Measurement Data Research Articles

Improving access: Multi-analytical survey of the Norwegian Sea trade archive to establish storage conditions, digitisation priorities and conservation treatments

The Norwegian Sea Trade Archive (NST Archive) from the University of Bergen Library, Norway, is part of the UNESCO documentary heritage and contains unique documentation of the activity of companies that traded in stock fish in Norway and Europe (16th-20th century). The archive consists primarily of bound paper manuscripts written mostly in brown ink. We have surveyed this collection using a multi-analytical approach focused on the material characterization and condition of the paper carrier and inks. Our main aim was to support decision-making on establishing storage conditions, digitisation priorities, and type and extent of conservation treatments necessary to make the collection accessible.After a first visual examination to detect and quantify damages, for the paper support analysis we measured surface pH, paper thickness and water absorbency. Additionally, on a quarter of all tested materials, we performed a SurveNIR analysis, providing information regarding paper pulp type, lignin, protein and rosin content, degree of polymerization, and mechanical properties. The archival material was grouped into three periods characterising the three milestones in paper production: handmade gelatine-sized rag papers, machine-made rag papers with gelatine and rosin sizing, and papers made from processed wood pulp.Regarding the manuscripts’ inks, we used iron and copper tests to determine the presence of Fe2, Cu2+ and Cu+ions, respectively. For the visual characterization and condition rating of the inks, we used the protocols described by the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage. The variety of ink colours and thickness of the inked lines encountered in each document was noted down. Thus specific tendencies present in each historical period became apparent. Results of the solubility of ink in water and alcohol significantly narrowed treatment options.General tendencies of paper and ink degradation based on differences in papermaking were observed. Surface pH measurement, SurveNIR pH, rosin and protein concentration data showed that most rag papers were of poor to fair quality (pH ≤ 6.0 and low protein content (< 5 %)). Rosin-sized papers dated after 1840 had a lower pH (from 3.3 ± 0.2 to 5.0 ± 0.2) compared to gelatine-sized ones. Based on the obtained results, the overall condition of all the papers is good – slightly damaged but stable. The inks are not severely corroded, and there is no loss of text, although 20 % of the collection does show signs of iron-gall ink (IGI) corrosion. A limited number of documents, mostly before 1800, would require local antioxidative treatment. Due to the low pH of all the papers and the detection of ink corrosion, the collection should be stored in a cool environment, with low relative humidity.After the survey, digitisation priorities were also established.

Role of the Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon in the Analysis of Low Back Pain Risk in the Powerlifter: A Proof-of-Principle Study.

Unlike the most common training approaches for bodybuilding, powerlifting programs are generally based on maximum and submaximal loads, putting enormous stresses on the lumbar spine. The flexion relaxation phenomenon evaluation is a clinical tool used for low back pain (LBP) assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the flexion relaxation phenomenon in the analysis of LBP in the powerlifters. Healthy professional powerlifters participated in the study. In fact, we divided the participants into a LBP-low-risk group and a LBP-high-risk group, based on a prior history of LBP. Outcome measures included flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) and trough surface electromyography collected during trunk maximum voluntary flexion; furthermore, during a bench press lifting, we measured the height of the arched back(ARCH), using a camera and the Kinovea video editing software, to consider a potential correlation with the risk of LBP. We included a group of 18 male (aged 24-39y) powerlifters of 93kg category. We measured a nonsignificant mean difference of ARCH between low-risk LBP group and high-risk LBP subjects. Curiously, maximum voluntary flexions were both above the threshold of 3.2μV; therefore, with an absence of appropriate myoelectric silence, on the contrary, the FRR ratios were higher than 9.5, considering the presence of the phenomenon, exclusively for the low-risk group. The lumbar arched back measurement data did not report any association with the LBP risk, regarding the maximum voluntary flexion value, and even more than the FRR there is a relationship with the presence or the absence of LBP risk. FRR could be considered as a useful parameter for studying the risk of LBP in powerlifting. The FRR index not only refers to the possible myoelectric silence of the lumbar muscles in trunk maximum forward flexion but also takes into account the energy value delivered by the lumbar muscles during the flexion. Furthermore, we can indicate that the size of the powerlifter ARCH may not be a determining factor in the occurrence of LBP.

Siamese Cooperative Learning for Unsupervised Image Reconstruction From Incomplete Measurements.

Image reconstruction from incomplete measurements is one basic task in imaging. While supervised deep learning has emerged as a powerful tool for image reconstruction in recent years, its applicability is limited by its prerequisite on a large number of latent images for model training. To extend the application of deep learning to the imaging tasks where acquisition of latent images is challenging, this article proposes an unsupervised deep learning method that trains a deep model for image reconstruction with the access limited to measurement data. We develop a Siamese network whose twin sub-networks perform reconstruction cooperatively on a pair of complementary spaces: the null space of the measurement matrix and the range space of its pseudo inverse. The Siamese network is trained by a self-supervised loss with three terms: a data consistency loss over available measurements in the range space, a data consistency loss between intermediate results in the null space, and a mutual consistency loss on the predictions of the twin sub-networks in the full space. The proposed method is applied to four imaging tasks from different applications, and extensive experiments have shown its advantages over existing unsupervised solutions.

Leveraging natural capital accounting to support businesses with nature-related risk assessments and disclosures.

Nature loss threatens businesses, the global economy and financial stability. Understanding and addressing these risks for business will require credible measurement approaches and data. This paper explores how natural capital accounting (NCA) can support business data and information needs related to nature, including disclosures aligned with the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures recommendations. As businesses seek to measure, manage and disclose their nature-related risks and opportunities, they will need well-organized, consistent and high-quality information regarding their dependencies and impacts on nature, which few businesses currently collect or track in-house. NCA may be useful for these purposes but has not been widely used or applied by businesses. National NCA guided by the U.N. System of Environmental-Economic Accounting may provide: (i) a useful framework for businesses in conceptualizing, organizing and managing nature-related data and statistics; and (ii) data and information that can directly support business disclosures, corporate NCA and other business applications. This paper explores these opportunities as well as synergies between national and corporate natural capital accounts. In addition, the paper discusses key barriers to advancing the wider use and benefits of NCA for business, including: awareness of NCA, data access, business capabilities related to NCA, spatial and temporal scales of data, audit and assurance considerations, potential risks, and costs and incentives. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bringing nature into decision-making'.

Morphometric evaluation of the left atrioventricular valve complex and its clinical relations.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate morphometrically and morphologically the left fibrous ring, mitral leaflets, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles, which are the components of the left atrioventricular valve complex (LAVC), and to reveal their clinical relationships. A total of 120 human hearts were examined at the Forensic Medicine Institute. Cases aged 30 years and older, less than 24 hours after their death, were included in the study. Heart length, width, height/width ratio, anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the annulus, annular area, length and width of leaflets, number and attachment sites of tendinous cords, number, shape, length, the width of papillary muscles, and distances to various points were recorded to determine their spatial configurations. As well as the measurement data of LAVC components in cases with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD), the relationships of these data with the demographic characteristics of the cases are also explained. In the diagnostic performance test (ROC analysis), it was determined that body mass index (> 26.7), heart weight (> 414 g), heart height/width ratio (≤ 1.24), mitral valve width (> 99.96 mm), left ventricular wall thickness (> 15.08 mm), annular area (> 619.37 mm²) and mediolateral diameter of the annulus (> 30.71 mm) are important diagnostic criteria in determining CVD if they are outside the specified reference values. This study provides anatomical information about LAVC, as well as recommendations for diagnosis and surgical treatment planning. We therefore believe that our findings will be useful to clinicians.

The offsetting relationship between hand grip strength and hypertension: A cross-sectional study from physically disabled over 50 years old in China.

To explore the relationship between hand grip strength (HGS) and blood pressure in physically disabled individuals over 50 years old. The research adopts a cross-sectional survey, and the data comes from the "2022-2023 Physical Health Monitoring and Scientific and Technological Services for Physical Disabilities" jointly carried out by Beijing Sport University and China Disabled Sports Management Center. Select physically disabled individuals over 50 years old and collect physical fitness measurement data. HGS was measured and adjusted based on body weight and waist circumference, with standard normal conversion. The relationship between HGS and blood pressure was analyzed using multiple linear regression, and further logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between standard HGS and the risk of abnormal blood pressure. 695 disabled individuals participated in the experiment, including 402 males (57.84%) and 293 females (42.16%). Multiple linear regression analysis found that for each standard deviation increase in the standardized Z-value of relative HGS, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of male individuals decreased by 2.391 mmHg (P = 0.008) and 1.229 mmHg (P = 0.025); decreased by 2.336 mmHg (P = 0.026) and 1.585 mmHg (P = 0.008), respectively, for female. The increase in HGS reduced the risk of hypertension in physical disabilities in males [OR = 0.820 95%CIs (0.670, 0.952)] (P = 0.003) and females [OR = 0.735 95%CIs (0.472, 0.986)] (P = 0.007). The HGS of middle-aged and elderly physically disabled individuals negatively correlates with blood pressure, indicating the importance of increasing muscle strength (HGS) in preventing blood pressure.

Interpretation of the online measurement data for selected tests of the RISOE-III project

Two tests, AN3 and AN4 from the RISOE-III Fission Gas Release (FGR) project are analysed using the updated version of the FALCON MOD01 code coupled with the GRSW-A model. Based on comparison of the stand-alone code calculation with the measurement for centerline fuel temperature, the previous calibration and verification of the thermal analysis of the code is confirmed. Additional analysis with the FALCON-to-FRELAX (F2F) coupled code system is carried out and presented for simulation of the effects of delayed axial redistribution of the released fission gases in the rodlets, as an attempt to interpret the data on significant jumps in measured upper-plenum pressure at a power dip. The other feature of the data, addressed by the additional sensitivity study with F2F, is peaking that can be seen in the measured fuel temperature after each power rise. A conclusion can be proposed that the peculiarities in the online-measurement could, probably, result from the features of fabrication of the fuel segments for pre-irradiation in the NPP, and instrumentation of the rodlets to be tested in the research reactor. Therefore, these features can have only limited effect on evaluation of reliability and safety of the standard fuel during normal operation in power reactors.

A miRNA-disease association prediction model based on tree-path global feature extraction and fully connected artificial neural network with multi-head self-attention mechanism

BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) emerge in various organisms, ranging from viruses to humans, and play crucial regulatory roles within cells, participating in a variety of biological processes. In numerous prediction methods for miRNA-disease associations, the issue of over-dependence on both similarity measurement data and the association matrix still hasn’t been improved. In this paper, a miRNA-Disease association prediction model (called TP-MDA) based on tree path global feature extraction and fully connected artificial neural network (FANN) with multi-head self-attention mechanism is proposed. The TP-MDA model utilizes an association tree structure to represent the data relationships, multi-head self-attention mechanism for extracting feature vectors, and fully connected artificial neural network with 5-fold cross-validation for model training.ResultsThe experimental results indicate that the TP-MDA model outperforms the other comparative models, AUC is 0.9714. In the case studies of miRNAs associated with colorectal cancer and lung cancer, among the top 15 miRNAs predicted by the model, 12 in colorectal cancer and 15 in lung cancer were validated respectively, the accuracy is as high as 0.9227.ConclusionsThe model proposed in this paper can accurately predict the miRNA-disease association, and can serve as a valuable reference for data mining and association prediction in the fields of life sciences, biology, and disease genetics, among others.Graphical

Characterisation of particle single-scattering albedo with a modified airborne dual-wavelength CAPS monitor

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols impact the Earth's climate system directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and it is important to characterise the aerosol optical properties in detail. This study reports the development and validation of an airborne dual-wavelength cavity-attenuated phase-shift (CAPS) single monitor, named A2S2 (Aerosol Absorption Spectral Sizer), based on the commercial CAPS single-scattering albedo monitor (CAPS-PMSSA; Aerodyne), to simultaneously measure the aerosol optical scattering and extinction at both 450 and 630 nm wavelengths. Replaced pressure and temperature sensors and an additional flow control system were incorporated into the A2S2 for its utilisation on board research aircraft measuring within the troposphere. The evaluation of A2S2 characteristics was performed in the laboratory and included the investigation of the signal-to-noise ratio, validation of performance at various pressure levels, optical closure studies and intercomparing with the currently validated techniques. The chamber experiments show that the A2S2 can perform measurements at sample pressures as low as 550 hPa and at sample temperatures as high as 315 K. Based on the Allan analysis results, we have evaluated that the minimum detection limit of the measurements shows that the measurements have a limit accuracy of ∼ 2 Mm−1 at 450 nm and ∼ 1 Mm−1 at 630 nm for 1 Hz measurements of both scattering coefficients (σsca) and extinction coefficients (σext). The optical closure study with size-selected polystyrene latex (PSL) particles shows that the truncation error of the A2S2 is negligible for particles with particle volume diameter (Dp) &lt; 200 nm, while, for the larger sub-micrometre particles, the measurement uncertainty of A2S2 increases but remains less than 20 %. The average factors to correct the truncation error are 1.13 and 1.05 for 450 and 630 nm, respectively. A simplified truncation correction, dependent on the scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), was developed to rectify truncation errors of the future A2S2 field measurement data. The σsca and σext measured by the A2S2 show good agreement with the concurrent measured results from the nephelometer and the CAPS particle extinction monitor (CAPS-PMex). The absorption coefficient (σabs) derived through the extinction-minus-scattering (EMS) method by the A2S2 also corresponds with the results obtained from the aethalometer. The A2S2 was successfully deployed during an aircraft measurement campaign (Atmospheric ChemistRy Of the Suburban foreSt – ACROSS) conducted in the vicinity of Paris and the surrounding regions. The average SSA measured during the entire ACROSS flight campaign is 0.86 and 0.88 at 450 and 630 nm, respectively, suggesting that light-absorbing organic aerosols play a significant role. The average SAE and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) varied due to measurements in various pollution conditions. The results presented in this study indicate that the A2S2 instrument is reliable for measuring aerosol σsca and σext at both blue and red wavelengths, and it stands as a viable substitute for future airborne evaluations of aerosol optical properties.

Individualized Surgeon Reports in a Statewide Registry.

Despite progress with the development of joint replacement registries in the United States, surgeons may have limited opportunities to determine the cumulative outcome of their own patients or understand how those outcomes compare with their peers; this information is important for quality improvement. In order to provide surgeons with accurate data, it is first necessary to have a registry with complete coverage and patient matching. Some international registries have accomplished this. Building on a comprehensive statewide registry in the United States, a surgeon-specific report has been developed to provide surgeons with survivorship and complication data, which allows comparisons with other surgeons in the state. This article describes funnel plots, cumulative sum reports, complication-specific data, and patient-reported outcome measure data, which are provided to hip and knee arthroplasty surgeons with the goal of improving quality, decreasing variability in the delivery of care, and leading to improved value and outcomes for hip and knee arthroplasty in the state of Michigan.

CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF REVISION TOTAL ANKLE ARTHROPLASTY USING THE INBONE II PROSTHESIS

BackgroundThe literature on the outcome of revision total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) remains limited. We aim to report the clinical and radiological outcomes of revision TAA at a high-volume centre in the UK.MethodsRetrospective review of 28 patients that underwent 29 revision TAA procedures using INBONE II prosthesis. Demographic, radiological, and patient reported outcome measures data were analysed.ResultsThe mean (range) duration from primary TAA to revision was 87.5 (16–223) months. The main indication for the revision was aseptic loosening of the primary TAA (82.8%). Additional procedures were required in 75.9% of patients. At mean (range) follow-up of 40 (24- 60) months, the infection, re-operation, and implant survival rates were 6.9%, 6.9% and 96.5% respectively. A significant postoperative improvement in the component alignment radiographic measures was observed. Osteolysis, subsidence, loosening and heterotopic ossification rates were comparable to other reports and did not influence the clinical outcome. A significant improvement was observed in the MOXFQ (all domains) and the EQ-5D (three domains) at 24 months postoperatively.ConclusionsRevision TAA using INBONE II was associated with good short-term survival and improvement in the postoperative scores at 2 years. Maintenance of the postoperatively improved alignment was documented at follow up. The relatively high survival rate in this series supports the notion that revision TAA is a satisfactory option for failed primary TAA.

Exact parameter identification in PET pharmacokinetic modeling using the irreversible two tissue compartment model.

In quantitative dynamic positron emission tomography (PET), time series of images, reflecting the tissue response to the arterial tracer supply, are reconstructed. This response is described by kinetic parameters, which are commonly determined on basis of the tracer concentration in tissue and the arterial input function. In clinical routine the latter is estimated by arterial blood sampling and analysis, which is a challenging process and thus, attempted to be derived directly from reconstructed PET images. However, a mathematical analysis about the necessity of measurements of the common arterial whole blood activity concentration, and the concentration of free non-metabolized tracer in the arterial plasma, for a successful kinetic parameter identification does not exist. Here we aim to address this problem mathematically. &#xD;Approach: We consider the identification problem in simultaneous pharmacokinetic modeling of multiple regions of interests of dynamic PET data using the irreversible two-tissue compartment model analytically. In addition to this consideration, the situation of noisy measurements is addressed using Tikhonov regularization. Furthermore, numerical simulations with a regularization approach are carried out to illustrate the analytical results in a synthetic application example.&#xD;Main results: We provide mathematical proofs showing that, under reasonable assumptions, all metabolic tissue parameters can be uniquely identified without requiring additional blood samples to measure the arterial input function. A connection to noisy measurement data is made via a consistency result, showing that exact reconstruction of the ground-truth tissue parameters is stably maintained in the vanishing noise limit. Furthermore, our numerical experiments suggest that an approximate reconstruction of kinetic parameters according to our analytic results is also possible in practice for moderate noise levels.&#xD;Significance: The analytical result, which holds in the idealized, noiseless scenario, suggests that for irreversible tracers, fully quantitative dynamic PET imaging is in principle possible without costly arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis.

Exploring the relationship between the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the ISO 8608 roughness coefficient (Gd (n 0))

ABSTRACT Globally, diverse agencies employ varied metrics to gauge road roughness, complicating the exchange of information for pavement maintenance. This study addresses this challenge by establishing a theoretical connection between the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the ISO 8608 Power Spectral Density (PSD)-based roughness coefficient, namely Gd (n 0). Based on random vibration theory, this paper first deduces a closed-form explicit solution for IRI related to Gd (n 0), solidifying a theoretical link. Next, the variability and convergence of the proposed solution are examined through Monte Carlo simulations using a quarter-car vehicle model with the Golden Car parameters. Then, we compare computed results from this study with those existing solutions from past studies, verifying that the proposed solution captures the curve trend well and agrees with the average value of existing solutions based on field measurement data. Finally, this paper proposes the IRI values corresponding to various ISO road class thresholds and a new Gd (n 0) scale for ride quality assessment of highways.

Estimation of sound absorption coefficient at modal frequencies using decay time measurements and eigenvalue model in a small room

Measuring the sound absorption coefficient in a small reverberation room below the Schroeder frequency is a challenging task and the results are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Recent research shows that the low-frequency acoustic properties of the enclosure and the test sample should be characterized by quantities that describe the modal sound field. The aim of this paper is to present a method for estimating the absorption coefficient of a test sample at modal frequencies in the low frequency range and to demonstrate its applicability in a small room. The hybrid inverse approach is based on eigenvalue measurement data coupled with a finite element model to estimate the sound-absorbing properties of a small room and the test sample. The method was tested experimentally and the results were consistent with those of the long impedance tube method. The applicability of the proposed method was further demonstrated by the in-situ characterization of different acoustic samples in the low frequency range.

Under-Actuated Motion Control of Haidou-1 ARV Using Data-Driven, Model-Free Adaptive Sliding Mode Control Method.

We propose a data-driven, model-free adaptive sliding mode control (MFASMC) approach to address the Haidou-1 ARV under-actuated motion control problem with uncertainties, including external disturbances and parameter perturbations. Firstly, we analyzed the two main difficulties in the motion control of Haidou-1 ARV. Secondly, in order to address these problems, a MFASMC control method was introduced. It is combined by a model-free adaptive control (MFAC) method and a sliding mode control (SMC) method. The main advantage of the MFAC method is that it relies only on the real-time measurement data of an ARV instead of any mathematical modeling information, and the SMC method guarantees the MFAC method's fast convergence and low overshooting. The proposed MFASMC control method can maneuver Haidou-1 ARV cruising at the desired forward speed, heading, and depth, even when the dynamic parameters of the ARV vary widely and external disturbances exist. It also addresses the problem of under-actuated motion control for the Haidou-1 ARV. Finally, the simulation results, including comparisons with a PID method and the MFAC method, demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Empirical models for calculating soil wetting patterns under surface drip irrigation systems: A comprehensive analysis

AbstractAccurate estimation of the surface wetted radius (R) and vertical wetted depth (Z) of wetting patterns in drip irrigation systems is crucial for ensuring that the designs of such systems are effective. This study compared 14 empirical models for estimating drip irrigation wetting patterns by assessing their accuracy using published measurement data and HYDRUS‐2D/3D simulations. The technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) was employed to comprehensively rank the models. The results indicate that the empirical model proposed by Fan et al. (2023) (FY) exhibited the highest accuracy when the estimations of R and measured and simulated values were compared, with mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe modelling efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PB) values of 2.2 cm, 3.4 cm, 0.79, and −7.1% and 5.2 cm, 7.0 cm, 0.50, and −14.1%, respectively. The empirical model proposed by Amin and Ekhmaj (2006) (AE) demonstrated the highest accuracy when the estimations of Z were compared with measured and simulated values, with MAE, RMSE, NSE and PB values of 1.7 cm, 2.0 cm, 0.95 and 4.15% and 4.4 cm, 5.9 cm, 0.82 and 4.7%, respectively. The comprehensive rankings of available models in the present study indicate that the FY model is the most universally applicable, followed by the Li et al. (2022) (LY) model, with comprehensive indices of 0.960 and 0.936, respectively. This research can aid in the selection of universally applicable, reliable and straightforward empirical models for estimating wetting patterns in drip irrigation systems.

Study of energy transfer and stress wave propagation during SPT through energy measurement and PIV

The blow counts in standard penetration tests (SPT) require suitable corrections to account for energy losses. Over 4,000 energy measurement data collected from four test sites across Hong Kong have been collected and analysed in this study. On average for all instrumented hammer blows, approximately 62% of the theoretical hammer potential energy is transferred to the drill rod assembly. Using high-speed camera imagery and particle image velocimetry (PIV), the detailed mechanism of stress wave propagation has been visualised and assessed. This has revealed new details and allowed nuances in the results of routine energy measurements to be interpreted in new light. It has been confirmed that the initial compressive wave is reflected as a tensile wave for low end-restraint at the SPT sampler and as a second compressive wave for high end-restraint. The commonly observed discrepancy between the theoretical and measured speeds of wave propagation is highlighted and explored. Energy loss arises from friction during free-fall of the hammer, at the anvil, and from other sources such as the horizontal motion of the hammer-anvil system. The proportion of each major source of energy loss is quantified.

Contribution of emissions from the oil sands activities in Alberta, Canada to atmospheric concentration and deposition of nitrogen and sulfur species at a downwind site

Oil sands activities in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region in Alberta, Canada, are large sources of atmospheric NOx and SO2. This study investigated the impact of oil sands emissions on the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur species at a downwind site, about 350 km from the oil sands facilities. Measurement data are from the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) from 2015 to 2019, including ambient concentrations of HNO3, pNO3-, NO2, pNH4+, NH3, SO2, pSO42− and base cations, as well as concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, and base cations in precipitation. Sector analysis of air mass back trajectories was conducted to distinguish measurements with different air mass origins. Median atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of HNO3, pNO3-, NO2, pNH4+, pSO42−, and SO2 on days when the air masses came from the oil sands sector were significantly greater than those with the “Clean” sector by 34–67%, whereas the difference in NH3 concentration was not significant. Contributions of the oil sands emissions to dry deposition fluxes of these species ranged from 3.8 to 13.1%. The precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+ in samples with the oil sands sector were 76 %, 65 % and 81 % greater than those with the “Clean” sector, respectively. Contributions of the oil sands emissions to wet deposition of NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+ were 12.5 ± 8.9 %, 8.7 ± 4.4 %, and 6.0 ± 3.3 %, respectively. The annual total deposition of nitrogen and sulfur were 1.9 kg-N ha−1 and 0.74 kg-S ha−1, respectively, of which 8.0 ± 3.5 % and 8.7 ± 3.6 % were from oil sands emissions. The total deposition of sulfur and nitrogen did not exceed the critical loads (CL) of acidity, but nitrogen deposition exceeded the CLs of nutrient nitrogen in the region.

AM-HNN based real-time voltage estimation method of distribution network using joint PMU and AMI data

A large amount of distributed energy access increases the risk of voltage fluctuation and off-limit voltage. Accurate voltage estimation is more and more important to ensure the safety of distribution networks. With the introduction of phasor measurement unit (PMU), multi-source measuring data with different time scales and measuring precision exist in distribution networks. How to fully integrate multi-source measurement data to achieve fast and accurate state estimation of distribution networks is an important prerequisite for efficient operation decision making. In this paper, a distribution network voltage state estimation method based on AM-HNN model is proposed. The attentional mechanism (AM) is introduced to mine the influence of PMU measurement data on voltage state estimation, and the feature weight is modified adaptively. The highway neural network (HNN) was used to fit the mapping relationship between the injected power of grid nodes and the voltage of key nodes. Taking the distribution network data of different scenes as an example, the superiority of the proposed optimal measurement model is verified by comparing with various voltage estimation methods.

Transfer Learning-Based Structural Damage Identification for Building Structures with Limited Measurement Data

Structural damage detection is crucial for ensuring the safety of civil building structures in operational environments. Recently, deep learning-based methods have gained increasing attention from engineers and researchers. The performance of conventional deep learning methods for structural damage detection relies on a large number of labeled training datasets. However, it is difficult or/and impossible to obtain sufficient datasets to cover various damage scenarios for in-service structures. A little research has been conducted to identify both the damage severity and location with limited labeled measurement data. A novel transfer learning-based method for structural damage identification with limited measurements has been proposed utilizing frequency response functions (FRFs) as the input. The real structure is regarded as the target domain and its numerical model is as the source domain. The samples for various damage scenarios are generated using the numerical model, and a designed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is pre-trained. The knowledge of the pre-trained network is transferred to identify the damage location and severity of the real structure using limited measurement data. Numerical and experimental studies have been conducted on a three-story building structure to verify the performance of the proposed method. To understand transfer learning and model interpretability, the t-SNE feature visualization is adopted to show the feature distribution changes during transfer learning. Numerical and experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms conventional CNN models, and it is effective and accurate in identifying structural damage location and severity in real structures with limited measurement data.