fractures in a comparison of the bottom quartile versus top quartile of magnesium concentrations was 2.10 (1.30–3.41), which persisted on adjustment for several established risk factors 1.99 (1.23–3.24). The association remained consistent on further adjustment for renal function, socioeconomic status, total energy intake, and several trace elements 1.80 (1.10–2.94). The corresponding adjusted HRs for femoral fractures were 2.56 (1.38–4.76), 2.43 (1.30–4.53) and 2.13 (1.13–3.99) respectively. There was no evidence of an association of dietary magnesium intake with risk of any fractures. In middle-aged Caucasian men, low serum magnesium is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of fractures. Further research is needed to assess the potential relevance of serum magnesium in the prevention of fractures.

Status of serum magnesium in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes and its correlation to glycemic control and lipid profile.

Diabetes mellitus has been suggested to be the most common metabolic disorder associated with magnesium deficiency, having 25% to 39% prevalence. This deficit could be associated with the development of late diabetic complications, especially macroangiopathy.We aimed to evaluate the status of serum Mg in children with type 1 diabetes and assess its relation to glycemic control and lipid profile.We included 71 Egyptian children with type 1diabetes having their follow-up at Pediatric Endocrinology outpatient clinic, Zagazig University Hospital and 71 age- and sex-matched control. We measured Serum magnesium, HbA1c, and lipid profile in all study subjects.Diabetic children had significantly lower serum magnesium level compared to control children (1.83 ± .27 mg/dL in diabetic children versus 2.00 ± .16 mg/dL in control children). Taking cut-off level of serum magnesium <1.7 mg/dL for definition of hypomagnesemia, hypomagnesemia was detected in 28.2% of diabetic children compared to 9.9% of control children. In diabetic patients, there was statistically significant difference in HbA1c between hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic group being higher in the low magnesium group, as it is mean ± SD was 11.93 ± 3.17 mg/dL in group I versus 8.92 ± 0.93 mg/dL in the normomagnesemic group. Serum magnesium was found to be positively correlated with HDL (P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with age, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and duration of diabetes (P < 0.001).We concluded that total serum magnesium was frequently low in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes and it is correlated with HbA1c and with lipid profile. Hypomagnesemia was more evident in patients with poor diabetic control and those with higher atherogenic lipid parameters. We suggest that low serum magnesium may be included in pathogenesis of poor glycemic control and abnormal lipid profile in children with type 1 diabetes. We need to perform further studies on giving magnesium supplements in diabetic children with hypomagnesemia to observe the effect of correction of serum magnesium on glycemic control, lipid profile, and the risk of diabetic complications.

Magnesium in pregnancy.

Magnesium deficiency is prevalent in women of childbearing age in both developing and developed countries. The need for magnesium increases during pregnancy, and the majority of pregnant women likely do not meet this increased need. Magnesium deficiency or insufficiency during pregnancy may pose a health risk for both the mother and the newborn, with implications that may extend into adulthood of the offspring. The measurement of serum magnesium is the most widely used method for determining magnesium levels, but it has significant limitations that have both hindered the assessment of deficiency and affected the reliability of studies in pregnant women. Thus far, limited studies have suggested links between magnesium inadequacy and certain conditions in pregnancy associated with high mortality and morbidity, such as gestational diabetes, preterm labor, preeclampsia, and small for gestational age or intrauterine growth restriction. This review provides recommendations for further study and improved testing using measurement of red cell magnesium. Pregnant women should be counseled to increase their intake of magnesium-rich foods such as nuts, seeds, beans, and leafy greens and/or to supplement with magnesium at a safe level.

Status of Serum Zinc and Magnesium among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects in Maiduguri

Disturbances in trace element status in diabetes may contribute to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes and diabetes complications. This study was undertaken to evaluate the status of serum zinc and magnesium among type 2 diabetic subjects attending endocrinology Clinic of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri. One hundred and thirty (130) subjects participated in this study which comprised of eighty (80) confirmed type 2 diabetic subjects and fifty (50) non diabetics as controls. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase, Xylidyl Blue colorimetric endpoint and colorimetric test with 5-Brom-PAPS methods were used for the measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum magnesium and zinc respectively. Student's t- test and pearson's correlation coefficient were used to determine the statistical significance. There was significantly (p 0.05) was detected in the mean of serum magnesium concentration of diabetics and that of control subjects (0.79±0.02 versus 0.74±0.02)mmol/L. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.25; p 0.05) difference in the correlation between magnesium and FPG, also no significant (p>0.05) correlation was also observed between serum zinc with age and FPG. In this study, zinc was found to be higher in diabetics as compared to controls.

Serum magnesium and risk of new onset heart failure in men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study.

Serum magnesium is an essential intracellular cation involved in processes that regulate cardiovascular function and has been linked to the risk of several cardiovascular disease outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association of serum magnesium concentrations with risk of incident heart failure (HF). We studied 2181 middle-aged men without prevalent HF (aged 42-61years) enrolled in the finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study with serum magnesium measurements made at baseline. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for HF were assessed. During a median follow-up of 24.8years, 278 HF events occurred. Baseline serum magnesium was weakly and inversely associated with several clinical markers and was continuously associated with risk of HF. The age-adjusted HR (95% CIs) for HF per 1 standard deviation (SD) higher serum magnesium levels was 0.86 (0.76-0.97). The HR (95% CIs) was 0.87 (0.76-0.98) after controlling for measures of adiposity, socio-economic variables, medical history, blood pressure, renal function, alcohol consumption, and lipids. These findings remained consistent in analyses accounting for incident coronary heart disease. The results were comparable across several clinically relevant subgroups and analyses with atrial fibrillation as a competing risk yielded similar results. Serum magnesium was continuously, inversely and independently associated with future risk of HF. Further research is needed to assess any potential relevance of serum magnesium in HF prevention.