Measurement Modalities Research Articles

Effectiveness of Different Polishing Kits for Chairside CAD/CAM Provisional Restorative Materials.

To investigate the efficacy of three specially designed polishing kits for provisional restorations made from three chairside computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) provisional resin blocks. Ninety-six chairside CAD/CAM provisional restorations were milled out of three chairside CAD/CAM provisional resin blocks: (1) ArtBloc Temp (Merz Dental); (2) Telio CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent); and (3) Vita CAD-Temp (VITA Zahnfabrik). The provisional restorations for each material were allocated into the following groups: (1) milled restorations (no polish); (2) polished with CADMaster CAD/CAM Adjustment & Polishing Kit (CM, Shofu); (3) polished with KUT Ultimate Bisacryl (Temporaries) Polishing Kit (KU, Dental Savings Club); and (4) polished with K0330 PMMA Adjusting, Finishing & Polishing (KP, Brasseler USA). Optical profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to assess the surface roughness (Ra) of each provisional restoration at the microscale and nanoscale, respectively, and obtain topographical images. In addition, the milled and polished restorations were visually evaluated by 16 dentists. There was a strong positive correlation with Ra values between optical profilometry and AFM. Only KP significantly improved the surface roughness of CAD/CAM provisional restorations compared to the milled equivalent, regardless of material type or measurement modality (ie, lateral length scale). Although surface topography imaging with AFM revealed some shallow scratches, even for KP polished specimens, all KP polished restorations were categorized as clinically acceptable for provisional restorations in visual inspections from dentists. Specially designed polishing kits for provisional restorations did not all improve the surface roughness of chairside CAD/CAM provisional restorations, regardless of the measurement method. KP was more consistently effective in polishing milled chairside CAD/CAM provisional restorations than CM and KU.

A randomised control trial on the use of bioinstrumentation and rehabilitation technology in hemiplegic patients

Stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease characterized by sudden and acute onset and rapid neurological deficits, which is the world’s leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death, leaving 80% of patients having varying degrees of lifetime neurological deficits. As the global aging problem is getting worse, the positive correlation between stroke and age means that the incidence of stroke will only continue to rise. Stroke incidence is also trending toward even younger patients due to factors such as irregular work life and infrequent rest, a growing sense of pressure and anxiety, poor eating habits, and many other reasons. Hemiplegia is one of the most common symptoms of stroke and significantly affects the patient’s quality of life by reducing their ability to perform activities of daily living. While the rehabilitation of hemiplegic stroke patients has commanded considerable attention in society and medicine, a severe shortage of rehabilitation therapists leads to inconsistent traditional rehabilitation training results. Thus, new treatments borne out of interdisciplinary medicine and engineering methods offer the potential to provide superior care for hemiplegic stroke patients. Such methods can not only promote the recovery of the patient by stimulating nerve remodeling, but also reduce physician workload. Bioinstruments use a variety of measurement modalities that are combined in a robotic hardware-based real-time acquisition and control environment and interpreted with the help of a computational model.

Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index: Implications for functional neuroimaging.

High body mass index (BMI) is generally assumed to represent overall amounts of body adipose tissue (fat). Increased adipose tissue amounts in persons with increased BMI has been cited as a barrier to assessment of body tissues such as muscle. Significant increases in the amount of adipose tissue between the dermal layer and the skull may result in high electrical impedance and/or increased light diffusion causing a lower signal to noise ratio during use of neuroimaging tools such as electroencepholography (EEG), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Investigating how subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region increases with respect to total body fat percentage and BMI is an important step in developing mathematical corrections in neuroimaging measurements as BMI increases, as recommended in other measurement modalities such as electromyography (EMG). We hypothesized that percentage of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region would increase with respect to both total body fat percentage and BMI. A statistically significant increase in subcutaneous head fat percentage occurred with increased BMI and total body fat percentage. The data investigated in this study indicate that participant age, sex, and BMI are important features to consider in model corrections during data signal processing and analyses for subcutaneous head fat in neuroimaging approaches. The data in this project serve to provide physiological justification for this practice along with regression analyses to be considered for physiologically-based signal to noise correction algorithms.

Minimally Invasive Tensiometry: A New Modality for Per-Operative Measurement of Medialization and Tension During Laparoscopic Hernia Surgery.

Background: Newly developed techniques for minimally invasive abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) for complex ventral hernia are continuously evolving. In order to achieve hernia defect closure, the aponeurotic edges of the hernia defect need to be approximated. Currently, surgeons have no way to objectively measure and quantify the traction required to approximate these edges. This study presents minimally invasive tensiometry (MINT), a novel technology for measuring fascial tension, as well as initial experiences and results using it. Methods: The MINT device was designed using rapid prototyping principles. It was designed as an add-on tool for any existing laparoscopic instrument, enabling objective assessment of abdominal wall tension by the use of a manually operated linear spring. Pre-clinical measurements of medialization at 10 and 20N of tension during AWR were performed on fresh-frozen Post-Mortem Human Specimens (PMHS). Results: Three specimens were included, and a total number of 36 measurements of medialization at three different levels of the abdominal wall were performed under structured and similar circumstances. Median total medialization with 20 Newton (N) of applied tension was 25 mm (mm) cranially, 37.5mm at the umbilicus and 27.5mm at the caudal level. The highest rate of medialization was seen at the umbilical level (2.25mm/N). Conclusion: MINT is a novel non-invasive technique, which allows surgeons to intraoperatively measure fascial tension when performing AWR. The MINT device is easy to use and reproduce. The next step is to start performing clinical measurements applying MINT during AWR.

Fourier-based methods for removing mesh anomalies from angle resolved photoemission spectra

Recent improvements to spatial resolution in angle-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES) have made it common to perform measurements with a very brief dwell time, for the purpose of mapping the spectral function over large surface regions. However, rapid measurement modalities can suffer a grid-like intensity modulation due to a wire mesh that is typically placed in front of the ARPES detector to block stray electrons. Here, we explore Fourier-based methods that can effectively remove this artifact, and improve the quality of ARPES images obtained in rapid scanning modes. An open source software package is provided containing implementations of demonstrated algorithms.

Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Mammalian Cells and Tissues under Different Frequency Domains: A Review.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIA/BIS) of tissues reveal important information on molecular composition and physical structure that is useful in diagnostics and prognostics. The heterogeneity in structural elements of cells, tissues, organs, and the whole human body, the variability in molecular composition arising from the dynamics of biochemical reactions, and the contributions of inherently electroresponsive components, such as ions, proteins, and polarized membranes, have rendered bioimpedance challenging to interpret but also a powerful evaluation and monitoring technique in biomedicine. BIA/BIS has thus become the basis for a wide range of diagnostic and monitoring systems such as plethysmography and tomography. The use of BIA/BIS arises from (i) being a noninvasive and safe measurement modality, (ii) its ease of miniaturization, and (iii) multiple technological formats for its biomedical implementation. Considering the dependency of the absolute and relative values of impedance on frequency, and the uniqueness of the origins of the α-, β-, δ-, and γ-dispersions, this targeted review discusses biological events and underlying principles that are employed to analyze the impedance data based on the frequency range. The emergence of BIA/BIS in wearable devices and its relevance to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) are introduced and discussed.

Novel wearable and contactless heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation monitoring devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify, classify and evaluate the body of evidence on novel wearable and contactless devices that measure heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturations in the clinical setting. We included any studies of hospital inpatients, including sleep study clinics. Eighty-four studies were included in the final review. There were 56 studies of wearable devices and 29 of contactless devices. One study assessed both types of device. A high risk of patient selection and rater bias was present in proportionally more studies assessing contactless devices compared with studies assessing wearable devices (p = 0.023 and p < 0.0001, respectively). There was high but equivalent likelihood of blinding bias between the two types of studies (p = 0.076). Wearable device studies were commercially available devices validated in acute clinical settings by clinical staff and had more real-time data analysis (p = 0.04). Contactless devices were more experimental, and data were analysed post-hoc. Pooled estimates of mean (95%CI) heart rate and respiratory rate bias in wearable devices were 1.25 (-0.31-2.82) beats.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -9.36-10.08) and 0.68 (0.05-1.32) breaths.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -5.65-6.85). The pooled estimate for mean (95%CI) heart rate and respiratory rate bias in contactless devices was 2.18 (3.31-7.66) beats.min-1 (pooled limits of agreement -6.71-10.88) and 0.30 (-0.26-0.87) breaths.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -3.94-4.29). Only two studies of wearable devices measured Sp O2 ; these reported mean measurement biases of 3.54% (limits of agreement -5.65-11.45%) and 2.9% (-7.4-1.7%). Heterogeneity was observed across studies, but absent when devices were grouped by measurement modality and reference standard. We conclude that, while studies of wearable devices were of slightly better quality than contactless devices, in general all studies of novel devices were of low quality, with small (< 100) patient datasets, typically not blinded and often using inappropriate statistical techniques. Both types of devices were statistically equivalent in accuracy and precision, but wearable devices demonstrated less measurement bias and more precision at extreme vital signs. The statistical variability in precision and accuracy between studies is partially explained by differences in reference standards.

Non-invasive Brain Temperature Measurement in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Selective therapeutic hypothermia in the setting of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is promising to further improve the outcomes of large vessel occlusion stroke. A significant limitation in applying hypothermia in this setting is the lack of real-time non-invasive brain temperature monitoring mechanism. Non-invasive brain temperature monitoring would provide important information regarding the brain temperature changes during cooling, and the factors that might influence any fluctuations. This review aims to provide appraisal of brain temperature changes during stroke, and the currently available non-invasive modalities of brain temperature measurement that have been developed and tested over the past 20 years. We cover modalities including magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI), radiometric thermometry, and microwave radiometry, and the evidence for their accuracy from human and animal studies. We also evaluate the feasibility of using these modalities in the acute stroke setting and potential ways for incorporating brain temperature monitoring in the stroke workflow.

Graph Laplacian Diffusion Localization of Connected and Automated Vehicles

In this paper, we design distributed multi-modal localization approaches for Connected and Automated vehicles. We utilize information diffusion on graphs formed by moving vehicles, based on Adapt-then-Combine strategies coupled with the Least-Mean-Squares and the Conjugate Gradient algorithms. We treat the vehicular network as an undirected graph, where vehicles communicate with each other by means of Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication protocols. Connected vehicles perform cooperative fusion of different measurement modalities, including location and range measurements, in order to estimate both their positions and the positions of all other networked vehicles, by interacting only with their local neighborhood. The trajectories of vehicles were generated either by a well-known kinematic model, or by using the CARLA autonomous driving simulator. The proposed distributed and diffusion localization schemes significantly reduced the GPS error and do not only converged to the global solution, but they even outperformed it. Extensive simulation studies highlight the benefits of the various methods, which in turn outperform other state of the art approaches. The impact of the network connections and the network latency are also investigated.

Comments on “Usefulness of the eyeball exposure area as an eye measurement modality through a comparison between eyes with inborn double eyelids and operated double eyelids”

Comments on “Usefulness of the eyeball exposure area as an eye measurement modality through a comparison between eyes with inborn double eyelids and operated double eyelids”

Drowsiness detection from polysomnographic data using multivariate selfsimilarity and eigen-wavelet analysis.

Because drowsiness is a major cause in vehicle accidents, its automated detection is critical. Scale-free temporal dynamics is known to be typical of physiological and body rhythms. The present work quantifies the benefits of applying a recent and original multivariate selfsimilarity analysis to several modalities of polysomnographic measurements (heart rate, blood pressure, electroencephalogram and respiration), from the MIT-BIH Polysomnographic Database, to better classify drowsiness-related sleep stages. Clinical relevance- This study shows that probing jointly temporal dynamics amongst polysomnographic measurements, with a proposed original multivariate multiscale approach, yields a gain of above 5% in the Area-under-Curve quanti-fying drowsiness-related sleep stage classification performance compared to univariate analysis.

Comparison of Hyperspectral Imaging and Fiber-Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy for Reflectance and Transmittance Measurements of Colored Glass

The work presented in this paper is part of a wider research project, which aims at documenting and analyzing stained glass windows by means of hyperspectral imaging. This technique shares some similarities with UV-VIS-IR spectroscopy, as they both provide spectral information; however, spectral imaging has the additional advantage of providing spatial information, since a spectrum can be collected in each pixel of the image. Compared to UV-VIS-IR spectroscopy, spectral imaging has rarely been used for the investigation of stained glass windows. One of the objectives of this paper is, thus, to compare the performance of these two instruments to validate the results of hyperspectral imaging. The second objective is to evaluate the potential of analyzing colored-glass pieces in reflectance modality and compare the results with those obtained in transmittance, in order to highlight the differences and similarities between the two approaches. The geometry of the systems and the backing material for the glass, as well as the characteristics of the glass pieces, are discussed. L*a*b* values obtained from the spectra, as well as the calculated color difference ΔE00, are provided, to show the degree of agreement between the instruments and the two measurement modalities.

Stretchable printed device for the simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain validated in a mouse wound healing model

Temperature and strain are two vital parameters that play a significant role in wound diagnosis and healing. As periodic temperature measurements with a custom thermometer or strain measurements with conventional metallic gauges became less feasible for the modern competent health monitoring, individual temperature and strain measurement modalities incorporated into wearables and patches were developed. The proposed research in the article shows the development of a single sensor solution which can simultaneously measure both the above mentioned parameters. This work integrates a thermoelectric principle based temperature measurement approach into wearables, ensuring flexibility and bendability properties without affecting its thermo-generated voltage. The modified thermoelectric material helped to achieve stretchability of the sensor, thanks to its superior mechano-transduction properties. Moreover, the stretch-induced resistance changes become an additional marker for strain measurements so that both the parameters can be measured with the same sensor. Due to the independent measurement parameters (open circuit voltage and sensor resistance), the sensing model is greatly attractive for measurements without cross-sensitivity. The highly resilient temperature and strain sensor show excellent linearity, repeatability and good sensitivity. Besides, due to the compatibility of the fabrication scheme to low-temperature processing of the flexible materials and to mass volume production, printed fabrication methodologies were adopted to realize the sensor. This promises low-cost production and a disposable nature (single use) of the sensor patch. For the first time, this innovative temperature-strain dual parameter sensor concept has been tested on mice wounds in vivo. The preliminary experiments on mice wounds offer prospects for developing smart, i.e. sensorized, wound dressings for clinical applications.

Time-Varying Associations Between Device-Based and Ecological Momentary Assessment-Reported Sedentary Behaviors and the Concurrent Affective States Among Adolescents: Proof-of-Concept Study.

BackgroundPrevious studies on affective state–sedentary behavior (SB) associations have not accounted for their potentially time-varying nature and have used inconsistent SB measurement modalities. We investigated whether the strength of the associations between affective states and SB varied as a function of the time of day and by SB measurement modality (device-measured SB vs ecological momentary assessment–reported screen-based SB) in youth.ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish a proof of concept that SB–affective state associations may not be static during the day. In addition, we aimed to inform the methodology of future work, which may need to model associations as functions of the time of day and carefully consider how SB is operationalized or measured.MethodsA total of 15 adolescents (age: mean 13.07, SD 1.03 years; 10/15, 67% female; 6/15, 40% Hispanic; 10/15, 67% healthy weight) wore thigh-mounted activPAL accelerometers and simultaneously reported their screen-based SBs and concurrent positive and negative affective states via ecological momentary assessment for 7 to 14 days (N=636 occasions). Time-varying effect models (varying slopes) examined how each measure of SB was associated with concurrent affective states from 7 AM to 8 PM.ResultsTime-varying effect model plots revealed that these associations varied in strength throughout the day. Specifically, device-based SB was related to greater concurrent negative affect only after approximately 5 PM and was unrelated to concurrent positive affect. Screen-based SB was related to greater concurrent negative affect only from 7 AM to approximately 9 AM. This was also related to greater concurrent positive affect from 7 AM to approximately 9:30 AM and from approximately 3 PM to approximately 7 PM.ConclusionsWe provide preliminary evidence to suggest that future confirmatory studies investigating the SB–affective state relationship should consider the time-varying nature of these associations and SB measurement modality. There may be critical time windows when specific types of SBs co-occur with affect, suggesting that interventions may need tailoring to the time of day and type of SB if future studies using similar methodologies can replicate our findings.

Psychopathology in children: The transdiagnostic contribution of affiliative capacity and inhibitory control.

Recent initiatives have focused on integrating transdiagnostic biobehavioral processes or dispositions with dimensional models of psychopathology. Toward this goal, biobehavioral traits of affiliative capacity (AFF) and inhibitory control (INH) hold particular promise as they demonstrate transdiagnostic stability and predictive validity across developmental stages and differing measurement modalities. The current study employed data from different modes of measurement in a sample of 1830 children aged 5-10 years to test for associations of AFF and INH, individually and interactively, with broad dimensions of psychopathology. Low AFF, assessed via parent-report, evidenced predictive relations with distress- and externalizing-related problems. INH as assessed by cognitive-task performance did not relate itself to either psychopathology dimension, but it moderated the effects observed for low AFF, such that high INH protected against distress symptoms in low-AFF participants, whereas low INH amplified distress and externalizing symptoms in low-AFF participants. Results are discussed in the context of the interface of general trait transdiagnostic risk factors with quantitatively derived dimensional models of psychopathology.

Development of an operando characterization stage for multi-modal synchrotron x-ray experiments.

It is widely accepted that micro- and nanoscale inhomogeneities govern the performance of many thin-film solar cell absorbers. These inhomogeneities yield material properties (e.g., composition, structure, and charge collection) that are challenging to correlate across length scales and measurement modalities. The challenge is compounded if a correlation is sought during device operation or in conditions that mimic aging under particular stressors (e.g., heat and electrical bias). Correlative approaches, particularly those based on synchrotron x-ray sources, are powerful since they can access several material properties in different modes (e.g., fluorescence, diffraction, and absorption) with minimal sample preparation. Small-scale laboratory x-ray instruments have begun to offer multi-modality but are typically limited by low x-ray photon flux, low spatial resolution, or specific sample sizes. To overcome these limitations, a characterization stage was developed to enable multi-scale, multi-modal operando measurements of industrially relevant photovoltaic devices. The stage offers compatibility across synchrotron x-ray facilities, enabling correlation between nanoscale x-ray fluorescence microscopy, microscale x-ray diffraction microscopy, and x-ray beam induced current microscopy, among others. The stage can accommodate device sizes up to 25 × 25mm2, offering access to multiple regions of interest and increasing the statistical significance of correlated properties. The stage materials can sustain humid and non-oxidizing atmospheres, and temperature ranges encountered by photovoltaic devices in operational environments (e.g., from 25 to 100 °C). As a case study, we discuss the functionality of the stage by studying Se-alloyed CdTe photovoltaic devices aged in the stage between 25 and 100 °C.

0477 Comparison of a Non-Contact Sleep Monitoring Device with Wrist Actigraphy in a Sample of Individuals with Chronic Insomnia

Abstract Introduction Non-contact devices (NCDs) have been developed to measure sleep longitudinally and unobtrusively in the naturalistic home setting. We compared longitudinal measurements from a wrist actigraph (Actiwatch-2, Philips Respironics) and from a NCD (SleepScore Max, SleepScore Labs) in a sample of adults with insomnia Methods N=71 adults (ages 39.0±13.0y; 50 women) who met ICSD-3 criteria for chronic insomnia and were otherwise healthy participated in an at-home sleep monitoring study. Participants continuously wore the actigraph for one week, then used the NCD to record only nightly sleep periods for the next 8 weeks. Week-by-week within-subject averages and standard deviations (SDs) over days were assessed for five major sleep parameters: total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), time in bed (TIB), and sleep efficiency (SE). These sleep parameters were analyzed with mixed-effects ANOVA comparing week one (actigraphy) to the next 8 weeks (NCD), and correlations between the first week (actigraphy) and second week (NCD) were calculated. Results Significant differences for actigraphy versus NCD were found for the weekly averages of SOL and WASO (F&amp;gt;25.8, p&amp;lt;0.001). The NCD measured longer average SOL (M±SEM=25.0±1.5min) than actigraphy (12.6±2.0min) and less average WASO (40.5±2.7min) than actigraphy (51.1±3.2min). Further, significant differences were found for the weekly within-subject SDs of TST and WASO (F&amp;gt;7.52, p&amp;lt;0.01). The NCD measured greater SD for TST (71.6±2.8min) than actigraphy (60.0±4.7min) and greater SD for WASO (25.0±1.4min) than actigraphy (19.2±2.2min). Actigraphy and NCD weekly averages were positively correlated for TST, WASO, TIB, and SE (p&amp;lt;0.001), but not SOL (r=0.03, p=0.80). Similarly, weekly within-subject SDs were positively correlated for TST, WASO, TIB, and SE (p≤0.05), but not SOL (r=–0.03, p=0.81). Conclusion Actigraphy and NCD were not used simultaneously, precluding a direct comparison between these measurement modalities. Nonetheless, in this ecologically valid context, significant differences were only found for the weekly averages of SOL and WASO and for the weekly within-subject variability of SOL and TST, with significant correlations between the devices for all variables except SOL. Although actigraphy tends to underestimate SOL, NCD validation against polysomnography in chronic insomnia is warranted. Support (If Any) NIH grant KL2TR002317; research devices provided by SleepScore Labs.

A Case-Control Study of 3D vs 2D Weightbearing CT Measurements of the M1-M2 Intermetatarsal Angle in Hallux Valgus.

Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) 3-dimensional measurements may be reliable in assessing hallux valgus (HV). The objective of this study was to compare 2D and 3D WBCT measurements of the M1-M2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA) in patients with HV and in healthy controls. We hypothesized that 2D and 3D IMA measurements would correlate and have similar reliability in both HV and controls. Retrospective multicenter comparative study included WBCT scans from 83 feet (41 HV, 42 controls). IMA was measured on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR-IMA). 3D angle (3D-IMA) and its projection on the weightbearing plane (2D-IMA) were calculated from 3D coordinates of the first and second metatarsals. Intraobserver reliability and intermethod correlations were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Intraobserver reliability was very strong for DRR-IMA (0.95) and 3D-IMA (0.99). Intermethod correlation between the 3 modalities in HV patients ranged from moderate (DRR vs 2D, 0.48; DRR vs 3D, 0.48) to very strong (2D vs 3D, 0.91). Similarly, intermethod correlation in the control group ranged from moderate (DRR vs 2D, 0.56; DRR vs 3D, 0.60) to very strong (2D vs 3D, 0.92). Measurements for IMA are similar using DRR, 3D and 2D projected angles, with very strong intraobserver reliability and moderate to very strong intermethod correlations. This is the first head-to-head comparison between these measurement modalities in HV. Further investigations are warranted before formulating guidelines for the clinical use of 3D angles. Level III, case-control study.

Usefulness of the eyeball exposure area as an eye measurement modality through a comparison between eyes with inborn double eyelids and operated double eyelids

Background Many Korean women with single eyelids wish to have their eyes enlarged through double eyelidplasty, and many of them also want to have additional procedures in order to have a larger perceived size of their eyes, with the desire for their eyes to resemble those with inborn double eyelids. Thus, in this study, we performed eye measurements and evaluated the usefulness of the eyeball exposure area to differentiate the overall eye size according to the nature of double eyelids (inborn or operated).Methods This study involved 92 eyes with natural double eyelids (group A) and 76 eyes with only double eyelidplasty (group B). The two groups were compared through measurements of the exposed eyeball area (EEA) and palpebral fissure height (PFH). To compare the usefulness of the EEA for the perceived eye size, the PFH value was also measured by adjusting it to a percentage value.Results The mean value of the PFH was 9.95±0.67 mm in group A and 8.48±1.04 mm in group B. The adjusted percentage value of the PFH relative to the corneal diameter (11.3 mm) was 88.05% in group A and 75.04% in group B. The EEA was 85.59%±3.25% in group A and 82.89%±6.36% in group B. The difference between the two groups was 13.01% in terms of PFH and only 2.7% in terms of EEA.Conclusions The values of PFH and EEA were higher in group A, but EEA was more useful for evaluating the perceived eye size between the two groups.

Supplemental Material for Comparing Psychopathy Across Measurement Modalities

Supplemental Material for Comparing Psychopathy Across Measurement Modalities