Measured Energy Consumption Research Articles

Transmutation of Conventional Fuel Based Two wheeler Vehicles into Electric Vehicles

The preliminary intention of this study is to comprehensively understand converting a conventional vehicle into a fully electric vehicle. In today’s technologically forward world of travelling, it is crucial for commuters to travel effectively and help maintain a sustainable environment. To accomplish this, the rider should travel as quickly and effectively as feasible. This study provides information on battery-powered electric scooters, including information on the controller, battery, hub motor and other components. Details on converting a scooter with an Internal Combustion (IC) engine into an Electric vehicle (EV) are provided in this work. This uses electricity as their main energy source. It also draws attention to the scooter's modifications. The battery can be charged by being ejected by the main system. ARAI AIS 039 (Rev 1): Electric Power Train Vehicles– Measurement of Electrical Energy Consumption is the standard used for testing the vehicle. When compared to a traditional vehicle, the scooter's electrical power can provide a longer range, higher performance and no emissions. Major Findings: The experimental range of the vehicle under ARAI test conditions is found to be 15km. The experimental top speed of the vehicle under a total load of 150kg is 30kmph.

An Analysis of Potential for Reducing Operational Costs Through The Use of LED Lighting in Indonesian Hotel

Indonesia has significant tourism potential, which drives the growth of the hospitality industry and increasing energy needs. Large energy consumption in hotels, especially in lighting systems, leads to high operational costs and carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze the potential for reducing operational costs through the use of LED lighting at the Bumi Sawunggaling Hotel, Bandung. The methods used include field observation and energy consumption measurement using a Power Quality Analyzer (PQA) for one week, with data taken every 30 minutes. The results of the study show that the hotel's electrical energy consumption reaches 923.45 kWh per week at a cost of IDR 1,334,166. By replacing conventional lighting with LED, hotels can reduce energy consumption by up to 80%, which translates to operational cost savings of 30% or more. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the application of LED technology not only provides financial benefits but also supports environmental sustainability. The implication of this study is the importance of adopting energy-saving technologies such as LEDs in the hospitality sector as a strategic step to reduce costs and carbon emissions and improve the hotel's reputation as an eco-friendly business, besides that it is very important for Hotel Bumi Sawunggaling to replace its conventional lighting with LED lights to achieve higher energy efficiency. LED lights are known for their superior energy efficiency compared to traditional incandescent lamps or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) lamps.

From dishwasher to river: how to adapt a low-cost turbidimeter for water quality monitoring.

This study presents the process of design and development of a low-cost turbidimeter for monitoring water quality, facilitating rigorous spatial-temporal variability analysis within large-scale hydrological systems. We propose a low-cost optical turbidimeter, modifying the existent SEN0189 turbidity sensor, Arduino boards, and additional sensors for temperature compensation. We compared a low-cost system with high-tech sensors, modifying the original low-cost SEN0189 probe for enhanced environmental performance. The three-step methodological framework involved prototype development, compensation for environmental factors, and preparation for future field deployment. Calibration equations with a high coefficient of determination and a temperature correction equation were established. We made adaptations to overcome field deployment challenges, including a 3-D printed sensor case, defining the relationship between measurement uncertainty and energy consumption, and specifying field installation guidelines. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive approach to a low-cost optical turbidity system, demonstrating its potential for accurate and affordable field deployment. We aim to address the critical need for sustainable inland water management tools, making this system a valuable contribution to environmental monitoring practices. We also aim to inspire similar development of open-source monitoring systems within our community.

Balancing Security and Efficiency: A Power Consumption Analysis of a Lightweight Block Cipher

This research paper presents a detailed analysis of a lightweight block cipher’s (LWBC) power consumption and security features, specifically designed for IoT applications. To accurately measure energy consumption during the execution of the LWBC algorithm, we utilised the Qoitech Otii Arc, a specialised tool for optimising energy usage. Our experimental setup involved using the Otii Arc as a power source for an Arduino NodeMCU V3, running the LWBC security algorithm. Our methodology focused on energy consumption analysis using the shunt resistor technique. Our findings reveal that the LWBC is highly efficient and provides an effective solution for energy-limited IoT devices. We also conducted a comparative analysis of the proposed cipher against established LWBCs, which demonstrated its superior performance in terms of energy consumption per bit. The proposed LWBC was evaluated based on various key dimensions such as power efficiency, key and block size, rounds, cipher architecture, gate area, ROM, latency, and throughput. The results of our analysis indicate that the proposed LWBC is a promising cryptographic solution for energy-conscious and resource-limited IoT applications.

A data aggregation protocol based on TFHE

Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption (TFHE) is a probabilistic cryptosytem over the real torus which allows one to operate directly on encrypted data without first decrypting them. We present an aggregation protocol based on a variant of TFHE for computing the sum of sensitive data, working only with the corresponding ciphertexts. Our scheme is an ideal choice for a system of smart meters – electronic devices for measuring energy consumption – that demands consumers' privacy. In contrast to some other solutions, our proposal does not require any communication among smart meters and it is quantum-safe.

Impact of Ultrasonic Welding Parameters on Weldability and Sustainability of Solid Copper Wires with and without Varnish.

This article contains an advanced analysis of the properties of solid wire electrical contacts produced by ultrasonic welding, both with and without varnish. The main disadvantage of ultrasonic welding of thin wires is the inability to achieve acceptable peel force and tensile strength, which is mainly due to the deformation and thinning of the wires. This study deals with ultrasonic welding using a ring of thin solid copper wires that minimises the deformation and thinning of the wires. The influence of welding parameters such as energy, pressure and amplitude were systematically analysed. Based on these parameters, the optimum welding programme and control method was determined to weld unvarnished and varnished wires. The investigations included electrical resistance tests, optical microscopy, micro-hardness measurements, peel tests and tensile tests, and the measurement of energy consumption. The results showed no significant differences in microstructure and hardness between varnished and unvarnished joints. Ultrasonic joints of varnished wires achieved lower electrical conductivity (by 38%), lower tensile strength (by 3%) and higher peel strength (by 7%), while the welding process was more sustainable in terms of energy (by 6.6%) and time consumption (without preprocessing).

Applying machine learning algorithms to group the energy performance of existing buildings by different granularity level of energy data

ABSTRACT Recent technology advancement has extended smart-metering capability, enabling measurement of fine-grained building energy consumption. These massive energy data provide options to apply machinelearning in building energy analysis. However, the energy details needed depend on the building feature being analyzed. Unlike system faults and user-related inefficiencies, degradation in building thermal performance results in a steady energy increase that can be reflected even with coarse-grained energy data. This study assesses whether energy data of low temporal resolution can be used to provide insight into building energy efficiency. It evaluates the application of machine learning in clustering buildings based on their thermal characteristics using energy data of different time intervals. Through k-means clustering, buildings are clustered using their hourly, daily, and monthly heating energy. The results indicate that all three granularities can identify buildings with high window transmittances and infiltration rates. These findings present an opportunity for applying machine learning not only for modern buildings with advanced metering systems but also for aging buildings that makes the majority of the existing building stock. The study presents a practical method to identify and prioritize buildings for energy retrofit, an important step toward an effective energy upgrade of a large-scale building using machine learning.

Development of a Smart Metering System for Efficient Energy Consumption

Smart energy concepts are based on the utilization of emerging integrated microprocessors and communication technologies for monitoring energy consumption. In the utilization of electricity, energy management is a core problem, especially for cost savings to the benefit of electricity customers. In modern electricity generation, transmission and consumption, energy management has occupied the center of attention for sustainable techno-economic motives. The present-day power sector has an immense role to play in the overall economic performance of the global community, thus, requiring the application of efficient and reliable metering systems for the measurement of energy consumption. The application of a smart metering system depends on the effectiveness of the embedded smart communication interface in the utility service provider system and the energy consumers’ metering devices based on energy supply reliability and consumption security. Therefore, this study focuses on the design and development of an efficient smart energy meter using the advancements provided by the Internet of Things (IoTs). The system was tested based on the collection of real-time data and subsequently analyzed for performance evaluation through a case study of household data collection.

Comprehensive Assessment of Context-Adaptive Street Lighting: Technical Aspects, Economic Insights, and Measurements from Large-Scale, Long-Term Implementations.

This paper addresses the growing importance of efficient street lighting management, driven by rising electricity costs and the need for municipalities to implement cost-effective solutions. Central to this study is the UNI 11248 Italian regulation, which extends the European EN 13201-1 standard introduced in 2016. These standards provide guidelines for designing, installing, operating, and maintaining lighting systems in pedestrian and vehicular traffic areas. Specifically, the UNI 11248 standard introduces the possibility to dynamically adjust light intensity through two alternative operating modes: (a) Traffic Adaptive Installation (TAI), which dims the light based solely on real-time traffic flow measurements; and (b) Full Adaptive Installation (FAI), which, in addition to traffic measurements, also requires evaluating road surface luminance and meteorological conditions. In this paper, we first present the general architecture and operation of an FAI-enabled lighting infrastructure, which relies on environmental sensors and a heterogeneous wireless communication network to connect intelligent, remotely controlled streetlights. Subsequently, we examine large-scale, in-field FAI infrastructures deployed in Vietnam and Italy as case studies, providing substantial measurement data. The paper offers insights into the measured energy consumption of these infrastructures, comparing them to that of conventional light-control strategies used in traditional installations. The measurements demonstrate the superiority of FAI as the most efficient solution.

Comparative assessment of simple and detailed energy performance models for urban energy modelling based on digital twin and statistical typology database for the renovation of existing building stock

The renovation wave calls for an integrated, participatory, and neighbourhood to neighbourhood approach tailored to the local environments. This can be hindered by the lack of geometric and performance input data about the existing building stock. A parametric digital urban building energy modelling (UBEM) tool was developed for local municipalities to automate calculations for comprehensive renovation strategies utilizing public databases specifically at the neighbourhood level. This article compares the accuracy of two energy performance calculation models (seasonal heat balance method and hourly resistance–capacitance method) used within the tool to detailed energy simulation software and measured energy consumption data of existing group of residential buildings in a same neighbourhood. The accuracy for estimating the total primary energy demand was roughly below 10 % for both simplified models. The seasonal calculation method showed consistent overestimation of space heating, depending on building characteristics. Solar and internal heat gains significantly affect the accuracy of simplified heat balance calculations, particularly in well-insulated buildings, while the more detailed 5R1C lumped capacitance hourly method provides improved accuracy for space heating demand. The comparison of uniform (proportional) and project based window area distribution used in the calculation models showed only marginal difference. The study validated simple seasonal and 5R1C hourly calculation methods using data from an apartment building neighbourhood with 22 apartment buildings. Despite larger deviations in the case of individual buildings, the average deviation from measured heating demand was only around 3 %, the seasonal method slightly overestimating and the 5R1C hourly method slightly underestimating the measured values. The primary energy demand including typical values of domestic hot water and household electricity was overestimated by both simplified methods due to lower electricity and water consumption in reality although the difference was below 7 % for the entire district. This concludes that pooling the building envelope heat loss calculation on a district level improves accuracy on average allowing better assessment of comparative renovation strategies.

Life cycle assessment of energy supply contracted heat supply systems: A case study from Austria

Heat supply systems (HSS) have the particularity that their energy-related services can be outsourced to a third party or contractor, which is usually referred to as energy supply contracting (ESC). Although the economics of ESC have been extensively researched, life cycle assessments of HSS with ESC are rather rare. The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of an HSS operated in Austria, from cradle to grave. The measured energy consumption is used to assess the operational impacts, thus eliminating the need for calculation assumptions regarding efficiency and heat demand. In addition, the trade-off from using more efficient components in HSS, which possibly leads to higher embodied emissions prior to commissioning, is explored. Overall, our results suggest that systems operating with an ESC display better environmental performance, assuming an efficiency difference to conventional HSS of around 16%, even if this leads to higher embodied impacts. To support these conclusions, the next step would be to model these systems in dedicated software. This would also provide a further opportunity to investigate options for further improvements to the systems under consideration.

Building energy consumption analysis and measures: a case study from an administration building in Chengdu, China

With the peak of carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, China is placing greater emphasis on energy expenditure. Office buildings occupy a prominent position in building energy consumption, which is one of the main energy consumption areas. Taking an administration building in Chengdu as an example, this article simulates the building energy consumption based on Design Builder software, examines the variables influencing energy consumption, and suggests energy-saving strategies combined with fresh ideas for sustainable architectural design. The results showed that the modeling building was a high-energy-consuming building, with an energy consumption of 724,857.59 kWh, and a unit area energy consumption of 288.17 kWh/m2 in Chengdu. For energy conservation and emission reduction, this article proposes the following three energy-saving measures. The first is to apply heat recovery technology for air conditioning systems. The second is photovoltaic glass, which provides partial electricity demand for buildings and reduces dependence on traditional energy sources. The third is roof greening, which utilizes the plants to purify the air and beautify the environment. The results showed that the heat recovery technology in air conditioning systems reduced the total energy consumption of buildings from 642144.04 kWh/m2 to 502937.83 kWh/m2, photovoltaic glass reduced 552243.87 kWh/m2, and roof greening reduced to 635947.35 kWh/m2. All of these have good energy-saving and emission reduction effects. The above three strategies not only help reduce building energy consumption, but also provide substantial support for China to achieve carbon neutrality.

Causal technological model for predicting void fraction and energy consumption in material extrusion process of polylactic acid

The rapid expansion of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies within the framework of Industry 4.0 raises important questions about their sustainability. Specifically, the widespread use of Material Extrusion (MEx) processes for polymeric materials necessitates a thorough evaluation of the possible balance between performance efficiency and sustainability, highlighting the need for further research into optimizing process parameters to ensure high product quality and reduced energy consumption. The present work focuses on Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology, investigating the relationship between sustainability and print quality. A causal technology model is proposed to elucidate this relationship, underlining the impact of process parameters on defect generation and energy use. A real-time monitoring system for energy consumption measurements was employed to create an energy model that accounts for each component of the CreatBot F430 printer. An image analysis procedure was performed on a special configuration of the HIROX RH-2000 digital microscope to determine the void fraction of each sample. An experimental campaign was conducted, producing single-layer samples in polylactic acid (PLA) following a full factorial plan with four process parameters. A void fraction of up to 18 % was observed, with energy consumption per sample ranging between 638 J and 8843 J. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impact of each process parameter and to determine operational ranges through the Response Surfaces Method. These results showed good agreement with the predicted conditions, demonstrating the model's effectiveness in supporting decision-making processes in technology selection.

Impact of control strategies on energy consumption in cold storage facilities

The fast development of global cold chains has led to a rapid increase in cold storage facilities capacity, in which consumes substantial amounts of energy. However, limited research has been conducted on the energy consumed by cold storage facilities, and the time and economic costs of obtaining long-term measurements of annual energy consumption of cold storage facilities are high. Therefore, in this study, short-term field tests and simulations were combined to establish a transient thermal network model for cold storage, using a specific cold storage case study for validation. The model considers the structure of the hall, which strongly impacts the cooling load. The refrigeration system performance was analyzed on the measured data. Literature and field research have shown temperature range control to be the baseline control strategy used in cold storage refrigeration systems, which ensures that the cold storage temperature remains within the set temperature range at all times. In addition, some researchers have proposed a control strategy based on time-of-use tariff that provides cooling almost throughout the valley period. These two control strategies were applied to frozen and chilled rooms, separately; the results indicated that for both frozen and chilled rooms, the latter control strategy consumes slightly less energy than the former strategy. However, the electricity bill for the latter control strategy are 0.35 and 0.5 times lower than those for the former strategy for frozen rooms and chilled rooms, respectively.

Design of A Monitoring System for the Implementation of Energy Management in the Electrical Engineering Study Program Workshop of the Medan State Polytechnic

The researcher wants to make a KWH meter monitoring tool with estimated usage costs so that the tools he makes can help the community to minimize costs in the electricity consumption area, especially in the workshop room located on the 1st floor of building C at Medan State Polytechnic. The long-term goal of this research is to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)--based KWH meter monitoring tool that can read current, voltage, frequency, power factor, and power consumption. This utilization shows the use of costs that have been incurred in real-time by displaying the results on the LCD and can also be from the user's mobile phone. In this study, the strategy used in the energy management framework was determined using SWOT analysis. From the results of the measurement and monitoring of electrical energy consumption obtained the results that, energy management is carried out by applying Standard Operating Procedures for the use of electrical energy in the electrical engineering workshop room in order to save more minimal energy consumption with a large error (Error) PZEM in measuring Voltage is 0.0198% in measuring Current is 0.612%. in measuring Cosphi is 0.01%. in measuring Frequency is 0.003%. in measuring Power is 0.183%. And the average measurement error rate is below 0.5%, namely 0.23%.

Optimization of a real municipal sewage treatment plant using CRFSMA algorithm and a mathematical model

This study presents the development, calibration, and validation of a mathematical model tailored for biological wastewater treatment at an actual urban sanitation facility. Utilizing multi-criteria optimization techniques, the research identified the most effective MCO algorithm by assessing Pareto optimal solutions. The model incorporated three primary performance measures energy consumption, overall volume, mean quality of effluent, and optimized 12 process parameters. Three algorithms, CRFSMA, particle swarm algorithm, and adaptive non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III, were rigorously tested using MATLAB. The CRFSMA method emerged as superior, achieving enhanced Pareto optimal solutions for three-dimensional optimization. Quantitative improvements were observed with a 14.8 % increase in wastewater quality and reductions in total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations by 0.95, 2.38, 0.04, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, the total cost index and overall volume were decreased, contributing to an 18.27 % reduction in overall volume and an 18.83 % decrease in energy utilization. The adapted anaerobic-anoxic-Oxic (A2O) framework, based on real-world wastewater treatment plants, demonstrated compatibility with observed effluent variables, signifying the potential for energy savings, emission reductions, and urban sanitation enhancements.

Briquette Production from Vineyard Winter Pruning Using Two Different Approaches

Worldwide, different strategies are being developed in order to ensure optimum conditions for the development and growth of economic competitiveness, as well as for increasing the quality of life and environmental protection. All these strategies are closely linked to the development and modernization of systems for producing energy from clean and renewable sources. In this context, the present paper presents the results of research regarding the evaluation of the sustainability of briquette production using biomass resulting from vine winter pruning as the raw material. An analysis of the scientific literature indicates that nearly 8 Mt of biomass would result from the over 7.4 million hectares of vine plantations in the world, biomass that could be valorized through densification in order to produce solid biofuels with a lower calorific value of more than 17 MJ/kg. This study examines the production of briquettes from vineyard winter pruning with consideration of two types of densification technologies: baling and natural drying of the tendrils, and collection, shredding, and artificial drying of the lignocellulose debris. The quality indices and energy consumption and energy efficiency of the briquettes were evaluated to determine their feasibility as an alternative fuel source. When designing the scientific endeavor, the following aspects were considered: defining the aim and objectives of the research; designing the research algorithm; collecting, preparing, and conditioning the biomass; conducting a chemical analysis of the briquettes; and evaluating the energy consumption and energy efficiency for producing the briquettes, taking into account two drying methods (natural and artificial drying). In the meantime, some specific laboratory equipment was designed and built for the artificial drying of biomass, evaluation of mechanical durability, measurement of energy consumption, etc. Analysis of the experimental data has led to the conclusion that the agricultural waste from vine pruning can constitute an important and sustainable source of energy in the form of briquettes that fulfill most of the requirements imposed by international standards.

A general sizing methodology of grid-connected PV systems to meet the zero-energy goal in buildings

This work expresses the most general definition of zero-energy building through a set of equations based on measured energy consumption and electricity generation predictions. This helps determining the optimal size of grid-connected photovoltaic systems for upgrading any highly efficient or conventional building into a zero-energy building. Opposed to previous works, which consider only electrical consumptions, this article includes consumption from fossil fuels and district heat and cooling networks. The study also covers environmental parameters and an economic study adaptable to any electricity market structure, contributing to deciding the best electricity tariff to hire.The methodology was applied to passive and conventional single-family houses in Spain. Results showed that the performance of a grid-connected photovoltaic system depends critically on the energy sources imported by the building. In particular, the performance improves in buildings where the electricity represents most of the imported energy. The required minimum size of the photovoltaic system in the conventional house (14 kWp) is far greater than in the passive house (9 kWp). After the recent global increase in electricity prices, annual economic savings of 70.12 % and 49.71 %, and payback periods of 6 and 13 years for the passive and conventional houses, respectively, make the investment profitable.

Audit Energi Listrik pada Bangunan Gedung SMKN 3 Kuningan

This research discusses Energy Audit at SMKN 3 Kuningan with the objective of evaluating the energy consumption intensity (IKE) in the buildings of SMKN 3 Kuningan. The methodology applied in this research involves measuring energy consumption through an energy audit and evaluating the measurement results based on IKE. The results obtained from data processing show that the total electrical energy consumption of the SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings is 112,613.11 kWh/year. Electrical energy consumption in air-conditioned rooms accounts for 80% of the total energy consumption, with electrical energy usage of 7,473 kWh/month, while non-air-conditioned rooms account for 20% of the total energy consumption, with an energy usage of 1,854 kWh/month. The calculated IKE value for air-conditioned rooms in SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings is 1.88 kWh/m²/month. Therefore, the air-conditioned rooms of SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings fall into the very efficient category as the IKE value is < 8.5 kWh/m²/month. The calculated IKE value for the non-air-conditioned rooms in SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings is 0.25 kWh/m²/month. Thus, the non-air-conditioned rooms of SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings fall into the very efficient category as the IKE value is < 3.4 kWh/m²/month. Both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned rooms in the SMKN 3 Kuningan buildings meet the criteria for very efficient energy consumption intensity. Nevertheless, further research on energy saving opportunities can still be conducted to minimize electricity consumption costs at SMKN 3 Kuningan.

Energy efficiency in the European Union – legal and economic aspects

Energy efficiency, understood as measuring energy consumption, is an important element of the energy policy of the state, in particular because of the problem of energy overconsumption by a rapidly growing population and dynamic economic development, particularly with regard to emerging markets and developing countries. Therefore, the issue of energy efficiency requires appropriate legal regulation and a suitable policy pursued by the public authorities. The aim of the article is to describe energy efficiency in the context of the basic assumptions of the economic analysis of law, as well as the importance of the norms of public economic law in the social market economy. The analysis considers the regulatory frameworks of energy efficiency at the level of the European Union and the selected Member State, namely Poland.