Measurement Of Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

Accuracy of skinfold and bioelectrical impedance assessments of body fat percentage in ambulatory individuals with cerebral palsy

This study assessed the accuracy of measurements of body fat percentage in ambulatory individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfold equations. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals (65 males, 63 females; mean age 12y, SD 3, range 6-18y) with CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I (n=6), II (n=46), and III (n=19) participated. Body fat percentage was estimated from (1) BIA using standing height and estimated heights (knee height and tibial length) and (2) triceps and subscapular skinfolds using standard and CP-specific equations. All estimates of body fat percentage were compared with body fat percentage from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Differences between DXA, BIA, and skinfold body fat percentage were analyzed by comparing mean differences. Agreement was assessed by Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). BMI was moderately correlated with DXA (Pearson's r=0.53). BIA body fat percentage was significantly different from DXA when using estimated heights (95% confidence intervals [CIs] do not contain 0) but not standing height (95% CI -1.9 to 0.4). CCCs for all BIA comparisons indicated good to excellent agreement (0.75-0.82) with DXA. Body fat percentage from skinfold measurements and CP-specific equations was not significantly different from DXA (mean 0.8%; SD 5.3%; 95% CI -0.2 to 1.7) and demonstrated strong agreement with DXA (CCC 0.86). Accurate measures of body fat percentage can be obtained using BIA and two skinfold measurements (CP-specific equations) in ambulatory individuals with CP. These findings should encourage assessments of body fat in clinical and research practices.

Measurement of body fat percentage and visceral fat rating using bioelectrical impedance analysis in coronary artery disease patients and its associations with aggressive lipid lowering treatment

BackgroundObesity is often linked with an abnormal lipid profile and heightened risk for and cardiovascular diseases. A new technique of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) which directly estimates obesity by measuring body fat and its distribution has recently become available. We aimed to assess association of body fat percentage (BF%) and visceral fat rating (VFR) with coronary artery disease (CAD) along with conventional risk factors and study the effect of aggressive lipid lowering treatment on these parameters. MethodsWe enrolled patients with documented CAD, subjects at high risk of CAD and healthy controls. Documented CAD patients included were those who had received prior treatment for with high dose lipid-lowering drugs for minimum 6 weeks. High risk for CAD group were those with Metabolic Syndrome (NCEP-ATPIII criteria) or with Framingham 10 yr risk >10%. Established anthropometric indices of waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile were measured. We used bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure BF% and VFR using a device called InnerScanV (TANITA, Tokyo). Results477 subjects were enrolled, [150 (32%) documented CAD patients, 174 (36%) at high risk for CAD and 153 (32%) healthy controls]. On comparing the CAD patients and healthy controls the WC, VFR and HDL were significantly different (p < 0.001). Among the risk factors of CAD, BF% and ratio of total cholesterol and HDL were found to be strongest predictors. On comparing the CAD patients and the high risk for CAD group, the BMI, WC, BF% and entire lipid profile was higher in the high risk for CAD group. The VFR of CAD patients was higher as compared to high risk for CAD group. ConclusionBF% emerged as significant risk factor for CAD. VFR levels remained high even after treatment. Aggressive lipid lowering treatment has significant beneficial effect on all risk parameters except on those measuring abdominal obesity, i.e., WC, VFR and HDL.

Does orthodontic treatment harm children's diets?

IntroductionDespite the many courses of fixed orthodontic treatment being undertaken worldwide, the question of this treatment harming children's diets remains unanswered. MethodsA hospital-based prospective cohort design was adopted to investigate the effects of treatment on dietary intake and behaviour, body fat (BMI) and fat percentage in 124 patients (41.9% male) aged 11–14 (mean 13.1, SD 0.91) years, consecutively recruited to test and control groups. Both groups completed socio-demographic and food frequency questionnaires, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measures at baseline and follow-up. Test patients completed follow-up pain diaries and dietary questionnaires. ResultsBoth groups were comparable at baseline, with a dropout rate of 12.1%. The impact on dietary behaviour was significantly higher at 6 weeks compared to 3 months (P<0.002). Pain (biological factor), analgesic consumption or professional dietary advice (behaviour modification) had no influence whilst, a high BMI status at baseline appeared to be the only significant moderator of change in fat percentage (P<0.05) and impacts on dietary behaviour (P<0.049) at follow-up. ConclusionsThe findings show no significant detrimental effect on dietary intake or behaviour, BMI and fat percentage, during the first 3 months, of orthodontic treatment and may impart a beneficial/protective effect.

Customized Versus Population-Based Birth Weight Charts for the Detection of Neonatal Growth and Perinatal Morbidity in a Cross-Sectional Study of Term Neonates

Customized birth weight charts that incorporate maternal characteristics are now being adopted into clinical practice. However, there is controversy surrounding the value of these charts in the prediction of growth and perinatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the use of customized charts in predicting growth, defined by body fat percentage, and perinatal morbidity. A total of 581 term (≥37 weeks' gestation) neonates born in Sydney, Australia, in 2010 were included. Body fat percentage measurements were taken by using air displacement plethysmography. Objective composite measurements of perinatal morbidity were used to identify neonates who had poor outcomes; these data were extracted from medical records. The value of customized charts was assessed by calculating positive predictive values, negative predictive values, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Customized versus population-based charts did not improve the prediction of either low body fat percentage (59% vs. 66% positive predictive value and 87% vs. 89% negative predictive value, respectively) or high body fat percentage (48% vs. 53% positive predictive value and 90% vs. 89% negative predictive value, respectively). Customized charts were not better than population-based charts at predicting perinatal morbidity (for customized charts, odds ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.04; for population-based charts, odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.05) per percentile decrease in birth weight. Customized birth weight charts do not provide significant improvements over population-based charts in predicting neonatal growth and morbidity.

Comparison of Two Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Devices With Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Estimation of Body Composition

We compared a 4-limb bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) system, HBF 359 (Omron), and a 2-limb foot-to-foot device, BC 532 (Tanita), with the standard dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for the measurement of body fat percentage (BF), skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMM, or fat-free mass [FFM] for BC 532), and visceral fat level (VF). Body composition was measured in 200 healthy volunteers (100 men and 100 women, mean age 48 years) by HBF 359 and BC 532 and by DXA and MRI. The agreement was assessed by correlation analysis and paired t-test. The correlation coefficients between BIA and DXA or MRI ranged from 0.71 to 0.89 for BF, SMM, and VF by HBF 359 and from 0.77 to 0.90 for BF, FFM, and VF by BC 532 in all subjects and in men and women separately (p < 0.001 for all). Compared with DXA, HBF 359 significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated BF by -5.8% in men and -9.6% in women. Compared with MRI, the corresponding underestimatons (negative) or overestimations (positive) by HBF 359 in men and women were, respectively, +1.9% (p = 0.02) and +1.7% (p = 0.10) for SMM, and +13.3% (p < 0.001) and -8.5% (p = 0.006), for VF. The corresponding values by BC 532 in men and women were -10.7 and -6.2% for BF, -1.4 and -2.5% for FFM, and +20.4 and -18.0% for VF. The BIA devices are accurate in the estimation of body composition, especially skeletal muscle mass or FFM.

Comparison of variations between percentage of body fat, body mass index and daily physical activity among young Japanese and Thai female students

BackgroundIn our series of investigations concerning the causes of seasonal change in fat accumulation in young university students, we could not find any contribution of seasonal variation in the ratio of carbohydrate and fat metabolism to that of body fat percentage in Japanese and Thai participants. After our previous study, we examined the effect of daily physical activity on body fat percentage to look for the major causes of seasonal change in fat accumulation in young university students.FindingsIn this study, we measured participants’ (young Japanese and Thai university students) daily physical activity by a uniaxial accelerometer in addition to the measurements of body fat percentage and body mass index by a bioelectrical impedance meter. We found that there was significant and moderate negative correlation between body fat percentage and daily step counts among Japanese but not Thai participants. We observed significant, moderate and positive correlations between the percentage of body fat and body mass index among Japanese and Thai participants.ConclusionsDaily physical activity plays an important role in the seasonal variation of body fat percentage of Japanese female students. Our present study also confirmed the importance of daily physical activity for controlling body mass index and for the prevention of obesity.

DEXA measures of body fat percentage and acute phase proteins among breast cancer survivors: a Cross-Sectional Analysis

BackgroundC-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) increases with systemic inflammation and are related to worse survival for breast cancer survivors. This study examines the association between percent body fat and SAA and CRP and the potential interaction with NSAID use and weight change.MethodsParticipants included 134 non-Hispanic white and Hispanic breast cancer survivors from the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study. Body fat percentage, measured with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DEXA), and circulating levels of CRP and SAA were obtained 30 months after breast cancer diagnosis.ResultsCirculating concentrations of CRP and SAA were associated with increased adiposity as measured by DEXA after adjustment for age at 24-months, race/ethnicity, dietary energy intake, weight change, and NSAID use. Survivors with higher body fat ≥35% had significantly higher concentrations of CRP (2.01 mg/l vs. 0.85 mg/l) and SAA (6.21 mg/l vs. 4.21 mg/l) compared to non-obese (body fat < 35%). Women who had gained more than 5% of their body weight since breast cancer diagnosis had non-statistically significant higher geometric mean levels of CRP and SAA. Mean levels of CRP and SAA were higher among obese women who were non-users of NSAIDs compared to current users; the association with SAA reached statistical significance (Mean SAA = 7.24, 95%CI 6.13-8.56 for non-NSAID; vs. 4.87; 95%CI 3.95-6.0 for NSAID users respectively).ConclusionsBreast cancer survivors with higher body fat had higher mean concentrations of CRP and SAA than women with lower body fat. Further assessment of NSAID use and weight control in reducing circulating inflammatory markers among survivors may be worthwhile to investigate in randomized intervention trials as higher inflammatory markers are associated with worse survival.

BMI, Body Build, Body Fatness, and Health Risks

The body mass index (BMI) is often criticized because it is an inaccurate index of body fat. However, implicit in this criticism is that a better indicator of body fat would be acceptable as a means of separating unhealthy fat people from healthy thin people. In fact, measures of body fat percentage are readily available and are not superior to the BMI as indicators of health risks. The BMI was developed as an index of overall body size by removing the influence of body height on body weight. Using height and weight data on 1,034 major league baseball players, the usefulness of the BMI is illustrated in two scatter plots. Height and weight are clearly related, whereas height and BMI are completed unrelated. Epidemiological studies are reviewed that have determined BMI and percent body fat in relation to death rates and risk factors. In no instance is percent body fat superior to BMI in predicting risk, and BMI is actually more closely related to risk factors than is body fatness. Thus, excess muscle mass or large body size may be a significant predictor of disease that is captured by BMI. Importantly, although weight loss can reduce body fat, it cannot remake body size or muscularity.

Analysis of Body Composition Methods in a Community Sample of African American Women

The purposes of the authors in this study were: (1) to determine whether published body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis equations agreed with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage measures and (2) to estimate new body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis equations in a sample of African American women. Linear regression was used to determine how well 10 body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis equations reflected dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage measures in this sample of 74 African American women; new body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis equations were created using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage measures as the dependent variable. Participants (M = 47.6 years, SD = 7.7) were classified as overweight or obese (BMI Mean BF% = 35.4, SD = 8.2; BIA Mean BF% = 43.3, SD = 6.9; DXA Mean BF% = 41.5, SD = 6.1). R2 and SEE values indicated that all body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis equations were a poorer fit with less precision, and the new bioelectrical impedance analysis equation discussed in this article was a better fit and was more precise. All 10 body mass index and bioelectrical analysis equations inaccurately estimated dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage measures in our sample. The new body mass index equation discussed in this article had less estimation bias and more precision than the published body mass index equations and may be a more accurate equation in African American women.

The metabolic syndrome and body composition in childhood cancer survivors

PurposeLong-term survivors of childhood cancer appear to have an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome, subsequent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood compared to healthy children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of the metabolic syndrome and associated factors in childhood cancer survivors at a single center in Korea.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of medical records of 98 childhood cancer survivors who were diagnosed and completed anticancer treatment at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea between Jan. 1996 and Dec. 2007. Parameters of metabolic syndrome were evaluated between Jan. 2008 and Dec. 2009. Clinical and biochemical findings including body fat percentage were analyzed.ResultsA total of 19 (19.4%) patients had the metabolic syndrome. The median body fat percentage was 31.5%. The body mass index and waist circumference were positively correlated with the cranial irradiation dose (r=0.38, P<0.001 and r=0.44, P<0.00, respectively). Sixty-one (62.2%) patients had at least one abnormal lipid value. The triglyceride showed significant positive correlation with the body fat percentage (r=0.26, P=0.03). The high density lipoprotein cholesterol showed significant negative correlation with the percent body fat (r=-0.26, P=0.03).ConclusionChildhood cancer survivors should have thorough metabolic evaluation including measurement of body fat percentage even if they are not obese. A better understanding of the determinants of the metabolic syndrome during adolescence might provide preventive interventions for improving health outcomes in adulthood.

Abstract 2777: DEXA measures of body fat percentage and relation to acute phase proteins among breast cancer survivors

Abstract C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) are nonspecific acute phase proteins associated with chronic inflammation. Elevated CRP and SAA levels have been positively associated with obesity and the development and progression of a variety of diseases including breast cancer. The purpose of the current analysis was to examine the associations between body fat percentage as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA) and CRP and SAA and to determine whether lifestyle factors (weight change from diagnosis, physical activity level, caloric intake, or smoking status) modify these relationships in breast cancer survivors. The analysis utilized cross-sectional data obtained approximately 30 months after diagnosis for 138 Hispanic and Non-Hispanic-White breast cancer survivors participating in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) Study. Regression models were used to calculate geometric means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRP and SAA by obesity status. Circulating levels of CRP and SAA were significantly associated with increased DEXA-measured adiposity. Obese breast cancer survivors (defined as women having body fat ≥35%) had significantly elevated levels of CRP (2.09 mg/L; 95%CI 1.70-2.56 vs. 0.78 mg/L; 95%CI 0.56-1.09) and SAA (6.51mg/L; 95%CI 5.70-7.44 vs. 3.75 mg/L; 95%CI 3.01-4.68) compared to non-obese survivors. Stratifying by tertile of % body fat revealed a statistically significant dose-response relationship. For CRP, geometric mean levels increased from 0.80 (95%CI 0.59, 1.08), to 1.74 (95%CI 1.32-2.29), to 2.71 (95%CI 2.03-3.64) with increasing tertile of % body fat (&amp;lt;36.2%, 36.2-42.8, &amp;gt;42.8). For SAA, geometric mean levels increased from 3.84 (95%CI 3.13, 4.71), to 5.98 (95%CI 4.98-7.18), to 7.32 (95%CI 6.03-8.90) by tertile of % body fat. Although not statistically significant, a trend emerged where obese women who reported recent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had lower geometric mean levels of CRP (1.66 vs. 2.38) and SAA (5.33 vs. 7.33) than obese women who did not take NSAIDs (p=.37 and p=.13 respectively). Additionally, women reporting high caloric intake (&amp;gt;2,000 kcal per day) had higher mean CRP levels than women reporting lower caloric intake, independent of % body fat (p=.01). Obesity remained a strong predictor of elevated levels of CRP/SAA in breast cancer survivors, regardless of stratification by other lifestyle factors. Our data suggest that adiposity is strongly associated with systemic inflammatory markers in breast cancer survivors. Our data provide some suggestive evidence that lifestyle choices, including NSAID use or caloric intake, may influence circulating levels of CRP and SAA. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2777.

Validación del monitor de medición de la grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica OMRON BF 300

To assess the accuracy of the OMRON BF 300 body fat monitor using bioelectric impedance and to validate its measurement of body fat percentage (BF%) against the Siri equation. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Primary care. Coronel de Palma and San Fernando Health Centres, Móstoles. 88 people took part in the assessment of the accuracy of the monitor, and 91 in the validation. The BF% were recorded in triplicate, with the mean being the figure noted. Precision was evaluated through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV); validity, through technical error, the ICC and the Bland-Altman method. In the Siri equation, body density was calculated through the Durnin-Womersley equation. Precision: ICC was 0.999 and CV 0.4 +/- 0.03. the difference between the BF% monitor (26.6 +/- 9.1%) and the Siri equation (27.8 +/- 8.2%) was -1.27% (p < 0.01; 95% CI -1.97 to -0.57); the technical error of the monitor was 2.2% and of the ICC 0.956 (95% CI, 0.9335-0.9710). Thus, 80.2% of the monitor-equation differences were below 5%, with a concordance interval under the Bland-Altman method of +5.45 to -7.99%. The OMRON BF 300 monitor satisfies the precision criteria (ICC > 0.95 and low CV) and validation (excellent technical error, ICC > 0.75 and clinically acceptable differences) and is a valid alternative to cutaneous folds as a method of assessing nutrition of the patient.