Measurement Of Core Body Temperature Research Articles

Interspecific variation in heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity among sympatric temperate-latitude bats

We tested the hypothesis that interspecific variation in chiropteran heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity is correlated with day-roost microclimates, using three vespertilionid bats that occur sympatrically during summer in Saskatchewan, Canada. We predicted that hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796); ∼22 g) would have higher heat tolerance than little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831); ∼7 g) and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte, 1831); ∼13 g), as the latter two species roost in tree crevices or cavities that are more thermally buffered than the foliage roosts of hoary bats. We measured core body temperature (Tb; passive integrated transponder tags), evaporative water loss, and resting metabolic rate (flow-through respirometry) while exposing individuals to a stepped profile of increasing air temperature (Ta) from ∼30 °C in ∼2 °C increments. Experiments were terminated when individuals became hyperthermic (Tb ≈ 42.5 °C), with maximum Ta (Ta,max) ranging from 42.0 to 49.7 °C. As predicted, hoary bats had the highest heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity, reaching Ta,max ∼2.4 and 1.2 °C higher than little brown and silver-haired bats, respectively. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that heat tolerance of bats is correlated with roost microclimates, although interspecific variation in body mass and phylogeny may confound these conclusions.

Gastric Enzyme Supplementation Inhibits Food Allergy in a BALB/c Mouse Model.

Impaired gastric digestion due to suppressed gastric acidity enhances the risk for food allergy development. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a supported gastric digestion via application of a pharmaceutical gastric enzyme solution (GES) on food allergy development and allergic reactions in a BALB/c mouse model. The ability of the GES to restore hypoacidic conditions was tested in mice treated with gastric acid suppression medication. To evaluate the impact on allergic symptoms, mice were orally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) under gastric acid suppression and subjected to oral challenges with or without GES. The immune response was evaluated by measurement of antibody titers, cytokine levels, mucosal allergy effector cell influx and regulatory T-cell counts. Clinical response was objectified by core body temperature measurements after oral OVA challenge. Supplementation of GES transiently restored physiological pH levels in the stomach after pharmaceutical gastric acid suppression. During oral sensitization, supplementation of gastric enzymes significantly reduced systemic IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a levels and allergic symptoms. In food allergic mice, clinical symptoms were reduced by co-administration of the gastric enzyme solution. Support of gastric digestion efficiently prevents food allergy induction and alleviates clinical symptoms in our food allergy model.

Body Temperature Is Associated With Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-sectional Analysis.

Wearable devices for remote and continuous health monitoring in older populations frequently include sensors for body temperature measurements (i.e., skin and core body temperatures). Healthy aging is associated with core body temperatures that are in the lower range of age-related normal values (36.3 ± 0.6°C, oral temperature), while patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibit core body temperatures above normal values (up to 0.2°C). However, the relation of body temperature measures with neurocognitive health in older adults remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the association of body temperature with cognitive performance in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Eighty community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) participated, of which 54 participants were cognitively healthy and 26 participants met the criteria for MCI. Skin temperatures at the rib cage and the scapula were measured in the laboratory (single-point measurement) and neuropsychological tests were conducted to assess general cognitive performance, episodic memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and processing speed. In a subgroup (n = 15, nine healthy, six MCI), skin and core body temperatures were measured continuously during 12 h of habitual daily activities (long-term measurement). Spearman’s partial correlation analyses, controlled for age, revealed that lower median body temperature and higher peak-to-peak body temperature amplitude was associated with better general cognitive performance and with better performance in specific domains of cognition; [e.g., rib median skin temperature (single-point) vs. processing speed: rs = 0.33, p = 0.002; rib median skin temperature (long-term) vs. executive function: rs = 0.56, p = 0.023; and peak-to-peak core body temperature amplitude (long-term) vs. episodic memory: rs = 0.51, p = 0.032]. Additionally, cognitively healthy older adults showed lower median body temperature and higher peak-to-peak body temperature amplitude compared to older adults with MCI (e.g., rib median skin temperature, single-point: p = 0.035, r = 0.20). We conclude that both skin and core body temperature measures are potential early biomarkers of cognitive decline and preclinical symptoms of MCI/AD. It may therefore be promising to integrate body temperature measures into multi-parameter systems for the remote and continuous monitoring of neurocognitive health in older adults.

Improved Smart Pillow for Remote Health Care System

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) resulted in the clinical decision that reduced direct contact is optimal, especially for senior citizens residing in nursing homes. A smart pillow adapted for the Remote Healthcare System is presented in this paper, whose core is a Bluetooth (BT) host equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. The measurement of Core Body Temperature (CBT) from the perspective of heat transfer is first analyzed, with two proven effective methods introduced—classical Zero-Heat-Flux (ZHF) and Dual-Heat-Flux (DHF)—then finally the similarities between the Smart Pillow and ZHF are demonstrated. A pressure pad is inserted inside the pillow to detect occupancy and the specific position of the head on the pillow that meets clinical diagnostic needs. Furthermore, a real-time proactive monitoring mode is enabled for urgent warnings, which forces the pillow to keep detecting and reporting data in a defined time duration but results in rapid battery drain of the pillow. In this way, the system can detect the CBT and in-bed situation of the inhabitant without being physically present to determine critical measurements. Utility of this system can be extended to elderly people living alone in regional or remote areas, such that medical help can be dispatched as soon as possible in case of medical emergency.

Development of Ingestible Thermometer With Built-in Coil Antenna Charged by Gastric Acid Battery and Demonstration of Long-Time in Vivo Telemetry

A safe and affordable ingestible thermometer measuring core body temperature has the potential to become a future healthcare device for versatile applications in daily life. In this study, we developed an ingestible thermometer charged by a gastric acid battery. The device can operate in bowels by using the charged energy in multilayer ceramic capacitors as a storage capacitor. Adopting this strategy for energy storage solves the issues related to a conventional button battery: risk of injury to the digestive tract, bad disposability, and degradation. Additionally, to make it easy to assemble a coil antenna and electrical circuits in the device automatically, we developed a fabrication process based on a vertical stacking process of printed circuit boards with coil patterns. The dimensions of the prototyped device were smaller than those of existing ingestible thermometers. In an experiment involving a dog, we successfully recorded the temperature in the digestive tract for 24 h in cycles of approximately 10 or 20 min, using a rectal thermometer and an existing ingestible thermometer as references. The temperature variations in time among our device, rectal thermometer, and existing ingestible thermometer were almost parallel. The recording ability of the core body temperature using our device has the potential to measure basal body temperature during sleep, the circadian rhythm, and fever type easily and robustly in daily life. Our ingestible thermometer is a step toward the development of sensors that can be swallowed for preventive medicine and health promotion.

Continuous and non-invasive thermography of mouse skin accurately describes core body temperature patterns, but not absolute core temperature

Body temperature is an important physiological parameter in many studies of laboratory mice. Continuous assessment of body temperature has traditionally required surgical implantation of a telemeter, but this invasive procedure adversely impacts animal welfare. Near-infrared thermography provides a non-invasive alternative by continuously measuring the highest temperature on the outside of the body (Tskin), but the reliability of these recordings as a proxy for continuous core body temperature (Tcore) measurements has not been assessed. Here, Tcore (30 s resolution) and Tskin (1 s resolution) were continuously measured for three days in mice exposed to ad libitum and restricted feeding conditions. We subsequently developed an algorithm that optimised the reliability of a Tskin-derived estimate of Tcore. This identified the average of the maximum Tskin per minute over a 30-min interval as the optimal way to estimate Tcore. Subsequent validation analyses did however demonstrate that this Tskin-derived proxy did not provide a reliable estimate of the absolute Tcore due to the high between-animal variability in the relationship between Tskin and Tcore. Conversely, validation showed that Tskin-derived estimates of Tcore reliably describe temporal patterns in physiologically-relevant Tcore changes and provide an excellent measure to perform within-animal comparisons of relative changes in Tcore.

Effects of Pre-cooling and Per-cooling on Neural, Physiological, and Functional Responses in Active Young Girls

Background: Stressful environments, especially air temperature, have significant effects on human physiological responses to physical activity. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the effects of pre-cooling and per-cooling on neural, physiological, and functional responses in active young girls. Methods: Twelve active girls (age 24.6 ± 1.4, weight 55.46 ± 8.18, height 165.1 ± 5.91) were tested in three separate sessions with intervals of three days between each session. All subjects performed the Balke test in three groups either without an ice vest (control and pre-cooling) or with an ice vest (per-cooling) in each session, randomly. Pre-cooling was applied with an ice vest for 30 min just before the test, while per-cooling was used with an ice vest from the beginning of the test to exhaustion. A Buerer FT-70 digital thermometer, polar-FT60 heart rate monitoring, Microlife blood pressure monitoring, and ELISA technique were used to measure core body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, dopamine, cortisol, and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was applied to analyze the data with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The heart rate and core body temperature significantly decreased at the end of the test in the pre-cooling and per-cooling groups (P < 0.05). There was an improved performance with an increase in Tmax in the per-cooling group compared to the control group (P < 0.05) although this difference was not significant in the pre-cooling group compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Dopamine, cortisol, and lactate dehydrogenize increased in the groups in comparison with the pretest (P < 0.05) even though these differences were not significant in the comparison between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that pre-cooling and per-cooling could be used as a beneficial method to improve performance due to not only a decrease in core body temperature and heart rate but also an increase in the level of dopamine and cortisol. Moreover, per-cooling was more effective than pre-cooling to increase performance.

ATYPICAL CORE BODY TEMPERATURE PATTERNS AND THE WIDER IMPLICATIONS FOR CONDITIONS RELATED TO PREGNANCY, INFERTILITY, AND MISCARRIAGE RISK

To determine if pregnancy complications, ovulatory abnormalities and miscarriage risk were associated with atypical Patterns of vaginal core body temperature (CBT) measurements from the OvuSense (OS) system.

The Effects of 30-minute Whole-Body Pre-Cooling on Anaerobic Performance Indices in Women Futsal Players

Background: The beneficial effects of pre-cooling techniques on endurance training have been proved, although few studies are conducted on the effects of pre-cooling techniques on high-intensity exercises Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the effects of 30-minute whole body pre-cooling on anaerobic performance indices in women futsal players. Methods: Twelve female subjects (age 22.5 ± 2.24, hight159 ± 0.06, weight 55.22 ± 12.73) participated in this cross-design study and were tested randomly after either 30- minute of pre-cooling using ice jackets or under control conditions (no pre-cooling) in two separate sessions with three days interval between each session. This was immediately followed by the RAST anaerobic power test. Buerer FT-70digital thermometer, polar-FT60 heart rate monitoring, micro lifeblood pressure monitoring, hp-cosmos lactometer, and ELISA technique were used to measure core body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, blood lactate, and Lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. T-independent and dependent tests were also applied to compare changes both between and within groups. Results: Data on core temperature, heart rate, maximum power output, and fatigue index after pre-cooling were significantly higher in the pre-cooling group than the control group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the groups concerning the blood lactate levels, mean and minimum power output, and blood pressure (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest that 30-minute of whole-body pre-cooling improves repeated bouts of intensive activity through the occlusion of skin vessels to stimulate the blood flow to the active muscles.

A Field Study to Capture Events of Interest (EoI) from Living Labs Using Wearables for Spatiotemporal Monitoring Towards a Framework of Smart Health (sHealth).

Everyday wearables such as smartwatches or smart bands can play a pivotal role in the field of fitness and wellness and hold the prospect to be used for early disease detection and monitoring towards Smart Health (sHealth). One of the challenges is the extraction of reliable biomarkers from data collected using these devices in the real world (Living Labs). In this yearlong field study, we collected the nocturnal instantaneous heart rate from 9 participants using wrist-worn commercial smart bands and extracted heart rate variability features (HRV). In addition, we measured core body temperature using our custom-designed flexible Inkjet-Printed (IJP) temperature sensor and SpO2 with a finger pulse oximeter. The core body temperature along with user-reported symptoms have been used for automated spatiotemporal monitoring of flu symptoms severity in real-time. The extracted HRV feature values are within the 95% confidence interval of normative values and shows an anticipated trend for gender and age. The resulting dataset from this study is a novel addition and may be used for future investigations.Clinical Relevance- The findings of this study shows usability of wearables in detection and monitoring of diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea reducing the prevalence of undiagnosed cases. This framework also has potentials to monitor outbreaks of flu and other diseases with spatiotemporal distribution.

Continuous Body Temperature Monitoring to Improve the Diagnosis of Female Infertility.

Introduction Ovulatory dysfunction is a major cause of female infertility. We evaluated the use of continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor to improve standard diagnostic procedures for determining ovulatory dysfunction. Material and Methods This prospective interventional study was performed in a reproductive medicine department of a university hospital. The menstrual cycles of 51 women with infertility were monitored and analysed using three different strategies: sonographic and hormonal assessment (standard approach), continuous core body temperature measurement and analysis using the algorithm of OvulaRing, and lowest daily body temperature measurement monitored with a vaginal biosensor and analysed based on the body temperature curves used in natural family planning. Results Statistically significant differences were found in the temperature curves of women with luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome compared to women with normal menstrual cycles. The analysis of individual cyclofertilograms can be used to detect cycle phases and estimate the date of ovulation. Conclusions Continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor can improve the standard diagnostic procedures used to determine ovulatory dysfunction, especially if dysfunction is due to luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome. Analysis of the lowest daily body temperature combined with the basal body temperature measurements used in fertility awareness methods may be equieffective to continuous body temperature measurements with OvulaRing. The results of this study show that a revised diagnostic approach using fewer hormonal assessments combined with continuous body temperature monitoring can reduce the number of appointments in an infertility clinic as well as the costs.

The effect of humidified warmed CO2 during open colorectal surgery on body temperature and postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial.

IntroductionOpen abdominal surgery exposes the intestine to negative ventilation (20°C, 0-5% RH), which along with the large surface area of peritoneum has the potential to cause loss of body heat. This study examined whether the warmed, humidified CO2 (WHCO2) can reduce heat loss and reduce postoperative pain.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was performed at a tertiary colorectal unit (Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Australia). The study group received WHCO2 at a rate of 10L/min. The control group did not receive any insufflation during the operation. Patients were over 18 years of age undergoing elective open colorectal operations. Core body temperature measurement was made every 15 minutely with a trans-oesophageal probe. Postoperative pain was assessed via: (1) duration of use of patient controlled analgesia (PCA), (2) total oral morphine equivalent daily dose (oral MEDD).Results39 Patients were recruited in the study, with 20 patients receiving WHCO2. There was no difference in the core body temperature between the WHCO2 and the Control group (36.1 vs. 35.9°C, p=0.35). There was no difference in the % of the operating time where core body temperature dropped below the lower limit of normal of 35.8°C (28.4% vs 35.8%, p=0.51), or to the level of hypothermia of 35°C (7.7% vs. 13.4%, p=0.50). No difference in postoperative PCA duration, as well as MEDD, were noted between the CO2 group and control group.ConclusionWHCO2 had no effect on core body temperature during open colorectal surgery and the postoperative pain experienced.

Comparison of thermal imaging and rectal temperature in the diagnosis of pyrexia in pre-weaned calves using on farm conditions

Measuring core body temperature is used as part of the diagnostic process in assessing the health of animals. Typically in calves, this is carried out using a rectal thermometer which can be time consuming, stressful to the calf and is invasive by nature. A non-invasive technique that is gaining recognition is thermal imaging. This study investigated the use of thermal imaging as a technique to assess core body temperature in pre-weaned artificially reared calves. A total of 125 male and female calves had rectal temperatures measured daily from day 7 until day 40 of life, and at the same time had a thermal image taken of the area around the medial canthus of the eye. A weak correlation (r = 0.28) was found between calf rectal temperature and thermal image temperature. A multivariable predictive model for core body temperature increased the correlation (r = 0.32) when including the environmental parameters of air temperature (p < .001) and wind speed (p < .001) as well as reconstituted milk replacer consumption (p < .01). The effectiveness of a predictive model including these parameters for the detection of calves with a core body temperature ≥ 39.5 °C was examined and found to have a sensitivity of 0% and a specificity of 100%.The results of this study demonstrate the need to take thermal environmental parameters into consideration when using thermal imaging to assess body temperature. However, the results suggest that accurate measures of core body temperature using thermal imaging cannot be achieved under commercial farm conditions. Further research is needed to determine what other factors could be measured to increase predictive ability.

Core and peripheral site measurement of body temperature in short wool sheep.

Understanding circadian rhythms of body temperature is important for the interpretation of single body temperature measurements and the assessment of the physiological state of an animal. The ability to measure body temperature at peripheral locations may also be important in the development of minimally invasive tools for remote temperature measurement in livestock. This study aimed to investigate how well body temperature measured at peripheral sites reflected a commonly used core measurement (vaginal temperature) and the circadian rhythmicity of the body temperature of sheep with a view to practical application in extensive sheep production systems. Eleven crossbred ewes were implanted with peripheral temperature sensing microchips (LifeChip®) which were positioned transversely in the sternocleidomastoid (neck) muscle and subcutaneously under the tail. iButton® temperature loggers were placed intravaginally to record core body temperature measurements (Tv). The body temperature measurements observed at the peripheral sites in the neck (Tn) and tail (Tt) differed significantly to those measured at the core site, Tv (P<0.05), with Tn lower than Tv and Tt lower than both Tv and Tn. Similarities in circadian rhythm patterns were observed across the day between Tv, Tn and Tt in repeated measures analysis, with a short period of difference between Tv and Tn (from 1400 to 1600h) and a long period of difference between Tv and Tt (from 1000 to 2100h) (P<0.05). These results suggest that neck muscle temperature measurements may have utility in detecting circadian rhythm patterns in core temperature in sheep, but may not accurately reflect absolute core temperatures. Peripheral measures may require adjustment or correction to more accurately reflect absolute core temperature with respect to determining accurate clinical thresholds relative to the expected normal temperature for the time of day observed. Further investigation into the utility and application of peripheral measurement of body temperature is warranted.

Redefining physiological responses of moose (Alces alces) to warm environmental conditions.

We tested the concept that moose (Alces alces) begin to show signs of thermal stress at ambient air temperatures as low as 14°C. We determined the response of Alaskan female moose to environmental conditions from May through September by measuring core body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, rate of heat loss from exhaled air, skin temperature, and fecal and salivary glucocorticoids. Seasonal and daily patterns in moose body temperature did not passively follow the same patterns as environmental variables. We used large changes in body temperature (≥1.25°C in 24hr) to indicate days of physiological tolerance to thermal stressors. Thermal tolerance correlated with high ambient air temperatures from the prior day and with seasonal peaks in solar radiation (June), ambient air temperature and vapor pressure (July). At midday (12:00hr), moose exhibited daily minima of body temperature, heart rate and skin temperature (difference between the ear artery and pinna) that coincided with daily maxima in respiration rate and the rate of heat lost through respiration. Salivary cortisol measured in moose during the morning was positively related to the change in air temperature during the hour prior to sample collection, while fecal glucocorticoid levels increased with increasing solar radiation during the prior day. Our results suggest that free-ranging moose do not have a static threshold of ambient air temperature at which they become heat stressed during the warm season. In early summer, body temperature of moose is influenced by the interaction of ambient temperature during the prior day with the seasonal peak of solar radiation. In late summer, moose body temperature is influenced by the interaction between ambient temperature and vapor pressure. Thermal tolerance of moose depends on the intensity and duration of daily weather parameters and the ability of the animal to use physiological and behavioral responses to dissipate heat loads.

Mouse thermoregulation: Introducing the concept of the thermoneutral point

Obesity affects over one third of adults and increases the risk of health conditions including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The mouse is a widely used model system for obesity and diabetes research. However, mouse and human thermal physiology differs, and a better understanding of mouse thermal physiology is needed to improve the utility of the mouse as a model for human diseases. Here we map the mouse light and dark phase thermoneutral zone (TNZ), focusing on its neglected upper boundary.Mouse thermal physiology was studied by indirect calorimetry with continuous measurement of core body temperature (Tb) over a range of ambient temperatures (Ta). Measurements included total energy expenditure (TEE), respiratory exchange ratio, food intake, and physical activity (infrared beam break). Segmented line regression with nonlinear mixed model was used for data analysis.In wild‐type C57BL/6J mice, light‐phase TEE decreased linearly with increasing Ta, until a plateau was reached. The Ta at the break point (the TNZ lower bound, called the lower critical temperature or Tlc) was 28.90 ± 0.15 °C. At warm Tas, the TEE began to increase with rising Ta starting at 33.91 ± 0.29 °C along with increased physical activity. We found no range of ambient temperatures over which both TEE and Tb were constant. Tb was constant at cool Ta and began to rise at Ta = 28.92 ± 0.11 °C with slope 0.337 ± 0.029 °CTb/°CTa. At Ta = 33.15 ± 0.08, Tb began to steeply increase with slope 0.780 ± 0.035 °CTb/°CTa, suggesting Tb regulation mechanisms are overwhelmed above this Ta. Thus, the Ta at which Tb starts to increase coincides with the Tlc, and the Ta at which TEE starts to rise with increasing Ta coincides with the initiation of steep Tb increase. The generality of this observation was reproduced in male, female, warm acclimated, C57BL/6J, 129, chow‐fed, diet‐induced obese, leptin deficient (ob/ob), and Trpv1−/−;Trpm8−/−;Trpa1−/− mice with thermal sensory channel deletions, and in both chamber and home cage indirect calorimetry systems. Different thermal physiology was observed at the dark phase, with the minimum TEE being restricted to a single point at 33.94 ± 0.14 °C. The Tb vs Ta graph also showed a single breakpoint at 32.77 ± 0.13 °C. These dark phase TEE and Tb break points were coincident with upper light phase break points ‐ where TEE start to rise and where Tb began to steeply increase. Importantly, slopes of TEE and Tb increase above these points were similar in dark and light phase.Based on our results, we propose the concept of a thermoneutral point (TNP), a discrete ambient temperature below which energy expenditure increases and above which body temperature increases. The mouse has different TNP in light and dark phase (under our conditions the light phase TNP is ~29 °C and dark phase TNP is ~33 °C). These mouse observations have implications for how thermoneutrality is defined and suggest changes for how mice are used to model human energy physiology and drug development.Support or Funding InformationZIA DK075063

Validity of Telemetry Measurement of Core Body Temperature in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

Study ObjectiveCore body temperature (Tcore) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) has greater than normal variability and drifts with exposure to low or high ambient temperatures. This inability to thermoregulate causes persons with SCI to be vulnerable to hypo and hyperthermia. Accurate Tcore measurement can assess efficacy of interventions and guide behavioral responses. Our aim was to determine if telemetry measurement of Tcore, using an ingestible capsule (CorTemp), is valid and agrees with rectal thermocouple (Trec) measurement in persons with higher levels of spinal cord injury (Hi‐SCI; ≥thoracic level 1), before and after a meal.MethodsNine persons with Hi‐SCI (C4‐T1, AIS A‐C) and 9 matched able‐bodied (AB) controls consumed either a protein or carbohydrate meal (in random order on two separate days) while seated in a 25°C room. Participants ingested the CorTemp capsule one‐hour prior to baseline (BL). CorTemp and Trec were used to assess Tcore simultaneously every minute during the 30 minutes of BL. Simultaneous assessment of Tcore continued during post‐meal (PM) every five minutes for two hours, starting one hour post‐prandial. Pearson correlation coefficient (r), one‐sample t‐tests, and Bland‐Altman (BA) analysis were used to determine the association of change, mean bias, and limits of agreement (LoA) for the values of Tcore between CorTemp and Trec.ResultsDuring BL: r = 0.905 and 0.538 for Hi‐SCI and AB, respectively. Mean bias for Hi‐SCI (Trec‐CorTemp) = −0.067°C (95% CI, −0.0849 to −0.0489°C; p&lt;0.0001) with 95% LoA within ±0.36°C (ranged from −0.43 to 0.30°C). Mean bias for AB = −0.0042°C (95% CI, −0.0214 to 0.0131°C; p=0.635) with 95% LoA within ±0.40°C (ranged from −0.40 to 0.40°C). During PM: r = 0.869 and 0.677 for Hi‐SCI and AB, respectively. Mean bias for Hi‐SCI = 0.014°C (95% CI, −0.0047 to 0.0327°C; p=0.141) with 95% LoA within ±0.33°C (ranged from −0.32 to 0.34°C). Mean bias for AB = 0.045°C (95% CI, 0.0241 to 0.0659°C; p&lt;0.0001) with 95% LoA within ±0.43°C (ranged from −0.39 to 0.48°C).ConclusionsThe r values for Hi‐SCI and AB during both BL and PM demonstrate a strong association of change between CorTemp and Trec measurements of Tcore. Acceptable clinical thresholds for agreement were set as bias &lt;0.1°C and 95% LoA within ±0.4°C as per Byrne et al., 2007. Our mean bias and 95% LoA are within the acceptable clinical thresholds. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that CorTemp is valid and agreeable compared to Trec and is an acceptable method of Tcore measurement in persons with Hi‐SCI, starting as soon as one‐hour post capsule ingestion and one‐hour post prandial.Support or Funding InformationDepartment of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service (Award # B2020‐C).Bland‐Altman Plot Comparing CorTemp and Trec Measurements of Tcore in Subjects with SCI during BaselineSD, standard deviation. Bland‐Altman plot showing comparisons of CorTemp and Trec data points (N=364) every minute during the 30 minutes of BL measurement in subjects with SCI. Lines depicting bias and upper and lower limits of agreement are included.Figure 1Bland‐Altman Plot Comparing CorTemp and Trec Measurements of Tcore in AB Subjects during BaselineSD, standard deviation. Bland‐Altman plot showing comparisons of CorTemp and Trec data points (N=525) every minute during the 30 minutes of BL measurement in AB subjects. Lines depicting bias and upper and lower limits of agreement are included.Figure 2

On the interplay between hypothermia and reproduction in a high arctic ungulate

For free-ranging animals living in seasonal environments, hypometabolism (lowered metabolic rate) and hypothermia (lowered body temperature) can be effective physiological strategies to conserve energy when forage resources are low. To what extent such strategies are adopted by large mammals living under extreme conditions, as those encountered in the high Arctic, is largely unknown, especially for species where the gestation period overlaps with the period of lowest resource availability (i.e. winter). Here we investigated for the first time the level to which high arctic muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) adopt hypothermia and tested the hypothesis that individual plasticity in the use of hypothermia depends on reproductive status. We measured core body temperature over most of the gestation period in both free-ranging muskox females in Greenland and captive female muskoxen in Alaska. We found divergent overwintering strategies according to reproductive status, where pregnant females maintained stable body temperatures during winter, while non-pregnant females exhibited a temporary decrease in their winter body temperature. These results show that muskox females use hypothermia during periods of resource scarcity, but also that the use of this strategy may be limited to non-reproducing females. Our findings suggest a trade-off between metabolically-driven energy conservation during winter and sustaining foetal growth, which may also apply to other large herbivores living in highly seasonal environments elsewhere.

Perioperative measurement of core body temperature using an unobtrusive passive heat flow sensor.

Clinicians strive to maintain normothermia, which requires measurement of core-body temperature and may necessitate active warming of patients. Monitoring temperature currently requires invasive probes. This work investigates a novel foam-based flexible sensor worn behind the ear for the measurement of core body temperature. This observational study uses the device prototype and clinical data to compare three methods for calculating the temperature from this sensor: a basic heat-flow model, a new dynamic model that addresses changing surrounding temperatures and one that combines the dynamic model with a correction for adhesive quality. Clinical validation was performed with 21 surgical patients (average length of surgery 4.4 h) using an esophageal temperature probe as reference. The operative period was divided into four segments: normal periods (with stable surrounding temperatures), surrounding temperatures increasing due to the use of the Bair Hugger™, stable periods during Bair Hugger™ use and surrounding temperatures decreasing due to its removal. The error bias and limits of agreement over these segments were on average of - 0.05 ± 0.28 °C (95% limits of agreement) overall. The dynamic model outperformed the simple heat-flow model for periods of surrounding temperature changes (12.7% of total time) while it had a similar, high, performance for the temperature-stable periods. The results suggest that our proposed topical sensor can replace invasive core temp sensors and provide a means of consistently measuring core body temperature despite surrounding temperature shifts.

Implementacja wytycznych Europejskiej Rady Resuscytacji – pomiar temperatury głębokiej w zespołach ratownictwa medycznego w Europie

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Podsiadło P, Darocha T, Kosiński S, Sanak T, Cebula G, Gałązkowski R. Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2020;36(1):14-17. doi:10.5114/ms.2020.94083. APA Podsiadło, P., Darocha, T., Kosiński, S., Sanak, T., Cebula, G., & Gałązkowski, R. (2020). Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 36(1), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2020.94083 Chicago Podsiadło, Paweł, Tomasz Darocha, Sylweriusz Kosiński, Tomasz Sanak, Grzegorz Cebula, and Robert Gałązkowski. 2020. "Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe". Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne 36 (1): 14-17. doi:10.5114/ms.2020.94083. Harvard Podsiadło, P., Darocha, T., Kosiński, S., Sanak, T., Cebula, G., and Gałązkowski, R. (2020). Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 36(1), pp.14-17. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2020.94083 MLA Podsiadło, Paweł et al. "Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe." Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, vol. 36, no. 1, 2020, pp. 14-17. doi:10.5114/ms.2020.94083. Vancouver Podsiadło P, Darocha T, Kosiński S, Sanak T, Cebula G, Gałązkowski R. Implementation of European Resuscitation Council guidelines: measurement of core body temperature in Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2020;36(1):14-17. doi:10.5114/ms.2020.94083.