Measurement Occasions Research Articles

Bidirectional Associations of Adolescents’ Momentary Social Media Use and Negative Emotions

AbstractPublic discourse and empirical studies have predominantly focused on the negative repercussions of social media on adolescents’ mental health. However, pervasive social media use is a relatively new phenomenon—its apparent harms have been widely accepted before sufficient longitudinal and experimental research has been conducted. The present study used an intensive longitudinal design (four assessments/day × 14 days; N = 154 12- to 15-year-olds (Mage = 13.47, SD = 0.58); N = 6,240 valid measurement occasions) to test the directionality of social media–negative emotion links in early adolescence, accounting for the type of social media usage (i.e., browsing vs. posting). The significance of effects depended on social media type: browsing predicted higher-than-usual negative emotions hours later, whereas no significant directional effects emerged for posting. The browsing effect was small but held after controlling for prior levels of negative emotions. It did not replicate concurrently, underscoring the importance of process-oriented designs with mental health symptoms tested shortly after passive social media usage. The results partially support the active-passive hypothesis, which singles out passively engaging with others’ curated social media content as most detrimental to mental health. Nonetheless, the small browsing effect and overall null-leaning pattern of effects imply that mediators and moderators are needed to further understand when using social media is problematic, beneficial, or neither.

The cross-sectional and longitudinal interconnectedness of physical, psychological and role functioning following physical trauma: A network analysis

ObjectiveSurviving physical trauma can have a large impact on one's daily life. Patients are at increased risk for poor physical health, psychological complaints, and problems in role functioning – which is often experienced simultaneously. The present study explores the interconnectedness of physical, psychological, and role functioning during the first two years post-injury, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally from a network perspective. Methods3785 trauma patients (Mage = 64.2 years, SDage = 18.9 years, 50.5% female) completed questionnaires on physical, psychological, and role functioning across six measurement occasions during the first two years post-injury. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was retrieved from the local trauma registry. Mixed graphical network models and cross-lagged network models were estimated to examine which items of recovery played a central role and were mostly related to other items in cross-sectional and longitudinal networks respectively. ResultsThe cross-sectional networks showed especially strong interconnections between impairments of physical and role functioning and also within post-traumatic stress symptoms. The longitudinal networks extended these results by showing that pain, impaired mobility, limitations in self-care, anxiety/depressive symptoms, and several post-traumatic stress symptoms were strong predictors for impairments in functioning at later stages of recovery. ConclusionOur findings showed that impairments in physical, psychological, and role functioning experienced by trauma patients are largely intertwined across the two years following injury. Monitoring physical impairments and psychological complaints early in recovery might help to more promptly provide the best fitting aftercare for trauma patients, which can improve recovery on the long-term.

Universal Basic Income and Autonomous Work Motivation: Influences on Trajectories of Mental Health in Employees

The study contributes to research on Universal Basic Income (UBI) by examining mental health trajectories in working individuals who received a monthly UBI payment of €1,000 for the duration of one year. We assessed data from 357 recipients of additional income provided by a crowdfunding association in Germany. Participants reported their life satisfaction, well-being, work motivation, and needs satisfaction at up to three semi-annual measurement occasions, the first of which was scheduled at the onset of UBI payments. Specifically, we focused on the effects of autonomous work motivation as (a) a predictor of change in life satisfaction and well-being and (b) a mediator between needs satisfaction at work and mental health. We conducted Latent Growth Curve Models (LGCM) and Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM). Results of the LGCM indicated growth in life satisfaction and well-being during UBI payment. Autonomous motivation was a robust, positive predictor of initial levels of life satisfaction and well-being, both as time-invariant covariate (TIC) and time-varying covariate (TVC). Moreover, low initial autonomous motivation was associated with greater increase of life satisfaction and well-being. Using a RI-CLPM, we found strong support for the mediating effect of autonomous motivation. Furthermore, gender and income were significant predictors of initial life satisfaction and well-being in most of our models. Women and low-income earners tended to report lower levels of life satisfaction and well-being. The results are discussed focusing on the role of autonomous motivation for psychological health in the context of UBI and occupational health promotion more generally.

Feeling older, feeling pain? Reciprocal between-person and within-person associations of pain and subjective age in the second half of life.

Experiencing pain in middle adulthood and old age might be interpreted as a sign of aging and make people feel older, whereas feeling older has behavioral, motivational, and physiological consequences that might increase the risk of pain. We investigated between-person and within-person associations between pain, subjective age, and chronological age in middle-aged and older adults. Data from the German Ageing Survey were used (n = 13,874 who provided more than 32,000 observations, baseline mean age = 62.3 years). The observation period comprised up to 13 years (M = 4 years) and five (M = 2.4) measurement occasions. Based on the longitudinal multilevel regression models, we found significant between-person and within-person effects in both directions, which were small but robust when controlling for sociodemographic variables, depressive symptoms, and number of chronic diseases. At the between-person level, participants reporting overall more severe pain also felt older than others. Likewise, those who felt overall older than others reported more pain. At the within-person level, when participants experienced more pain than they usually do, they also reported feeling older than usual. Likewise, on measurement occasions when participants reported feeling older than usual, they reported more pain than usual. Additionally, those with overall stronger pain exhibited steeper age-related increases in their subjective age than those with less severe pain. Our findings suggest that an older subjective age may operate as both antecedent and consequence of pain, and pain might prompt a steeper increase in subjective age over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The pairwise approximate spatiotemporal symmetry algorithm: A method for segmenting time series pairs.

Methods that measure the association between two intensively measured time series are of interest to researchers studying the symmetry of behaviors during social interaction. Such methods have historically focused on aggregating the amount of symmetry across all measurement occasions. However, it is rarely expected that symmetry is present at all measurement occasions. The current method, the pairwise approximate spatiotemporal symmetry (PASS) algorithm, is an approach that may be used to determine which measurement occasions in pairwise time series are indicative of symmetry and which are not. This process thus divides time series into symmetric and nonsymmetric segments. The PASS algorithm is demonstrated here on representative simulated data and naturalistic psychotherapy data. Results suggest that the PASS algorithm has the potential to extract meaningful symmetry segments from human signals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Exposure to aggression in three contexts of emergency response: A longitudinal examination of the relationship with psychological characteristics of the emergency responder.

Some emergency responders are more often exposed to workplace aggression than others. Victimological theories and previous studies suggest that characteristics of the target may predict exposure to workplace aggression. This paper examines the relationship between negative affect, hostile attribution, dominance, empathy, self-evaluations, and exposure to workplace aggression among emergency responders. Emergency medical workers, firefighters and police officers in the Netherlands filled in a survey during three measurement occasions (6 months apart). Results from the three occupational groups were presented separately. Results suggest that some psychological characteristics are related to exposure to workplace aggression, but that the contribution of these characteristics in the explanation of exposure to workplace aggression is limited. In addition, although differences between occupational groups could not be statistically tested due to differences in the factor structure of exposure to workplace aggression between the three groups of emergency response, differences seem to occur in models between emergency response contexts. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

A Personalised Approach to IdentifyingImportant Determinants of Well-being

PurposeTo develop effective and personalized interventions, it isessential to identify the most critical processes or psychological drivers thatimpact an individual’s well-being. Some processes may be universallybeneficial to well-being across many contexts and people, while others may onlybe beneficial to certain individuals in specific contexts.MethodWe conducted three intensive daily diary studies, each withmore than 50 within-person measurement occasions, across three data sets(n1 = 44; n2 = 37; n3 = 141). We aimedto investigate individual differences in the strength of within-personassociations between three distinct process measures and a variety of outcomes.We utilized a unique idiographic algorithm, known as i-ARIMAX (AutoregressiveIntegrated Moving Average), to determine the strength of the relationship (Beta)between each process and outcome within individuals (“i”). All ofthe computed betas were then subjected to meta-analyses, with individualstreated as the “study”.ResultsThe results revealed that the process-outcome links variedsignificantly between individuals, surpassing the homogeneity typically seen inmeta-analyses of studies. Although several processes showed group-level effects,no process was found to be universally beneficial when considered individually.For instance, processes involving social behavior, like being assertive, did notdemonstrate any group-level links to loneliness but still had significantindividual-level effects that varied from positive to negative.DiscussionUsing i-ARIMAX might help reduce the number of candidatevariables for complex within-person analyses. Additionally, the size and patternof i-ARIMAX betas could prove useful in guiding personalizedinterventions.

Can We Differentiate a Latent Growth Curve Model from Competitors? Evidence Based on Individual Case Residuals

In latent growth curve modeling (LGCM), overall fit indices have garnered increased disputation for model selection, and model fit evaluation based on the mean structure has becoming popularity. The present study developed a versatile fit index, named Weighted Root Mean Squared Errors (WRMSE), based on individual case residuals (ICRs) with the aim of facilitating model selection. Through comparing to various fit indices, this study demonstrated that WRMSE could provide effective model fit information beyond previous indices. Due to higher sensitivity to misspecification in the mean structure, WRMSE was suggested to be utilized as a supplement for the traditional overall fit indices in the process of model selection. The limitation of WRMSE was that for complex models beyond the commonly used polynomial models, an increased number of repeated measurement occasions was required to ensure the precision of WRMSE.

A new sample-size planning approach for person-specific VAR(1) studies: Predictive accuracy analysis.

Researchers increasingly study short-term dynamic processes that evolve within single individuals using N = 1 studies. The processes of interest are typically captured by fitting a VAR(1) model to the resulting data. A crucial question is how to perform sample-size planning and thus decide on the number of measurement occasions that are needed. The most popular approach is to perform a power analysis, which focuses on detecting the effects of interest. We argue that performing sample-size planning based on out-of-sample predictive accuracy yields additional important information regarding potential overfitting of the model. Predictive accuracy quantifies how well the estimated VAR(1) model will allow predicting unseen data from the same individual. We propose a new simulation-based sample-size planning method called predictive accuracy analysis (PAA), and an associated Shiny app. This approach makes use of a novel predictive accuracy metric that accounts for the multivariate nature of the prediction problem. We showcase how the values of the different VAR(1) model parameters impact power and predictive accuracy-based sample-size recommendations using simulated data sets and real data applications. The range of recommended sample sizes is smaller for predictive accuracy analysis than for power analysis.

Disentangling between‐ and within‐person variation in relationship science

AbstractObjectiveThis article provides an overview of the Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random‐Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM), and Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM‐SR), highlighting the major issues of the CLPM for relationship science, and discusses dyadic extensions of those three models.BackgroundUnderstanding interdependencies among people and constructs is a central interest in relationship science. Addressing such research questions requires complex designs ideally using data collected at multiple measurement occasions of multiple constructs from at least two persons (e.g., both partners of a couple). The Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (CLPM) has been widely used to analyze such data, however, particularly during the last decade, it has been pointed out that the CLPM confounds between‐ and within‐person variation. As a consequence, alternative models such as the Random‐Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM) and the Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM‐SR) were proposed that aim to disentangle between‐ and within‐person variation and, hence, allow conclusions regarding within‐person dynamics.MethodAs an illustrative example, we apply dyadic extensions of the CLPM, RI‐CLPM, and LCM‐SR to investigate the dynamic interplay between depression and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 1699 mixed‐gender couples surveyed in the German Family Panel.ResultsWhile the CLPM indicated a reciprocal relationship between depression and satisfaction, the RI‐CLPM and LCM‐SR indicated a unidirectional association flowing from depression to satisfaction.ConclusionWe discuss how findings like this can foster theory‐building and, ultimately, strengthen relationship science.

Elevated sympathoadrenal response following active ascent to 3,600m is not associated with acute mountain sickness

Previous reports have suggested an increase in plasma epinephrine (EPI) and either an increase, no change or decrease in norepinephrine (NE) following acute (< 4 h) exposure to high altitude (HA). In addition, previous research has demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in EPI and NE during exercise initiated following arrival at HA. Last, some but not others have reported an association between increased sympathoadrenal activity and acute mountain sickness (AMS). We hypothesized that elevated sympathoadrenal activity induced from active ascent on foot to 3,600m may contribute to the development of AMS. Thirty-seven Soldiers (mean ± SD; 6 women; age=25.5±4.9 years) were tested at their baseline residence (BLR; Fort Bliss, TX, 1,190m), transported to Taos, NM (2,845m), then hiked (n=18) or were driven (n=19) to the HA data collection site where they resided for four days (68hrs). AMS Cerebral Factor Score (AMS-C) was determined using the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ-III) recorded twice at HA on day 1 (HA1), five times on days 2 (HA2) and 3 (HA3) and once on day 4 (HA4). If AMS-C was ≥0.7 on any measurement occasion, individuals were categorized as AMS-susceptible (AMS+, n=11) others were AMS-resistant (AMS─, n=26). Plasma EPI (pg/ml) and NE (pg/ml) were measured from venous blood draws at 06:00 at BLR, a non-fasted blood draw at 18:00 following ascent on HA1, and subsequent fasted blood samples at 06:00 on each morning at HA (HA2, HA3, HA4). AMS-susceptibility was not associated with the EPI or NE response in any condition so both cohorts were combined. The EPI response to active vs. passive ascent was similar with an increase (p<0.05) from BLR (28.0±26.8) to HA1 (47.5±40.3) followed by a subsequent decrease (p<0.05) from HA1 to HA2 (28.0±18.6) through HA4 (25.4±16.9). NE, however, increased (p<0.05) only in the active ascent group from BLR (413±216) to HA1 (729±281) and remained stable from HA1 through HA4 (644±192). The passive ascent group demonstrated no change in NE from BLR (327±126) to HA1 (413±181) through HA4 (466±144). NE levels were similar (p>0.05) in the active vs passive ascent group at BLR but higher (p<0.05) in the active ascenders on HA1 through HA4. In conclusion, contrary to our hypothesis, the sympathoadrenal response to HA was not impacted by AMS susceptibility but active ascent induced a greater NE response following ascent and throughout the duration of the HA stay. USAMRDC. Authors’ views not offcial U.S. Army or DoD policy. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The longitudinal relationship between life events and loneliness in adolescence: A twin study.

The aim of the study was to examine associations between life events and self-assessed loneliness in adolescence. We used data from a Norwegian population-based twin sample including seven birth cohorts (N = 2,879, 56% females). The participants completed self-report questionnaires three times throughout adolescence, with 2 years in between (i.e., 12-18 years old at Wave 1). By using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), we were able to separate stable influences in the measured constructs from the within-person changes at each measurement occasion. In addition, using data from twins allowed us to examine to what degree the associations between life events and loneliness were genetic and/or environmental in nature. The results showed moderate stability of both loneliness and aggregation scores of life events throughout adolescence. The life events were assigned to clusters based on their independence (i.e., events considered dependent or independent on a person's behavior) and desirability (i.e., positive or negative). The time-stable between-person variance in all three measures, loneliness and person-dependent positive and negative life events, could almost exclusively be accounted for by genetic factors. However, as expected, also shared environmental factors influenced person-independent life events. The associations between time-stable between-person variance in loneliness and life events were small, and nearly exclusively due to shared genetic influences. Furthermore, life events do not seem to predict changes in loneliness or vice versa. In conclusion, the self-reported levels of loneliness throughout adolescence seems to be independent of life events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Pre-operative body shape concerns moderate excess weight loss trajectory in bariatric surgery patients: a 2-year longitudinal study

PurposeThe main research aim was to inspect whether pre-operative body shape concerns and discomfort as Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) scores moderate post-operative weight loss trajectory in bariatric patients.MethodsTwo studies were conducted. Study 1 analyzed cross-sectional data and verified the structural validity of the 34-item BSQ questionnaire on a sample of 327 candidates for bariatric surgery. Study 2 examined longitudinal data, with objective Body Mass Index (BMI) recorded every 6 months, from surgery intervention on, with 5 measurement occasions, from 111 patients who initially completed BSQ as bariatric surgery candidates and then underwent periodic medical post-operative follow-ups, over 2 years.ResultsIn Study 1, confirmatory factor analysis of a single-dimension model yielded acceptable fit indices and high internal consistency levels. Study 2 showed that post-operative excess BMI reduction trend was not linear and pre-operative BSQ scores moderated it, with a higher risk of weight regain in patients who initially were less concerned with their body shape.ConclusionsThe present findings support the structural validity of the BSQ questionnaire in bariatric candidates and call attention on the role of pre-operative body shape concerns on post-operative weight loss trajectories over 2 years, in accordance with a pathoplasty model. They suggest the need for systematic attention on perceived body image and psychological paths aimed to help bariatric patients regain positive attitudes towards their own body.Level of evidence III, well-designed cohort

Measuring the variability of personality traits with interval responses: Psychometric properties of the dual-range slider response format

Measuring the variability in persons’ behaviors and experiences using ecological momentary assessment is time-consuming and costly. We investigate whether interval responses provided through a dual-range slider (DRS) response format can be used as a simple and efficient alternative: Respondents indicate variability in their behavior in a retrospective rating by choosing a lower and an upper bound on a continuous, bounded scale. We investigate the psychometric properties of this response format as a prerequisite for further validation. First, we assess the test–retest reliability of factor-score estimates for the width of DRS intervals. Second, we test whether factor-score estimates of the visual analog scale (VAS) and the location of DRS intervals show convergent validity. Third, we investigate whether factor-score estimates for the DRS are uncorrelated between different personality scales. We present a longitudinal multitrait-multimethod study using two personality scales (Extraversion, Conscientiousness) and two response formats (VAS, DRS) at two measurement occasions (6–8 weeks apart) for which we estimate factor-score correlations in a joint item response theory model. The test–retest reliability of the width of DRS intervals was high (ρ^≥.73\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hat{\\rho } \\ge .73$$\\end{document}). Also, convergent validity between location scores of VAS and DRS was high (ρ^≥.88\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hat{\\rho } \\ge .88$$\\end{document}). Conversely, discriminant validity of the width of DRS intervals between Extraversion and Conscientiousness was poor (ρ^≥.94\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hat{\\rho } \\ge .94$$\\end{document}). In conclusion, the DRS seems to be a reliable response format that could be used to measure the central tendency of a trait equivalently to the VAS. However, it might not be well suited for measuring intra-individual variability in personality traits.

A case study in developmental discontinuity: PROSPER Interventions and adolescent substance use trajectories shape young adult substance use and mental health problems.

The loss of John Schulenberg reverberates across the developmental and prevention sciences. In honor of his many contributions, this paper applies his ideas of developmental continuity and discontinuity to understand the process by which PROSPER delivered universal prevention programs (delivered in Grades 6 and 7) affect young adult outcomes. Guided by these developmental models, we deconstructed adolescent substance use initiation trajectories into two discrete phases-early and late adolescence, demarcated by substance use initiation levels at the end of 9th grade. We evaluated the effects of PROSPER interventions on these phases, and in turn, the effects of adolescent substance use initiation on young adult antisocial behavior, alcohol and drug use consequences, and depression symptoms. This sample included 1,984 young adults who participated in the PROSPER intervention trial in Grade 6 (two cohorts, 2002 and 2003), followed over 8 adolescent measurement occasions (Fall and Spring of Grade 6; Spring of Grades 7-12). Young adult outcomes were averaged across three waves (collected at ages 20, 23, and 25). PROSPER interventions were associated with reduced substance use initiation in early adolescence, but not escalation during late adolescence. In turn, substance use in both early and late adolescence was uniquely associated with young adult antisocial behavior, depression symptoms, and substance use consequences. PROSPER interventions were associated with young adult antisocial behavior and problematic substance use via reduced risk for early initiation status. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental continuity and discontinuity.

Emotional and temporal order effects – a comparison between word-cued and important autobiographical memories recall orders

ABSTRACT The retrieval mechanisms associated with the recall of autobiographical memories (AMs) may differ according to the cueing method used to elicit AMs. In the present study, we provide a systematic comparison between word-cued and important AMs in terms of two recall order effects, namely a temporal and an emotional order effect. The sample comprised 104 adults aged between 59 and 90 years. On two measurement occasions, participants recalled up to 20 word-cued and 15 important AMs. For each memory, participants provided their age at the time when the event occurred (age-at-event) and rated its emotionality. Order effects were analysed based on multivariate multilevel model with autoregressive effects for emotionality and age-at-event, respectively. Whereas word-cued AMs showed a stronger emotional order effect, important AMs were recalled temporarily ordered. Individuals differed in the extent to which they ordered AMs along a temporal or emotional dimension. These differences could partly be explained by personality traits. For instance, higher scores on neuroticism were associated with a stronger emotional order effect in both memory types. Findings are discussed in terms of the retrieval mechanisms that are involved in the recall of word-cued and important memory recall and how they may be affected by personality.

Test anxiety fluctuations during low-stakes secondary school assessments: The role of the needs for autonomy and competence over and above the number of tests

Test anxiety poses a fundamental educational challenge as it is associated with lower academic performance and well-being. Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory, this study will focus on test anxiety fluctuations in relation to low-stakes assessments and investigates whether fluctuations in students’ experiences of autonomy and competence satisfaction and frustration relate to their test anxiety. For this purpose, 253 secondary school students completed a survey at three different times throughout the second semester. Students' feelings of autonomy and competence in the classroom were administered as well as their test anxiety. Each student completed the same two test anxiety scales at each measurement occasion, with one scale consistently administered to all students and the other two scales randomly assigned between classes. Multilevel analyses revealed that students showed higher test anxiety in weeks in which their need for competence was more frustrated and when they had to take more low-stakes tests. This association was robust across the three test anxiety instruments and after considering important test anxiety covariates (e.g., gender and prior achievement). These findings imply that competence frustration is an important underlying mechanism of test anxiety that should be taken into account when designing anxiety-reducing interventions.

WiN-Reha-effectiveness and durability of effects of orthopedic rehabilitation programs and the study of psychological determinants of aftercare behaviors: a study protocol.

Rehabilitation programs have been shown to have a positive impact on patients' health and work ability. However, the durability of these effects and the extent to which patients alter their health behaviors remain underexplored. This study is divided into two parts; the first assesses the effectivity of rehabilitation programs for orthopedic patients and the durability of effects. The second part examines psychological determinants of aftercare health behaviors. Study Part 1 employs a longitudinal study design with up to nine measurement occasions encompassing a three-year follow-up period. Treatment is provided as per orthopedic indications through rehabilitation centers. Measures include subjective health, work ability, body weight, and physical activity behavior. Study Part 2 incorporates a mixed-methods design, involving both quantitative and qualitative assessments. The quantitative component aims to recruit a subsample from Study Part 1 to assess psychological determinants of aftercare health behaviors over 12 to 24 weeks using Ambulatory Assessment. The qualitative component aims to explore the reasons for maintenance and discontinuation of health behaviors and involves a reflexive thematic analysis of interviews with at least 16 individuals, analyzing the differences between those who adopt and those who discontinue their aftercare health behavior. This comprehensive research project may offer insights into the long-term effectivity of rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, it may foster a more profound understanding of the successful incorporation of health-promoting aftercare behaviors, such as physical activity, into everyday life. Therefore, this study may contribute significantly to the evolving field of patient-centered rehabilitation. The trial has been registered at the German Register of Clinical Studies (DRKS) with the registration number: DRKS00032257.

On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self-compassion.

Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theory is actually concerned with relationships at the WP level. Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was applied to experience-sampling data of self-compassion (N = 213, with n = 4052 measurement occasions). At both levels of analysis, evidence for a two-factor model was found. However, the factors were moderately related at the WP level (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) but largely independent at the BP level (r = 0.04, p = 0.696). Exploratory analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in the WP relationship among individuals. We discuss how our results provide new impulses to move the debate around self-compassion forward. Lastly, we outline how the WP level-which is of major interest for self-compassion and other constructs in psychology-can guide the conceptualization and assessment to promote advancements of the theory and resulting applications.

Risk and Promotive Factors Related to Cannabis Use Among American Indian Adolescents.

Reservation-dwelling American Indian adolescents are at exceedingly high risk for cannabis use. Prevention initiatives to delay the onset and escalation of use are needed. The risk and promotive factors approach to substance use prevention is a well-established framework for identifying the timing and targets for prevention initiatives. This study aimed to develop predictive models for the usage of cannabis using 22 salient risk and promotive factors. Models were developed using data from a cross-sectional study and further validated using data from a separate longitudinal study with three measurement occasions (baseline, 6-month follow-up, 1-year follow-up). Application of the model to longitudinal data showed an acceptable performance contemporaneously but waning prospective predictive utility over time. Despite the model's high specificity, the sensitivity was low, indicating an effective prediction of non-users but poor performance in correctly identifying users, particularly at the 1-year follow-up. This divergence can have significant implications. For example, a model that misclassifies future adolescent cannabis use could fail to provide necessary intervention for those at risk, leading to negative health and social consequences. Moreover, supplementary analysis points to the importance of considering change in risk and promotive factors over time.