Measurement-induced Nonlocality Research Articles

Dynamics of measurement-induced nonlocality of quantum states in a structured environment

In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of the measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) of two-qubit states undergoing decoherence induced by a structured environment modeled as a collection of simple harmonic oscillators. For the Markovian dynamics, MIN and the concurrence decrease monotonically with the scaled time and the decoherence time of the former is longer than that of the latter. While for the non-Markovian dynamics, MIN can revive for finite time periods after its disappearance immediately. With a comparison, the concurrence can revive for finite time periods after its complete disappearance which lasts for some time. The MIN takes a zero value for some discrete time points while the concurrence takes a zero value for finite time periods. In this sense, we can say that the MIN is more robust than the concurrence to decoherence. Finally, the non-Markovianity measure has been examined and we find that the strong non-Markovianity of the dynamical process corresponds to a large amplitude of the revival of MIN and the concurrence.

Measurement-induced Nonlocality for Gaussian States

We establish an analytic formula of measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) for two-mode squeezed thermal states and mixed thermal states. Different from the quantum discord case, we show that there is no Gaussian version of MIN by Gaussian positive operator valued measurements.

Non-classical correlations in the general state of two SC-qubit with a phase damping: non-local correlation and geometric discord

A system consists of two charged qubits are initially prepared in a maximum entangled Bell state and having no mutual interaction, where each qubit interacts independently with a superconducting transmission line resonator. An analytical solution of the time evolution of the final state of the system with the effect of a phase decoherence is found. In previous works, quantum correlations are only investigated in X-state for the models which are as our model. In this work, the analytical formulas of the geometric quantum discord (GQD) and measurement-induced non-locality (MIN) are introduced for a general state of two-qubit (non-X-state). Quantum correlations are studied via GQD and MIN with quantum entanglement (QE). It is found that a sudden disappearance only occurs for QE, while MIN and GQD still exist. Due to the increase in the amplitude of the coherent states, the intervals of the sudden disappearance of QE increase and MIN and GQD decrease. It is interesting to note that initial correlations can be lost and they reach their stationary correlations with the increase in the intrinsic decoherence. The stationary correlation of MIN can be destroyed, it reach zero value, when both the decoherence effect and detuning are present simultaneously. By starting with different types of Bell-like states, the stationary correlations as well as the time intervals of sudden disappearance have notable changes. It is possible to control the quantum correlations with certain parameter sets.

Enhancing the Trace Norm and Bures Norm Measurement-Induced Nonlocality in the Heisenberg XYZ Model

Nonlocality is one unique characteristic of quantum mechanics and an essential resource for quantum communication and computation. We investigate two measures of the well-defined geometric measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) in the Heisenberg XYZ model, and found that considerable enhancement of the MINs can be achieved by tuning strength of the anisotropic parameter, the Jz coupling, and the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction of the model. Particularly, the maxima of the two MINs can be obtained when the strength of the Jz coupling or the DM interaction approaches infinity. We have also demonstrated the singular behaviors of the two MINs such as the nonunique states ordering and the sudden change behaviors.

Thermal effect on the generated quantum correlation between two superconducting qubits

Quantum correlations in two superconducting (SC) qubits, placed in an SC-cavity and driven by noise fields, are investigated by using quantum discord (QD) and measurement-induced nonlocality with quantum entanglement (QE). It was found that the initial values of QD and measurement-induced non-locality (MIN) grow from zero-values to non-zero values. This growth of quantum correlations is due to the unitary qubits–field interaction. It is found that by increasing the coupling to the thermal environment, the generated correlations (of QD, MIN and QE) return to their zero-values and the phenomena of the sudden death and sudden birth only occur for QE. It is interesting to note that the state of two superconducting qubits has the quantum discord and quantum nonlocality without entanglement. The ability of the thermal field parameter for the disappearance of the generated correlations depend on the spontaneous emission parameter and vice versa.

Entanglement and measurement-induced nonlocality of mixed maximally entangled states in multipartite dynamics

The maximally entangled state can be in a mixed state as well as the well-known pure state. Taking the negativity as a measure of entanglement, we study the entanglement dynamics of bipartite, mixed maximally entangled states (MMESs) in multipartite cavity-reservoir systems. It is found that the MMES can exhibit the phenomenon of entanglement sudden death, which is quite different from the asymptotic decay of the pure-Bell-state case. We also find that maximal entanglement cannot guarantee maximal nonlocality and the MMES does not correspond to the state with maximal measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN). In fact, the value and dynamic behavior of the MIN for the MMESs are dependent on the mixed state probability. In addition, we investigate the distributions of negativity and the MIN in a multipartite system, where the two types of correlations have different monogamous properties.

Measurement-induced nonlocality based on Wigner-Yanase skew information

Measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN), which describes the maximum global effect caused by locally invariant measurements, was introduced by Luo and Fu (Phys. Rev. Lett., 106 (2011) 120401). In this paper, a new measure of MIN based on Wigner-Yanase skew information is proposed. It is shown that this measure not only has good computability but also eliminates the noncontractivity problem appearing in the original measure of MIN defined by the Hilbert-Schmidt norm. The analytical formulas of MIN based on Wigner-Yanase skew information for any pure states, -dimensional mixed states, and some higher-dimensional symmetric states are presented. Furthermore, the tight upper bound to MIN based on Wigner-Yanase skew information in the general case is also derived.

Measurement-induced-nonlocality for Dirac particles in Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger dilation space–time

We investigate the quantum correlation via measurement-induced-nonlocality (MIN) for Dirac particles in Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger (GHS) dilation space–time. It is shown that the physical accessible quantum correlation decreases as the dilation parameter increases monotonically. Unlike the case of scalar fields, the physical accessible correlation is not zero when the Hawking temperature is infinite owing to the Pauli exclusion principle and the differences between Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics. Meanwhile, the boundary of MIN related to Bell-violation is derived, which indicates that MIN is more general than quantum nonlocality captured by the violation of Bell-inequality. As a by-product, a tenable quantitative relation about MIN redistribution is obtained whatever the dilation parameter is. In addition, it is worth emphasizing that the underlying reason why the physical accessible correlation and mutual information decrease is that they are redistributed to the physical inaccessible regions.

Enhancing non-local correlations in the bipartite partitions of two qubit-system with non-mutual interaction

Several quantum-mechanical correlations, notably, quantum entanglement, measurement-induced nonlocality and Bell nonlocality are studied for a two qubit-system having no mutual interaction. Analytical expressions for the measures of these quantum-mechanical correlations of different bipartite partitions of the system are obtained, for initially two entangled qubits and the two photons are in their vacuum states. It is found that the qubits-fields interaction leads to the loss and gain of the initial quantum correlations. The lost initial quantum correlations transfer from the qubits to the cavity fields. It is found that the maximal violation of Bell’s inequality is occurring when the quantum correlations of both the logarithmic negativity and measurement-induced nonlocality reach particular values. The maximal violation of Bell’s inequality occurs only for certain bipartite partitions of the system. The frequency detuning leads to quick oscillations of the quantum correlations and inhibits their transfer from the qubits to the cavity modes. It is also found that the dynamical behavior of the quantum correlation clearly depends on the qubit distribution angle.

Effect of the phase damping of two qubits on both the quantum discord and non-local correlation

An analytical solution of the master equation for two qubits-field system, in the dispersive regime, are investigated. The qubits are initially in Werner states and the field in coherent state. Under the influence of the damping, the geometric measure of quantum discord (GMQD) and the measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) are investigated. GMQD and MIN are compared and illustrated their different characteristics. It is found that under the influence of damping the phenomenon of the death occurs for GMQD, but this phenomenon does not occur for MIN even when the damping parameter is high. The initial conditions for the qubits play an important role in the phenomenon of collapses and revivals for GMQD and MIN.

Dynamics of Measurement-Induced Non-Locality and Geometric Measure of Discord in a Two-Qubit Heisenberg XY Chain

By taking into account the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction under uniform magnetic field, quantum correlation behaviors measured by the measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) and the geometric measure of discord (GMOD) in a two-qubit XY model are investigated in detail. Turning the different parameters can lead the two kinds of measurements to present different properties. For example, increasing the parameter B(uniform magnetic field), the existing region of MIN is larger than GMOD; MIN can appear the phenomenon of monotonous reduction when the parameter D(Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction) is smaller than one threshold value, while GMOD cannot; MIN monotonously reduces with enhancive value of T(temperature), while GMOD initial experiences a slightly increasing and then decreases. One interesting point is that the more obvious and complicated difference between them are shown from the initial values. This property is both true for the zero temperature and the finite temperature. Through analyzing the limit case of the temperature approaching zero, the analytic solutions give the detailed reasons why have different effect on the initial values. Moreover, from the analytic solutions, we know the initial value of MIN is always larger than or equal to GMOD.

Measurement-induced nonlocality in the two-qubit Heisenberg XY model

Quantum correlations are essential for quantum information processing (QIP). Measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) is a good measure of quantum correlation, and is favored for its conceptual implication and potential application. We investigated here the particular behaviors of the geometric and entropic measures of MIN in the two-qubit Heisenberg XY model and revealed the effects of anisotropic parameter γ and the external magnetic field B on them. Our results showed that both γ and B can serve as efficient controlling parameters for tuning MIN in the XY model.

Stationary discord and non-local correlations via qubit damping

By using quantum discord (QD), measurement induced non-locality (MIN) and negativity (QE), quantum correlation and entanglement are investigated for two qubits in two different cases for the initial two qubit Werner states, taking into account the influence of qubit damping. It is shown that there is no asymptotic decay for MIN while asymptotic decay exists for QD and QE. Quantum correlations cannot be strengthened by introducing the damping. The appearance time of stationary correlations gets shorter with the increase in the damping parameter. Finally, a uniform damping qubit can affect the stationary correlations when the qubits are initially in an entangled state.

Measurement-induced nonlocality based on the trace norm

Nonlocality is one unique property of quantum mechanics that differs from the classical world. One of its quantifications can be properly described as the maximum global effect caused by locally invariant measurements, known as measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) (2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 120401). Here, we propose quantifying the MIN by the trace norm. We show explicitly that this measure is monotonically decreasing under the action of a completely positive trace-preserving map, which is the general local quantum operation, on the unmeasured party for the bipartite state. This property avoids the undesirable characteristic appearing in the known measure of MIN defined by the Hilbert–Schmidt norm which may be increased or decreased by trivial local reversible operations on the unmeasured party. We obtain analytical formulas of the trace-norm MIN for any -dimensional pure state, two-qubit state, and certain high-dimensional states. As with other quantum correlation measures, the newly defined MIN can be directly applied to various models for physical interpretations.

Measurement-induced nonlocality in the W and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger superposition states**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61275215 and 10905016), the National Fundamental Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CBA00203), the Fujian Provincial College Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists, China (Grant No. JA14070), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (Grant No. A2012205062).

Measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) is a newly defined quantity to measure correlations in bipartite quantum states [Luo S and Fu S 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 120401]. MIN in the n-qubit W and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) superposition states is considered. It is revealed that n=3 and n ≥ 4 states have very different characteristics, especially the monogamy relation about MIN, and the monogamy equality of MIN is held in all n-qubit W states (n ≥ 3).

Superactivation of Measurement-Induced Nonlocality

Nonlocality, as an essential, subtle and intriguing aspect of nature, has many different facets and manifestations. In quantum information theory, nonlocality is usually defined, characterized and quantified in the framework of entanglement and violation of certain Bell inequalities. An exciting phenomenon concerning entanglement-related nonlocality is the superactivation, symbolized as “0 + 0 > 0”, which means that two systems, while do not possess nonlocality individually by themselves, may exhibit nonlocality when combined together in an independent fashion. In this work, we explore nonlocality from the measurement perspective and reveal the superactivation of measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN): When two bipartite states with vanishing MIN are combined together, the tensorizing state may possess non-zero MIN. Implications and applications are discussed.

Quantum Correlation Induced by the Average Distance Between the Reduced States

A new quantum correlation in terms of the average distance between the reduced state and the $i$-th output reduced states under local von Neumann measurements is proposed. It is shown that only the product states do not contain this quantum correlation and thus it is different from both the quantum discord (QD) [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{88}, 017901 (2001)] and the measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{106}, 120401(2011)]. For pure states, it is twice of the quantity MIN, and is smaller than QD and entanglement of formation (EOF). A general analytical formula is given and a lower bound for the two qubits case is obtained. Furthermore, we compare it with EOF and QD through the Werner state and the isotropic state respectively.

Monogamy of Measurement-Induced Nonlocality Based on Relative Entropy

In this paper, using relative entropy, we study monogamous properties of measurement-induced nonlocality based on relative entropy. Depending on different measurement sides, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for two types of monogamy inequalities. By the concept of nonlocality monogamy score, we find a necessary condition of the vanished nonlocality monogamy score for arbitrary three-party states. In addition, two types of necessary and sufficient conditions of the vanished nonlocality monogamy scores are obtained for any pure states. As an application, we show that measurement-induced nonlocality based on relative entropy can be viewed as a “nonlocality witness” to distinguish generalized GHZ states from the generalized W states.

Bipartite non-local correlations in a double-quantum-dot excitonic system

Quantum correlations, such as quantum entanglement (QE), measurement-induced non-locality (MIN) and Bell non-locality, are investigated in a system of two coupled quantum dots (QDs) entangled through their interaction with a cavity mode, including Förster and exciton–phonon interactions. When the two QDs are situated very close to and symmetrically about the antinode of the sustained longitudinal mode, the violation of Bellʼs inequality only occurs with strong MIN and QE. If one of the QDs is located very near to the node while the other one is located slightly far away from the node, the violation does not occur even with strong MIN and QE. When both QDs are located in the cavity in such a way that they see different cavity field amplitudes, the violation occurs with weak or strong MIN and QE. The generalized Rabi frequency acts as a control for the occurrence of these different types of the quantum correlation in the system, with MIN more general than the conventionally mentioned quantum non-locality related to the QE or violation of Bellʼs inequalities.

Uncertainty-induced quantum nonlocality

Based on the skew information, we present a quantity, uncertainty-induced quantum nonlocality (UIN) to measure the quantum correlation. It can be considered as the updated version of the original measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN) preserving the good computability but eliminating the non-contractivity problem. For 2 x d-dimensional state, it is shown that UIN can be given by a closed form. In addition, we also investigate the maximal uncertainty-induced nonlocality.