Measurement Of Energy Flow Research Articles

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AGROFORESTRY PARCELS IN ALLUVIAL MINING AREAS UNDER ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF EL BAGRE - ANTIOQUIA (COLOMBIA)

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The agroforestry parcels are processes of ecological succession that, through technical activities applied to the soil, the areas intervened by the intensive mining operation of deep alluvium are recovered and adapted to biodiverse areas that transform the intervened landscape into productive and environmentally healthy areas with a very marked concept towards family farming. <strong>Objective.</strong> To analyze the energy efficiency in the production of agroforestry plots located in alluvial mining areas in processes of ecological succession, in the municipality of El Bagre - Antioquia. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A field evaluation was carried out in the "agroforestry parcels" located in the municipality of El Bagre, department of Antioquia - Colombia. A sustainability analysis was carried out through the evaluation of indicators and complementary methods such as the rapid evaluation of biodiversity (Institute for Plant Health Research - INISAV, Havana, Cuba), measurement of energy flows and uses, and the application of the Shannon index, as indicators of diversity. <strong>Results.</strong> The findings of this research show the level of energy efficiency of each studied agroforestry parcel and the agroecological characteristics, in terms of sustainability and resilience of the restored areas in the agricultural context of the region. <strong>Implications.</strong> Defining the recovery process of other agroforestry parcels as a successful experience based on the evaluation of agroecology principles, that is, relations of production, society and culture, among other dimensions, can become a tool applicable to the evaluation of recovery processes of ecosystems intervened and degraded by extractive mining practices and support agricultural planning processes. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> These conservation and recovery processes of soils affected by mining may show positive transformations that respond to ecological principles, and this can be demonstrated through the evaluation of sustainability indicators.</p>

Users’ Perception of the Circular Economy Monitoring Indicators as Proposed by the UNI/TS 11820:2022: Evidence from an Exploratory Survey

The measurement of material, energy, water, and waste flows in organizations represents a key challenge in the enhancement of a circular economy and sustainable development. In November 2022, the experimental technical standard “Measurement of Circularity—Methods and Indicators for Measuring Circular Processes in Organizations” (UNI/TS 11820:2022) was introduced, which provides, for the first time, a set of 71 quantitative, qualitative and semi-quantitative indicators for the assessment of the levels of circularity in organizations at the micro- and meso-level. First, the present exploratory research aimed to illustrate the main characteristics of the novel technical standard. Second, through an online-based questionnaire among 105 managers and employees working in various industrial sectors in Italy, the research aimed to investigate their level of awareness and perception of selected circular economy monitoring indicators. Such an analysis will help to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the current version of the technical standard. The research applied descriptive statistics and regression models to estimate the association between the perception of selected circular economy indictors and awareness of the concepts of “circular economy”, “lifecycle thinking”, “sustainable development” and “corporate social responsibility”. Although a limited number of respondents took part in the research, the research explored, for the first time, the main features related to the experimental UNI/TS 11820:2022, proposed an original analysis of users’ perception and awareness in its application, and suggested possible opportunities towards its enhancement from theoretical and managerial perspectives.

Charm and Bottom Quark Energy Loss and Flow Measurements in Au\(+\)Au Collisions by the PHENIX Experiment

Charm and Bottom Quark Energy Loss and Flow Measurements in Au\(+\)Au Collisions by the PHENIX Experiment

The calculation and measurement of electromagnetic energy flows for investigation of critical current estimation for high-temperature superconducting coil by means of pick-up coils

For practical operations of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) devices, we have proposed a monitoring and diagnosing system to detect the degradations of superconducting properties before normal transitions occur locally in the HTS winding. The proposed system estimates the distributions of critical current indirectly from measurement results of the active power components of the Poynting vector around the monitoring HTS devices conducting ac currents by means of pick-up coils pairs mounted surrounding the HTS devices. For this purpose, it is necessary to solve the inverse problem. In order to estimate the critical current distribution, therefore, it is first necessary to be able to calculate the measurement signal distribution from the critical current distribution of the monitoring coil. This paper first proposes the calculation method of signal distributions measured by our system, next reports the results of the experiments and analysis, which were carried out to verify the validity of the calculation method. A pancake coil wound with Bi-2223 multifilamentary tape exposed to a uniform AC magnetic field was assumed as a monitoring coil in the experiments and analyses. The good agreement between the measured signals obtained from the experiments and the numerical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed calculation method of measured signals.

Energy monitoring of manufacturing plants: a real case application

Industries are increasingly demanded to became more green and, at the same time, the process of becoming more connected and automated enabled the measurement of actual energy flows. Indeed, the use of power meters is increased and energy related KPIs are becoming more relevant. High industrial interest is pointed to monitor the energy consumption, to automatically assess energy efficiency, and to identify potentialities for improvement. Nevertheless, monitoring systems are often limited to a certain area or resource and the plant-level vision is not common. Also, the attention is often focused on a particular process, usually energy-intense. The work presents the application of an on-line energy monitoring system to the analysis of the overall plant consumption of a real factory in Italy. The factory produces a full range of valves and actuators for the most critical applications of Oil & Gas industry, and faces with high energy consumption due to the nature of the involved processes (i.e., welding, machining, painting, and high-pressure testing). Monitored data are used to understand plant hot-spots in terms of energy consumption and to create a map of the most (or least) efficient areas of the plant so that specific measures can be implemented to reduce carbon footprint. Indications for a data-driven monitoring system to enable the identification of unexpected and unwanted behaviors are defined.

Energy use and Economic Analysis for Achieving Target Yield through Site Specific Nutrient Management in Soybean (Glycine max L.)- Chickpea Cropping System (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: The measure of energy flow in crop production system provides a good indicator of the production of technological aspects of crop production systems in agriculture. Sustainable agricultural management technologies should be studied in terms of increased productivity, profitability, energy saving and efficiency of agricultural inputs usage by using efficiency indices and sustainable indicators. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Janawada, Bidar during kharif and rabi seasons for two consecutive years (2014-15 and 2015-16) to know the energy use for achieving target yield. The experiement was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments viz., The two genotypes of soybean (JS335 and DSB 21) and chickpea (JG 11 and GBM 2) were tested for target yield of 2.0 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1, 3.0 t ha-1, 3.5 t ha-1, farmers practice and RDF were tested in medium black soils in randomized block design with three replications. The soil testing was carried out to determine the quantity of major nutrient for different target yields. Result: The experimental results revealed that the significantly higher energy efficiency (5.28 MJ ha-1), net energy (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1), energy productivity (0.40 kg MJ-1), energy intensity (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1) in physical terms (13.29 MJ kg-1) and economic terms (3.68 MJ Rs.-1), crop profitability (723.53 Rs.ha-1 day-1), system profitability (417.05 Rs.ha-1day-1) and relative economic efficiency (2.75) and soybean equivalent yield (5683 kg ha-1) were noticed in JS 335/JG 11 + target yield 3.0 t ha-1 compared to rest of the treatments. Thus, it could be concluded that various efficiency indices also used as alternative indices for achieving target yield in cropping system.

Measurement of energy flow, cross section and average inelasticity of forward neutrons produced in sqrt{s} = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the LHCf Arm2 detector

In this paper, we report the measurement of the energy flow, the cross section and the average inelasticity of forward neutrons (+ antineutrons) produced in sqrt{s} = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions. These quantities are obtained from the inclusive differential production cross section, measured using the LHCf Arm2 detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in six pseudorapidity regions: three of them (η > 10.75, 8.99 < η < 9.21 and 8.80 < η < 8.99), albeit with smaller acceptance and larger uncertainties, were already published in a previous work, whereas the remaining three (10.06 < η < 10.75, 9.65 < η < 10.06 and 8.65 < η < 8.80) are presented here for the first time. The analysis was carried out using a data set acquired in June 2015 with a corresponding integrated luminosity of 0.194 nb−1. Comparing the experimental measurements with the expectations of several hadronic interaction models used to simulate cosmic ray air showers, none of these generators resulted to have a satisfactory agreement in all the phase space selected for the analysis. The inclusive differential production cross section for η > 10.75 is not reproduced by any model, whereas the results still indicate a significant but less serious deviation at lower pseudorapidities. Depending on the pseudorapidity region, the generators showing the best overall agreement with data are either SIBYLL 2.3 or EPOS-LHC. Furthermore, apart from the most forward region, the derived energy flow and cross section distributions are best reproduced by EPOS-LHC. Finally, even if none of the models describe the elasticity distribution in a satisfactory way, the extracted average inelasticity is consistent with the QGSJET II-04 value, while most of the other generators give values that lie just outside the experimental uncertainties.

Forward physics results on jet production and energy flow at the LHC

In this paper, we present a review of forward physics measurements performed with LHC Runs 1 and 2 data. In particular, measurements based on proton–proton collisions with different center-of-mass energies (0.9–13 TeV) are reviewed. We focus on measurements exploring the forward phase space using the available instrumentation at the different LHC experiments, and report on forward jet and forward energy flow measurements.

Necessity for quantum coherence of nondegeneracy in energy flow

In this work, we show that the quantum coherence among non-degenerate energy subspaces (CANES) is essential for the energy flow in any quantum system. CANES satisfies almost all of the requirements as a coherence measure, except that the coherence within degenerate subspaces is explicitly eliminated.We show that the energy of a system becomes frozen if and only if the corresponding CANES vanishes, which is true regardless of the form of interaction with the environment. However, CANES can remain zero even if the entanglement changes over time. Furthermore, we show how the power of energy flow is bounded by the value of CANES. An explicit relation connecting the variation of energy and CANES is also presented. These results allow us to bound the generation of system-environment correlation through the local measurement of the system's energy flow.

Environmental assessment of ozone layer depletion due to the manufacture of plastic bags

The results of a quantitative study about the potential environmental impact of ozone layer depletion due to the manufacture of plastic bags in a plant located in northern Colombia are presented in this article. The identification of the emitted gases is essential to determine their contribution to the depletion of the ozone layer and is measured in Kg. Eq. CFC-11 with LCA software, SimaPro. The criterion used in this evaluation are based on a life cycle analysis methodology and the objectives, scope and limitations of the productive system were defined based on this. From this information an inventory was made, taking as the main element the quantitative measurement of matter and energy flows for all inputs and outputs of the production process. The information about the process enabled the identification, characterization and assessment of the environmental impact of global warming related to the production of plastic bags, leading to the conclusion that the most polluting process is that of extrusion followed by the printing of plastic bags.

Multiple jets and γ-jet correlation in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

γ-Jet production is considered one of the best probes of the hot quark–gluon plasma in high-energy heavy-ion collisions since the direct γ can be used to gauge the initial energy and momentum of the associated jet. This is investigated within the Linear Boltzmann Transport (LBT) model for jet propagation and jet-induced medium excitation. With both parton energy loss and medium response from jet-medium interaction included, LBT can describe experimental data well on γ-jet correlation in Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Multiple jets associated with direct γ production are found to contribute significantly to γ-jet correlation at small pTjet<pTγ and large azimuthal angle relative to the opposite direction of γ. Jet medium interaction not only suppresses the leading jet at large pTjet but also sub-leading jets at large azimuthal angle. This effectively leads to the narrowing of γ-jet correlation in azimuthal angle instead of broadening due to jet-medium interaction. The γ-jet profile on the other hand will be broadened due to jet-medium interaction and jet-induced medium response. Energy flow measurements relative to the direct photon is illustrated to reflect well the broadening and jet-induced medium response.

Simplified Method for the Characterization of Rectangular Straw Bales (RSB) Thermal Conductivity

This research aims to design and implement tools and methods focused at the assessment of the thermal properties of full size Rectangular Straw Bales (RSB) of various nature and origin, because their thermal behaviour is one of the key topics in market development of sustainable building materials. As a first approach a method based on a Hot-Box in agreement with the ASTM C1363 – 11 standard was adopted. This method was found to be difficult for the accurate measurement of energy flows. Instead, a method based on a constant energy input was developed. With this approach the thermal conductivity of a Rectangular Straw-Bale (RSB λ) can be determined by knowing the thermal conductivity of the materials used to build the chamber and the internal and external temperature of the samples and of the chamber. A measurement a metering chamber was built and placed inside a climate chamber, maintained at constant temperature. A known quantity of energy was introduced inside the metering chamber. A series of thermopiles detects the temperature of the internal and external surfaces of the metering chamber and of the specimens allowing to calculate the thermal conductivity of RSB in its natural shape. Different cereal samples were tested. The values were found consistent with those published in scientific literature.

Influence of an unheated apartment on the heating consumption of residential building considering current regulations—Case of Serbia

District heating system brings with it the problem of achieving a fair billing service for heating of apartment buildings in the case of uneven temperature in them. The problem is most pronounced when the individual apartments are completely excluded from the heating system of the building. The model of an existing building with 24 apartments was simulated in the software EnergyPlus, for different characteristics of the thermal envelope and different conditions of use, when the apartment with the lowest energy consumption is excluded from the heating system. It was simulated the exclusion of this apartment in which people are present and the lights and electrical appliances are turned on and in which there is no presence of people and electricity consumption (the apartment is empty). As a measure of energy flow between unheated and adjacent apartments, the parameter “stolen” energy is defined. The results of the conducted simulations show that the stolen energy is reduced by the exterior and interior insulation of the building. In this paper, data on energy flow when there is interior insulation in apartments, in particular according to the current regulations in Serbia, are especially analyzed. The results show that, depending on the case and scenario, the stolen energy ranges from 27.23 to 7.97kWh/m2. The insulation of interior walls of the building can significantly mitigate the problem of energy flow due to temperature differences between apartments.

An energy management framework tailor-made for SMEs: Case study of a German car company

Energy management enables small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to mitigate their collectively high environmental impact while generating financial savings. Surprisingly, implementation rates remain low. Academia argues that this energy efficiency gap is due to SMEs’ resource constraints and a lack of managerial awareness regarding energy-related patterns. In order to address these constraints, this article presents a six-step energy management framework tailor-made for SMEs. Therefore, this framework specifically focuses on the measurement and visualization of real-time energy flows to create managerial awareness. Moreover, the framework utilizes internal human capabilities and minimizes resource-intensive management procedures to enable an implementation which is less resource-demanding than existing approaches. Following this framework, companies continuously apply steps of staff sensitization, energy measurement, analyses, optimization, reflection and strategy alignment. Empirically, this framework was developed using an action research approach in a German SME, where energy and carbon saving potentials of 37% were realized. The case study highlights how increased managerial awareness triggers the implementation of energy efficiency practices.

Methodological Tools for the Assessment of Ecological and Socio-Economic Environment in the Region within the Limits of the Sustainability of Biosphere

The article is devoted to the study of ecological and socio-economic environment as well as the development of effective methodological tool for the assessment of its stability. This tool allows to ascertain the level of economic activity of the regions within the limits of the sustainability of biosphere. In the article, the regional system is considered as the total of industrial enterprises, social infrastructure and natural environment creating a specific territorial ecological and socio-economic environment, whose stability depends on the level of economic activity measured by the capacity of territorial ecosystem. The use of a technique for the comparative assessment of the energy indicators of economic activity creating a specific ecological and socio-economic environment of the region as well as of the indicator of the ecological capacity of the territory is proved. The ecological capacity of the territory enables to better estimate the level of the sustainability of the region within the limits of sustainability of biosphere. This method allows to forecast the development of the studied territory by the measurement of general energy flow on the basis of closed material and energy flows. The research revealed an indicator of the sustainability of ecological and socio-economic environment of Ural Federal District. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is the most stable, the Chelyabinsk region is the least stable, which is associated with both natural conditions and the specificities of economic structure. The labour productivity indicator, expressed in energy units, has revealed regions with rich natural resources. It was found that in these regions, there are significant material flows in the electricity industry that leads to a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment of the demographic capacity fully correlates with the calculations of the stability indicator of the regional system and the analysis of labour productivity in the region. In the future, these methodological tools will allow to develop a model of the management of a sustainable ecological and socio-economic environment of the region, taking into account the environmental capacity of biosphere.

Decomposing energy balance contributions for quenched jets with CMS

Modification of energy balance in dijet events from heavy ion collisions, measured by CMS, was among the first jet quenching observations in the LHC energy domain. Here we further study the spatial extent of medium-induced modifications for such dijets, as well as potential medium response to propagating partons, using two-dimensional angular correlations of charged hadrons measured with respect to jets. New differential measurements of charged particle energy flow about the jet direction as a function of relative azimuth and relative pseudorapidity from 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions are compared with the reference pp data recorded by the CMS at the same energy. Modifications of correlated charged hadron distributions for both the leading and the subleading sides of the dijet are reported, together with comparisons of the long-range asymmetry of the underlying event in PbPb vs pp collisions.

Results and Perspectives in Forward Physics with ATLAS

A review of the ATLAS forward physics results is given with particular emphasis on the aspects of relevance for the cosmic rays community. These include proton-proton cross section measurements at s=7 TeV, diffractive physics studies using rapidity gaps, measurements of energy flow as a function of pseudorapidity, and the first cross section measurement performed in the recently started Run 2 at s=13 TeV. The ATLAS future perspectives will also be discussed, focused on the phase 1 upgrade project AFP, underlying its potential for a wide forward physics program both at low and high luminosity.

A System for Acoustic Field Measurement Employing Cartesian Robot

AbstractA system setup for measurements of acoustic field, together with the results of 3D visualisations of acoustic energy flow are presented in the paper. Spatial sampling of the field is performed by a Cartesian robot. Automatization of the measurement process is achieved with the use of a specialized control system. The method is based on measuring the sound pressure (scalar) and particle velocity(vector) quantities. The aim of the system is to collect data with a high precision and repeatability. The system is employed for measurements of acoustic energy flow in the proximity of an artificial head in an anechoic chamber. In the measurement setup an algorithm for generation of the probe movement path is included. The algorithm finds the optimum path of the robot movement, taking into account a given 3D object shape present in the measurement space. The results are presented for two cases, first without any obstacle and the other - with an artificial head in the sound field.

Jet-track correlations in PbPb and pp collisions at 2.76 TeV

Jet quenching is one of the established signatures of the Quark Gluon Plasma, and this phenomenon has been studied extensively in high energy heavy ion experiments over the last decade. Despite significant progress made in those studies, the specifics of the energy loss mechanisms and the details of jet-medium interactions require further quantitative understanding. Studies of two-dimensional angular correlations of charged hadrons with respect to reconstructed jets make it possible to experimentally assess the energy radiation patterns of an energetic parton traversing the medium as well as its fragmentation function. In these proceedings, we present new differential measurements of charged particle densities and energy flow about the jet direction as a function of relative azimuth and relative pseudorapidity from 2.76 TeV PbPb and pp collisions recorded by the CMS Collaboration. With a sample of back-to-back dijets, previously used to reconstruct the event-wise momentum imbalance (missing pT), we explore modifications to correlated charged hadron distributions for both the leading and the subleading sides of the dijet. With this technique, we can individually assess the contribution of the medium-induced modifications to each side of the dijet and explore the extent of potential medium response to the jet propagation, while also extending these measurements to large angular and radial distances.

Exploitability of Renewable Resources in Administrative Buildings

The evaluation of energy flow measurements in two very special buildings under the name of Open Gardens, located in Brno, resulted in confirming that the resources of renewable energy in the Czech Republic can be sufficiently utilized. This energy is derived from photovoltaic elements and earth heat pumps and, additionally, it gets also accumulated in building structures. The energy from renewable resources is utilized for heating, cooling, warm water preparation, for raising air temperature, and it also partially covers the demand for electricity in the building. During the summer period, if the solar gains are considerable, the buildings need being cooled. This is ensured by an earth heat pump enabling the storage of waste heat in deep earth bore holes, offering the advantage of recuperating the heat for heating the rooms during the winter months. At the same time all electricity produced in the building gets utilized, covering roughly 1/3 of the consumption. A plan of comprehensive measurements aiming at the optimization of the most demanding electric appliances has been conceived for this compound of buildings, in order to ensure the best possible utilization of the produced electricity.