Method For Measurement Of Distribution Research Articles

A Novel Evaluation Method for the Particles Interaction between Sphalerite and Silica

In this paper the particle interactions between sphalerite and silica were studied by zeta potential measurements and a novel zeta potential distribution measurement (ZPD) method in different concentrations of calcium ion solution. The flotation reagent adsorbed on the mineral surface was analyzed by the interaction behavior. The results show that adsorption of flotation reagent is not conducive when the calcium ion concentration is high in the solution. The interaction of mineral particles decreased with the reduction of calcium ion concentration which was favorable for reagent selective adsorption. The mineral interactions can be interpreted by the novel zeta potential distribution measurement (ZPD) method.

Sphalerite/silica interaction: Zeta potential distribution measurement

An appropriate measurement is needed to control the calcium ion content and reduce the interaction among fine mineral particles. In this paper, the sphalerite/silica interactions were studied by Zeta potential measurements and a novel Zeta potential distribution (ZPD) measurement method in different concentrations of calcium ion solution. To study mineral surface molecular and atomic absorption states, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. Flotation reagent adsorbed on the mineral surface was analyzed by the interactions status. The results show that adsorption of flotation reagent is not conducive when the calcium ion concentration is high in the solution. Reducing the calcium ion concentration is the effective method to reduce particle interactions in the pulp. The specific method is that the appropriate amount of sodium carbonate is added into the gypsum-supersaturated solution. The minerals’ interactions can be interpreted by measuring ZPD.

Minimum Feature Selection for Epileptic Seizure Classification using Wavelet-based Feature Extraction and a Fuzzy Neural Network

This paper proposes a method that uses a wavelet transform (WT) and a fuzzy neural network to select the minimum number of features for classifying normal signals and epileptic seizure signals from the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of people with epileptic symptoms and those of healthy people. WT was used to select the minimum number of features by creating detail coefficients and approximation coefficients from EEG signals. 40 initial fe atures were obtained from the created wavelet coefficients using statistical methods, including frequency distributions and the amounts of variability in frequency distributions. We obtained 32 minimum features with the highest accuracy from the 40 initial features by using a non-overlap area distribution measurement method based on a neural network with weighted fuzzy membership functions (NEWFM). NEWFM obtains the bounded sum of weighted fuzzy membership functions (BSWFM) for the 32 minimum features to identify fuzzy membership functions for the 32 features. Using these 32 minimum features as inputs in the NEWFM resulted in a performance sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 99.67%, 100%, and 99.83%, respectively.

Classification of normal and epileptic seizure EEG signals using wavelet transform, phase-space reconstruction, and Euclidean distance

This paper proposes new combined methods to classify normal and epileptic seizure EEG signals using wavelet transform (WT), phase-space reconstruction (PSR), and Euclidean distance (ED) based on a neural network with weighted fuzzy membership functions (NEWFM). WT, PSR, ED, and statistical methods that include frequency distributions and variation, were implemented to extract 24 initial features to use as inputs. Of the 24 initial features, 4 minimum features with the highest accuracy were selected using a non-overlap area distribution measurement method supported by the NEWFM. These 4 minimum features were used as inputs for the NEWFM and this resulted in performance sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 96.33%, 100%, and 98.17%, respectively. In addition, the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to measure the performances of NEWFM both without and with feature selections.

Accurate full-field optical displacement measurement technique using a digital camera and repeated patterns.

In this study, a novel, fast, and accurate in-plane displacement distribution measurement method is proposed that uses a digital camera and arbitrary repeated patterns based on the moiré methodology. The key aspect of this method is the use of phase information of both the fundamental frequency and the high-order frequency components of the moiré fringe before and after deformations. Compared with conventional displacement methods and sensors, the main advantages of the method developed herein are its high resolution, accuracy, speed, low cost, and easy implementation. The effectiveness is confirmed by a simple in-plane displacement measurement experiment, and the experimental results indicate that an accuracy of 1/1000 of the pitch can be achieved for various repeated patterns. This method is useful for various applications ranging from the study of displacement and strain distributions in materials science, the biomimetics field, and mechanical material testing, to secure the integrity of infrastructures.

Two Load Distribution Measurement Methods of Single-Lap Composite Joints

Load distribution is a precondition for strength predictions of multi-bolt composite joints and thus accurate load distribution measurement methods are required. Here two improved methods that strain gauge belts and improved instrumented fasteners are adopted to test the load distribution of single-lap three-bolt composite joints. Although the strain gauge belt can eliminate some errors induced by the manual mounting, it results in rather large errors relative to the theoretical spring model solution. In comparison with the strain gauge belt, the load transfer ratios obtained from improved instrumented fasteners are closer to the theoretical solutions and smaller errors can be obtained, which offers powerful evidence for the applicability of the improved instrumented fasteners to the load distribution measurement of single-lap multi-bolt composite joints.

A Distributed Mechanism for Probing Overlay Path Bandwidth Using Local Information Exchange

Available bandwidth, along with latency and packet loss rate, is an essential metric for the efficient operation of overlay network applications. However, the measurement of available bandwidth creates a larger traffic overhead than other metrics. Measurement conflicts on routeoverlapping paths can also seriously degrade measurement accuracy and cause a non-negligible increase in the network load. In this paper, we propose a distributed method for measuring the available bandwidth in overlay networks that can reduce measurement conflicts while maintaining high measurement accuracy at low cost. Our main idea is that neighboring overlay nodes exchange route information to detect overlapping paths and share the measurement results of overlapping paths to configure parameter settings for available bandwidth measurements. Our simulation results show that the relative errors in the measurement results of our method are approximately only 65% of those of the existing method. The measurement accuracy of our method remains better than that of the existing method when the total measurement traffic loads of both methods are equal. key words: overlay networks, network measurement, measurement conflict, distributed measurement method, information exchange

B110 アフリカツメガエル新鮮胚の断面高さ・かたさ分布の瞬時計測法の開発(B1-2 細胞バイオメカニクス2)

B110 アフリカツメガエル新鮮胚の断面高さ・かたさ分布の瞬時計測法の開発(B1-2 細胞バイオメカニクス2)

Application Situation of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Measurement Technology in Power System

Temperature is an important operating parameter of electrical equipment, electrical equipment operating condition obtained by monitoring the temperature information has become research focus for power system fault prediction and diagnosis[1-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement system is a method for real-time measurement of the spatial distribution of temperature field sensing system. The system uses optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, amplifies temperature information and processes signal from wavelength division multiplexer and optical detectors, then the temperature information is displayed in real time[4-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement technology has several characteristics with insulation, anti-electromagnetic interference, resistance to high voltage, resistance to chemical corrosion, and security[6-. This article outlines the basic power system temperature monitoring content, studies the current distributed optical fiber temperature measurement technology applications in power system and prospects for its development trend.

Detection of ventricular fibrillation using Hilbert transforms, phase-space reconstruction, and time-domain analysis

This study proposes feature extraction using Hilbert transforms, phase-space reconstruction, and time-domain analysis to detect ventricular fibrillation and normal sinus rhythm from electrocardiogram (ECG) episodes. We implemented three preprocessing steps to extract features from ECG episodes. In the first step, we use Hilbert transforms to extract peaks. In the second step, we use statistical methods and extract four features from the peaks. In the final step, we extract four features using statistical methods based on the Euclidean distance between the origin (0, 0) and the peaks after the peaks are plotted in a two-dimensional phase-space diagram. By applying time-domain analysis directly to the series of successive peak-to-peak interval values, we extract seven additional features. Using a neural network with weighted fuzzy membership functions (NEWFM), we applied the nonoverlap area distribution measurement method, and from 15 initial features, we selected 11 minimum features exhibiting the highest accuracy. Then, we applied the 11 minimum features as inputs to the NEWFM and recorded sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values of 79.12, 89.58, and 87.51 %, respectively. In addition, McNemar's test revealed a significant difference between the performances of NEWFM with and without feature selection (p < 0.05).

PEMFC Cathode Contamination Mechanisms for Several VOCs - Acetonitrile, Acetylene, Bromomethane, Iso-Propanol, Methyl Methacrylate, Naphthalene and Propene

The behavior of PEMFCs exposed to airborne contaminants was characterized in 2 stages. In the first stage, impedance spectroscopy was used to identify resistance loss types. In the second stage, other ex situ and in situ characterization methods were employed to obtain more detailed information about observed resistance loss types: rotating ring/disc electrode, membrane conductivity cell, tracer based method for residence time distribution measurements, segmented cell, and fuel cell coupled with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrograph. All 7 VOCs led to kinetic and mass transfer resistance changes. Only acetonitrile led to an ohmic resistance change. A decrease in catalyst active area (7 to >90 %) and increase in H2O2 side reaction product (18 to 1027 %) accounts for the smaller oxygen reduction current (12 to 100 %). An acetonitrile decomposition product is presumed to be responsible for the observed in situ ohmic loss because acetonitrile did not show an effect in the conductivity cell. Modest current redistributions were noted (<19 % on an absolute and dimensionless basis) but acetylene also initially showed a strong transient effect (≤100 % on an absolute and dimensionless basis) attributed to a gradual contamination along the flow field length. Only the unaffected contaminant species, CO2 and CO were detected at the cathode outlet. Contaminant conversion increased at higher cell voltages (62 to 332 % V-1) indicative of electrochemical oxidation. An acetylene contamination mechanism is proposed.

Measurement of Two-Dimensional Crystal Shape Using Digital Holography

A digital holography based method for online measurement of crystal size distribution is presented. The main advantage of holography over conventional imaging techniques lies in its capability to measure the three-dimensional volume information, thereby overcoming limitations associated with the depth of focus. In the proposed method, 3D volume information (holography) is stored and tailored image analysis routines are used to extract the size and shape information from the stored holograms. The method is applied to experimental batch cooling crystallization of two systems, namely, oxalic acid and potash alum. The measured crystal size and shape distribution are found to be in good agreement with offline microscopy measurements.

A composite gene selection for DNA microarray data analysis

An important aspect in microarray data analysis is the selection of an appropriate number of the most relevant genes among a large population of genes. In this study, we have proposed a composite gene selection using both unsupervised and supervised gene selections. In the unsupervised gene selection, we used the threshold number of misclassification (TNoM) score to select an appropriate number of the top-ranked genes for microarray data analysis. In the supervised gene selection, the minimum number of genes showing the highest accuracy is obtained using the non-overlap area distribution measurement (NADM) method provided by the neural network with weighted fuzzy membership functions (NEWFM) from the top-ranked genes. In this study, from a colon cancer dataset and a leukemia dataset, we selected the top-ranked 93 colon cancer and 143 leukemia genes with ≤14 (colon cancer) and ≤13 (leukemia) TNoM scores from a total of 2000 colon cancer and 7129 leukemia genes. By the NADM method, a minimum of 4 colon cancer and 13 leukemia genes were selected from the top-ranked 93 colon cancer and 143 leukemia genes. When the minimal 4 colon cancer and 13 leukemia genes were used as inputs for the NEWFM, the performance accuracies were 98.39 % and 100 % for colon cancer and leukemia, respectively.

Joint Residual Stress/Refractive Index Characterization of Large-Mode-Area Erbium-Doped Fibers

The residual stress (RS) and refractive index (RI) distributions of large-mode-area (LMA) erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) are measured for the first time using a high-resolution three-dimensional index-stress distribution measurement method. The effects of fiber manufacturing, cleaving, and arc fusion splicing of a commercially available LMA EDF are concurrently characterized at state-of-the-art stress, index, and spatial resolutions. RS induced via fiber manufacturing results in RI changes as large as <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$1.2 \times 10^{-4}$</tex></formula> RI units through the photo-elastic effect. The relaxation of RS within <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim} 30$</tex></formula> <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula> m of a cleaved end-face reverses the stress-induced RI changes formed during fiber manufacturing. After fusion splicing, an even larger stress-induced RI change of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$3.5 \times 10^{-4}$</tex></formula> RI units results over an axial distance on the order of millimeters. The diffusion of core dopants reduces the maximum core RI by as much as 21.7% along a transition region length of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\sim} 400$</tex></formula> <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m. These measurements represent the first of many required to develop future ultra LMA EDFs where RS effects and dopant diffusion are absolutely critical for fiber design and performance.

Modified knife-edge method for current density distribution measurements in e-beam writers

In this paper, the authors present a modified knife-edge method for two-dimensional current density mapping in electron-beam writing systems. This method is applicable in rectangular and in variable-shaped e-beam writers with a fixed mutual position of the e-beam and the 1st shutter during exposure. In contrast to other methods, the modified knife-edge method uses only native parts of the e-beam writer, giving it the advantage of easy implementation. The measurement error of our method is analyzed and the trade-off between the result accuracy, the current density resolution and the measurement duration is discussed. The presented method is demonstrated by adjusting an electron emitter in order to select a homogeneous e-beam pattern.

Sol–gel synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials with high electrical conductivity

The Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite (LVP) including nanorods and irregular solids were successfully prepared by a sol–gel method. The influences of different precursors on the LVP cathode materials were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size distribution measurement and electrochemical methods. The LVP/C electrodes present good rate capability and excellent cyclic performance when they cycle in the range of 3.0–4.3V. The LVP1/C composite prepared by NH4H2PO4, LiOH, NH4VO4 and citric acid delivers the initial discharge capacity of 109.6mAhg−1 at 20C discharge rate and it still maintains 56.9mAhg−1 after 450 cycles, with the discharge capacity retention of 51.9%. For the LVP2/C composite synthesized by LiH2PO4, NH4VO4 and citric acid, however, the discharge capacities in the 1st and 450th cycles at 20C discharge rate are 107.1 and 96.2mAhg−1, respectively, with only 10.2% loss. The excellent rate capacity is attributed to the pure phases, nanorod structure, small particles and uniform carbon coating.

Electrostatic Properties and Characterization of Textile Materials Affected by Ion Flux

This work analyzes the opportunities of wider characterization of textile materials, fabrics, upholstery fabrics, fibers, yarns or others, which may accumulate electric charge. A non-contact way for electrostatic properties measurement based on affecting those materials by ions with positive or negative charge is described. The method allows to measure simultaneously the time dependences of the surface voltage and the electric charge during the charging process and the time dependences of the surface voltage during the discharging process. From the measured dependencies the following set of parameters was measured or calculated: the surface voltage limiting value, the surface voltage semi-decay time, the maximum deposited charge, the layer capacitance, the energy of the accumulated charge and others. The surface voltage distribution measurement method when the investigated textile material is affected by ion flux was also described. To verify the applicability of the proposed methods for characterization of textile materials in order to determine the above-mentioned parameters of cotton, linen, wool, viscose, acetate, polyester, polyester coated with polytetrafluoroethylene, a series of experiments were performed. The surface voltage distribution measurement method based on affecting textile materials by ions with positive charge was described and a surface voltage distribution of a polyester-cotton upholstery fabric produced by a Jacquard mechanism was presented. The performed experiments demonstrate the possibilities of method application for comparison of the electrostatic properties of different textile materials used for the same tasks or the same materials produced by different technological processes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3828

1P1-E03 靴内部における剪断力・圧力の同時測定法の開発(看護とメカトロニクス)

1P1-E03 靴内部における剪断力・圧力の同時測定法の開発(看護とメカトロニクス)

Research on the Interaction between Sphalerite and Silica Particles with Different Calcium Ion Solutions

The interactions among fine particles are unavoidable in solutions, and the strong particle interactions have a negative impact on mineral separations. How to reduce and prevent the agglomeration of particles is one of the important chal-lenges facing production and research. The interactions of sphalerite and silica particles were studied with variation of calcium ions solutions. Zeta potential measurement and a novel Zeta potential distribution (ZPD) measurement method were used in this paper. The phenomena of mineral coagulation and absorption of flotation reagent were analyzed in solutions of different pH and calcium ion concentration.

Analysis of Opinion Social Data on the SNS (Social Network Service) by Analyzing of Collective Damage Reply

A lots of social data are distributed, utilized and opened through the social media. They have characterized effectiveness and pleasure of information to the media by social data but it is ignored about excessive exposure of information and damage from collective reply of personal attack type. In this paper, we study about analysis of opinion social data on the SNS (Social Network Service) by analyzing of collective damage reply. It is analysed by diverse measurement method for distribution and disuse of the amount of Buzz data that is analysed data from structured social network.