Measurement Geometry Research Articles

Efficient in-site laser scanning scheme with adaptive angular resolution for long-span bridge geometry measurement

For geometrical measurements on long-span bridges, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) using conventional scanning approach yields the model with over-dense points in close regions and point redundancy in background. This not only hampers the efficiency of on-site scanning but also complicates data post-processing. This study introduces an optimised scanning scheme incorporating automatic identification of bridge key components and fine scan planning with adaptable angular resolutions. A novel method for TLS pose calibration, leveraging geometric feature partitioning and image template matching is proposed, which aids in projecting bridge component labels from the design model to the scan model in the TLS’s view. Considering the substantial disparities in scanning distances across different regions, a multi-segment scan planning is proposed through the clustering of spherical angles and desired angular resolutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a field test on a long-span bridge under construction, specifically for deck height measurements.

A sub-100 nm thickness flat jet for extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Experimental characterization of the structural, electronic and dynamic properties of dilute systems in aqueous solvents, such as nanoparticles, molecules and proteins, are nowadays an open challenge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is probably one of the most established approaches to this aim as it is element-specific. However, typical dilute systems of interest are often composed of light elements that require extreme-ultraviolet to soft X-ray photons. In this spectral regime, water and other solvents are rather opaque, thus demanding radical reduction of the solvent volume and removal of the liquid to minimize background absorption. Here, we present an experimental endstation designed to operate a liquid flat jet of sub-micrometre thickness in a vacuum environment compatible with extreme ultraviolet/soft XAS measurements in transmission geometry. The apparatus developed can be easily connected to synchrotron and free-electron-laser user-facility beamlines dedicated to XAS experiments. The conditions for stable generation and control of the liquid flat jet are analyzed and discussed. Preliminary soft XAS measurements on some test solutions are shown.

Calibration of medical gamma cameras for estimation of internal contamination from 137Cs

Calibration of 22 gamma camera units was performed at 15 hospitals in southern and western Sweden to estimate 137Cs contamination in humans in a supine static geometry, with a new developed calibration protocol and phantom. The minimum detectable activities (MDAs) and the estimated committed effective doses (CEDs) were calculated for each calibration. Generic calibration factors were calculated for five predetermined groups based on the detector type and manufacturer. Group 1 and 2 included NaI-based gamma cameras from General Electrics (GEs) with a crystal thickness of 5/8′′ and 3/8′′ respectively. Group 3 and 4 included NaI-based gamma cameras from Siemens Healthineers with a crystal thickness of 3/8′′, with a similar energy window as the GE NaI-based cameras and a dual window respectively. Group 5 included semiconductor-based gamma cameras from GE with a CdZnTe (CZT) detector. The generic calibration factors were 60.0 cps kBq−1, 52.3 cps kBq−1, 50.3 cps kBq−1, 53.2 cps kBq−1 and 48.4 cps kBq−1 for group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. The MDAs ranged between 169 and 1130 Bq for all groups, with measurement times of 1–10 min, corresponding to a CED of 4.77–77.6 μSv. A dead time analysis was performed for group 1 and suggested a dead time of 3.17 μs for 137Cs measurements. The dead time analysis showed that a maximum count rate of 232 kcps could be measured in the calibration geometry, corresponding to a CED of 108–263 mSv. It has been shown that semiconductor-based gamma cameras with CZT detectors are feasible for estimating 137Cs contamination. The generic calibration factors derived in this study can be used for gamma cameras of the same models in other hospitals, for measurements in the same measurement geometry. This will increase the measurement capability for estimating internal 137Cs contamination in the recovery phase following radiological or nuclear events.

Real-time monitoring of CdTe quantum dots growth in aqueous solution

Quantum dots (QDs) are remarkable semiconductor nanoparticles, whose optical properties are strongly size-dependent. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of crystal growth pathway during synthesis gives an excellent opportunity to a smart design of the QDs luminescence. In this work, we present a new approach for monitoring the formation of QDs in aqueous solution up to 90 °C, through in situ luminescence analysis, using CdTe as a model system. This technique allows a detailed examination of the evolution of their light emission. In contrast to in situ absorbance analysis, the in situ luminescence measurements in reflection geometry are particularly advantageous once they are not hindered by the concentration increase of the colloidal suspension. The synthesized particles were additionally characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, transition electron microscopy, UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-based thiols are covalently bound on the surface of QDs and microscopy revealed the formation of CdS. Setting a total of 3 h of reaction time, for instance, the QDs synthesized at 70, 80 and 90 °C exhibit emission maxima centered at 550, 600 and 655 nm. The in situ monitoring approach opens doors for a more precise achievement of the desired emission wavelength of QDs.

Railway track vertical irregularities classification based on vehicle response using machine learning method

The common method of railway track irregularities assessment currently used, based on track geometry measurement data, is expensive to run, disrupts regular train services, and shows poor correlation with the actual vehicle response when running on a given track section. Vehicle response-based track irregularities assessment methods aim to overcome the shortcomings of geometry measurement-based methods. One of the possible methods is to establish the correlation between track geometry and vehicle response statistically using machine learning. Classification algorithms have been used in previous research for categorizing track sections into discrete classes. In this paper, in addition to discrete classification, the probability for which a track section is categorized as a certain class is presented. Testing results of the trained machine learning classification model showed high accuracy, precision, and recall. The results indicated that this method is suitable for classification of the vertical track irregularities. Further testing was performed with shifted classification threshold. The finding showed that the classification model’s precision and recall could be adjusted by shifting the classification threshold. The result of this study highlights the potential of machine learning classification usage for track irregularities assessment.

Predictive dynamic modeling and analysis of blisks through digital representations constructed upon precise geometry measurements

Blade geometric variations generally have a significant impact on the structural dynamics of integrally bladed disks widely used in the advanced aero-engines. This paper presents a holistic research in regard to the predictive dynamic modeling, analysis and experimental verification for a blisk by taking advantage of the advanced 3D optical geometry measurement technology. Geometrically mistuned models (GMMs) are semi-automatically constructed upon the precisely measured blisk geometry by an efficient FE mesh updating strategy. They provide explicit, high-fidelity digital representations of the geometric variations within the integrally manufactured blisk. A ‘Sector Mode Assembling Reduction Technique’ is developed and specifically tailored for efficient dynamic analysis of the large-sized GMMs at a relatively low computational cost and memory requirement. Intensive test campaigns, including forced response tests in the stationary/spinning rig under well-controlled laboratory conditions, are carried out for a full assessment of the GMMs’ dynamic prediction capability. Experimental verification results show that the GMM is able to capture the modal dynamics and resonant vibration of the stationary/rotating blisk with satisfactory accuracy. The physical-reality-based GMM converted directly from the precise geometry measurement data can be considered as a viable and valuable tool for predictive vibration evaluation of blisks. However, its model accuracy exhibits a mode-related dependence on the mesh density. The tradeoff between model accuracy and prohibitive computational cost proved to be the bottleneck of this promising blisk modeling approach.

Dynamic calibration method for track geometry measurement system-a case study in China

With the rapid development of railway construction, the mileage of railway detection has increased dramatically, and railway companies have higher requirements for the repeatability and accuracy of track geometric dynamic detection data. Therefore, the track geometry measurement system needs to be calibrated to improve the measurement accuracy to ensure the safety of railway operation. However, the existing calibration methods of the track geometry measurement system can only realize the static calibration and lack the dynamic calibration method, which cannot calibrate the track geometry measurement system under the real operation state. Therefore, a dynamic calibration method for the track geometry measurement system is proposed in this paper. A real and reliable test environment is provided for the track geometry measurement system by presetting the track geometry irregularity and laying the rail dynamic displacement monitoring system on the calibration test line, and the dynamic and static differences of the track are analyzed based on the test environment. Based on the bisection method, this paper reduces the measurement error of the track geometry measurement system and analyzes the measurement repeatability of the track geometry measurement system. Finally, the error correction model of the track geometry measurement system is established, and the error analysis and uncertainty evaluation of the track geometry measurement system are carried out. The results show that the track geometry measurement system calibrated by the dynamic calibration method proposed in this paper meets the requirements of the measurement error for the gauge and cross level. This study can establish the value traceability relationship of the track geometry measurement system, realize the calibration and evaluation of the accuracy of the track geometry measurement system under the real operation state, and improve the reliability and accuracy of the track geometry dynamic detection results.

Design and performance analysis of a MEMS Based Area-Variation Capacitive Accelerometer with Readout Circuit

The structural optimization of the device is used in the present work to demonstrate the improvement of the device sensitivity for a MEMS accelerometer based on capacitive principle due to overlap area change between electrodes. The proof mass of the device is made up of a few parallel fingers those are joined together. Proof mass is supported by flexible mechanical beams that resemble springs is suspended over fixed electrodes and are fastened to the substrate. The greatest displacement that the proof mass can suffer with application of acceleration is determined for the specific construction. The connected beams' width and length were changed, and ANSYS FEA software was used to model the reaction. Sensitivity of the device is analyzed and discussed based on the findings of various device geometry measurements, and suggestions for improving sensitivity are also made. Additionally, a signal conditioning circuit that changes the capacitance to voltage as a result of the proof mass deflecting differently is described. These discoveries might help designers to create capacitive MEMS accelerometers with increased sensitivity.

A model for estimating peak skin dose in CT.

In interventional radiology patient care can be improved by accurately assessing peak skin dose (PSD) from procedures, as it is the main predictor for tissue-reactions such as erythema. Historically, high skin dose procedures performed in radiology departments were almost exclusively planar fluoroscopy. However, with the increase in use of technologies involving repeated or adjacent computed tomography (CT) such as CT fluoroscopy and multi-modality rooms, the peak skin dose delivered by CT needs to be considered. In this paper, a model to estimate the PSD delivered to a patient undergoing CT has been developed to assist in determining the overall PSD. This model relates the PSD to the device-reported CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) by accounting for a variety of CT technique and patient factors. It includes a novel method for estimating dose contributions as a function of patient or phantom size, scanner geometry, and physical measurement of lateral and depth-based beam profiles. Physical measurements of PSD using radiochromic film on several phantoms have been used to determine needed model parameters. The resulting fitted model was found to agree with measured data to a standard deviation of 5.1% for the data used to fit the model, and 6.8% for measurements that were not used for fitting the model. Two methods for adapting the model for specific scanners are provided, one based on local PSD measurements with radiochromic film and another using CTDIvol measurements. The model, when suitably adapted, can accurately assess individual patients' CT PSD. This information can be integrated with radiation exposure data from other modalities, such as planar fluoroscopy, to predict the overall risk of tissue reactions, allowing for more tailored patient care.

Development of techniques for gantryless associated-particle imaging

To move fast-neutron radiography using the associated-particle imaging technique from the laboratory to the field, the development of new analysis techniques is required. In particular, the relative positions of the source and detectors need to be determined when they have been placed by hand, the normalization for a particular source–detector geometry needs to be determined without a measurement in the same geometry with no object present, and accurate image stitching is required when multiple detector positions are necessary to image an object. The present work describes methods that employ transmission neutron data to localize a fast-neutron imaging panel with respect to the neutron source, calculate a normalization for a given source–detector geometry, stitch images together, and describes the required system calibrations. The reported techniques enable in-field neutron radiography for cases in which the source–detector geometry is not well known a priori and where operational constraints preclude a normalization measurement.

Seabed Analysis on the New England shelf break using ambient sound data and trans-dimensional geoacoustic inversion

The New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) Signals and Noise experiment was conducted in April-May 2021. Ambient sound data were collected over several days in the mud-patch area as well as in deeper water closer to the shelf break. A 16-hydrophone vertical array was used to measure the natural sound of breaking waves on the sea-surface. Using beamforming in the 500–700 Hz band, these data were used to obtain an estimate of the bottom reflection coefficient as well as the seabed layering. The reflection coefficient data were subsequently used with trans-dimensional inversion techniques to produce a geoacoustic model for the seabed (e.g., sound speed, density, and layering). Results show the ambient sound data can be used to produce well resolved geo-acoustic parameters, especially in the upper part of the seabed (e.g., <10 m). These results are compared between several locations on the New England Shelf Break area and are also compared with other published results using different estimation techniques. In addition, some of the issues related to the impacts of data errors and preferred measurement geometries will also be presented. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]

Evaluation of the fatigue resistance of butt-welded joints in towers of wind turbines — a comparison of experimental studies with small scale and component tests as well as numerical based approaches with local concepts

Wind turbines must endure a high number of load cycles during their service lifetime. Therefore, the fatigue strength verification plays an important role. Butt-welded joints are one of the most common structural details in the tower structure of wind turbines. In general, the nominal stress method is used for their fatigue verification. The Eurocode 3 part 1–9 is the current design standard for this field of application and defines the fatigue resistance by pre-defined FAT-classes. This paper presents recent results of fatigue tests on small-scaled specimens and large components with transverse butt welds to discuss the validity of the FAT-class. In addition, results from numerical simulations for the verification with the effective notch stress and the crack propagation approach are used for comparison. For this purpose, macroscopic measurements of the weld seam geometry and a 3D scan were used for a realistic consideration of the notch effect in the simulation. Based on the consistency between the numerical results and the fatigue tests, the influence of the seam geometry on the fatigue resistance was worked out. Furthermore, a prediction of the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints with plate thicknesses up to 80 mm was carried out.

Physics guided heat source for quantitative prediction of IN718 laser additive manufacturing processes

Challenge 3 of the 2022 NIST additive manufacturing benchmark (AM Bench) experiments asked modelers to submit predictions for solid cooling rate, liquid cooling rate, time above melt, and melt pool geometry for single and multiple track laser powder bed fusion process using moving lasers. An in-house developed Additive Manufacturing Computational Fluid Dynamics code (AM-CFD) combined with a cylindrical heat source is implemented to accurately predict these experiments. Heuristic heat source calibration is proposed relating volumetric energy density (ψ) based on experiments available in the literature. The parameters of the heat source of the computational model are initially calibrated based on a Higher Order Proper Generalized Decomposition- (HOPGD) based surrogate model. The prediction using the calibrated heat source agrees quantitatively with NIST measurements for different process conditions (laser spot diameter, laser power, and scan speed). A scaling law based on keyhole formation is also utilized in calibrating the parameters of the cylindrical heat source and predicting the challenge experiments. In addition, an improvement on the heat source model is proposed to relate the Volumetric Energy Density (VEDσ) to the melt pool aspect ratio. The model shows further improvement in the prediction of the experimental measurements for the melt pool, including cases at higher VEDσ. Overall, it is concluded that the appropriate selection of laser heat source parameterization scheme along with the heat source model is crucial in the accurate prediction of melt pool geometry and thermal measurements while bypassing the expensive computational simulations that consider increased physics equations.

Computer Aided Engineering in the application of rotational forming of axially asymmetric geometries

The research presents the results of an innovative metal forming technology: ‘axially asymmetric metal spinning’. Special attention was paid to the influence of two forming conditions: Constant Contact (CC) and Tangential Contact (TC). The influence of Constant Contact and Tangential Contact were examined and compared. The term Constant Contact was used to describe a forming zone fixed at a certain height. This attribute was defined as naturally occurring in axially symmetrical metal spinning. The term Tangential Contact was used as the opposite to Constant Contact. Tangential Contact was used to describe the phenomena of movement of the forming zone. This attribute was defined as naturally occurring in axially asymmetric metal spinning. For the purpose of comparison, an asymmetric mandrel was manufactured, for which two trajectories were engineered. The trajectories were designed with the CC and TC conditions. The Finite Element Method was used to conduct metal forming simulation in simufact.forming software. Experimental trials were performed on the spinning machine MWS—200. Aluminium Alloy 1050 A was used in the FEM and experimental tests. The geometry measurement was performed using an ATOS 3D scanner and GOM Inspect software. The measurement of residual stresses was performed on a Proto iXRD® diffractometer. After determining the specific requirements of the innovative axially asymmetric spinning technology, a special computer program, called RoMeFo, was created. RoMeFo’s purpose was to engineer the trajectory with the TC condition for the mandrel’s full height. Depending on the method used, details with the following heights were manufactured in the experimental trials: CC—22 mm, TC—30 mm and RoMeFo—60 mm.

Slope Stability Evaluation and Geometrical Recommendation Using The Morgenstern Price Method

The study is located on PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk., which is still actively engaged in mining operations. The study aimed to determine the slope Safety Factor (SF) and offer suggestions for safe slope geometry for mining operations. Primary data collection through observation of lithology conditions, sample testing in the laboratory, scanline mapping, slope geometry measurements, and secondary data obtained from company inventories and related sources. The kinematic approach is used to assess the risk of landslides. This slope stability study uses boundary equilibrium based on the Morgenstern Price and Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. Limestone is the majority of the rocks in the location. The kinematic analysis demonstrated that direct toppling and wedge toppling are the landslide potential at the research location. Using the non-circular boundary equilibrium approach, slope stability analysis was carried out on four Regions with dry and saturated groundwater conditions i.e, Regions A', B140, C120, and C135. The four Regions have stable slopes and are in good condition (SF values over 1.25). For the excavation to be carried out optimally, the recommendations for optimization of the overall slope geometry are given, namely, the height of the bench is 10 m, and the width of the ladder is 4 m. The slope angle is 80o, with SF value of 3.035 in dry conditions and an SF value of 2.021 in saturated conditions.

Evaluating Emerging Spectral Lighting Software: Comparing Measurements of Light Spectrum and Derived Metrics in a One-Room Laboratory Environment with Simulation Results

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of new spectral simulation tool, Adaptive Lighting for Alertness (ALFA), by comparing software-predicted values of spectral irradiance, illuminance, and equivalent melanopic lux (EML) to corresponding measurements captured in a laboratory environment with light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires. Four lighting conditions were considered by varying the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the LED luminaires. Meter measurements of space geometry, spectral reflectance distribution (SRDs) of materials, and spectral power distribution of luminaires were used as input to the simulation. Simulated spectral irradiance values between 400 and 700 nm were generally within 10% of measured values, with many spectral bands having less than 5% error. Larger mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was observed for the mixed lighting conditions for bands between 420 and 490 nm, which subsequently influenced calculated EML values. Compared to horizontal measurements, vertical measurements were particularly susceptible to additional error through the measurement procedure and measurement equipment.

Measurements of thickness of a steel operation pipe occurring in a salt cavern and its geometry: simulations and experiments

In this paper, the attempts of measuring the thickness of a steel operation pipe occurring in the salt cavern and its geometry using an ultrasonic probe in the stage of computer simulation and laboratory are presented. The pipe makes as an obstacle for ultrasonic waves. In order to resolve this task, we need to determine the thickness of the pipe and choose the appropriate resonant ultrasonic wave. Determination of the thickness of the industrial steel pipes was carried out using the resonant frequency of reflected ultrasound waves and the relationship coefficients. The thicknesses of the industrial pipes measured by the resonant ultrasound wave method are in good agreement with those measured using an electronic caliper. Measurements of the cavern geometry with presence of the operation pipe using the resonant frequency of ultrasonic wave were well verified in a physical model and will be able in application to determine the real salt caverns.

Modeling a domain wall network in BiFeO3 with stochastic geometry and entropy-based similarity measure

A compact and tractable two-dimensional model to generate the topological network structure of domain walls in BiFeO3 thin films is presented in this study. Our method combines the stochastic geometry parametric model of the centroidal Voronoi tessellation optimized using the von Neumann entropy, a novel information-theoretic tool for networks. The former permits the generation of image-based stochastic artificial samples of domain wall networks, from which the network structure is subsequently extracted and converted to the graph-based representation. The von Neumann entropy, which reflects information diffusion across multiple spatiotemporal scales in heterogeneous networks, plays a central role in defining a fitness function. It allows the use of the network as a whole rather than using a subset of network descriptors to search for optimal model parameters. The optimization of the parameters is carried out by a genetic algorithm through the maximization of the fitness function and results in the desired graph-based network connectivity structure. Ground truth empirical networks are defined, and a dataset of network connectivity structures of domain walls in BiFeO3 thin films is undertaken through manual annotation. Both a versatile tool for manual network annotation of noisy images and a new automatic network extraction method for high-quality images are developed.

Effect of angular distortion and axial misalignment on the fatigue strength of welded and ground mild steel cruciform joints

AbstractThe focus of this work is to investigate the fatigue strength of a cruciform joint one-sided through-welded by a HV seam with a backing layer made of a 10-mm-thick S355 mild steel. The aim is firstly to analyse the effect of the deformation state incorporating angular distortion and axial misalignment on the fatigue strength of the tested specimens and secondly, the analysis of the benefit by grinding as post-treatment method on the resulting fatigue performance. The deformation impact is numerically investigated utilizing geometry measurements of the specimens as well as strain gauge measurements for validation. Thereby, the near notch stress under clamping condition without any load and under an additional static nominal load is analysed. Based on these investigations, the applied stress range for each tested specimen is converted to a “deformation-free” condition by means of the IIW-recommended km factor. The statistical analyses of the data points with and without this modification reveal a significant impact by the deformation state on both the evaluated fatigue strength and the scatter band. Moreover, this affects the evaluated benefit by grinding as post-treatment, whereas an increase of more than 40% in the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles is observed using the modified data points.

Numerical ellipsometry: Artificial intelligence for real-time, in situ absorbing film process control

Ellipsometry is a material analytical method in which the desired parameters, for example, film thickness and index of refraction, are related to the instrument measurements through Maxwell’s equations, light wavelength, and measurement geometry. Consequently, obtaining the desired parameters has required solving the model equations using a wide variety of methods. A commonly used method is least squares curve fitting, frequently the Levenberg–Marquardt method. This numerical method depends upon not only the model but also the initial estimates of solution, the possible interference of local minima, and the algorithm stopping conditions. Being iterative, it also takes nonzero time. The work here demonstrates the use of artificial intelligence in the form of a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network to avoid these problems and find solutions in the millisecond time scale. This noniterative, stable, and fast performance lends itself to real-time, in situ monitoring of thin film growth. Examples for thin (up to 30 nm) films will be given using a multilayer perceptron configuration consisting of four input and four output neurons with two hidden layers of 40 neurons each. Solutions are predicted by the artificial neural network at each wavelength independently and do not rely on fitting functions which express a relationship between optical properties and wavelength.