Measurement Of Body Temperature Research Articles

Photonic skin for photonic-integration-based wearable sensors

Skin-like flexible electronics (electronic skins) placed on human skin can be used for real-time measurement of the vital signs of the human body. Photonic sensors are a compelling alternative to electronic sensors owing to their small sizes, high sensitivity, high accuracy, large capabilities, and cost efficiency. Here we present a photonic skin primarily comprising waveguide Bragg gratings and a Mach–Zehnder modulator, enabling body temperature, blood glucose, and electrocardiogram measurements. A polymer-based photonic chip (1cm×0.45cm) was fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane using a mature process. A photonic chip and flexible signal-processing module were integrated with super-luminescent light-emitting-diode chips, photodetector arrays, and wireless communication circuits to create this photonic skin. The findings of this study demonstrate the applicability of the photonic skin in healthcare, offering insights into wearable optical sensing.

The impact of sauna suits on body fluid loss, body temperature, and energy expenditure in athletes

This study aims to evaluate the impact of sauna suits compared with regular training clothing on body fluid loss, body temperature, and energy expenditure among elite athletes. A sample of 15 male university athletes from weight-class sports, such as Taekwondo and Wrestling, participated in the study. Using a counterbalanced measures design, participants were randomly assigned to wear sauna suits and regular training clothing in two separate sessions. Measurements of body mass, body temperature, and calorie expenditure were recorded pre- and post-exercise. The results demonstrated that sauna suits significantly increased body fluid loss, elevated body temperature, and enhanced calorie expenditure compared with regular training clothing. Specifically, the results indicated that body mass varied significantly by timing and clothing with a p-value of 0.001, body temperature also showed significant differences based on timing and clothing with a p-value of 0.001, and caloric expenditure differed by type of clothing with a p-value of 0.019. These findings suggest that sauna suits are effective tools for rapid weight reduction and performance enhancement in weight-class sports, though caution is advised to mitigate risks of dehydration and overheating. Future research should investigate the long-term effects and safety of sauna suit use.

Association Between Relative Hypothermia and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between relative hypothermia measured by a wearable device and cognitive function, and to clarify whether relative hypothermia is a useful indicator for preventing poor cognitive function. Cross-sectional study. The study included 103 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 to 90years. This study measured body temperature with a wrist-worn device equipped with an accelerometer. Subjects were instructed to wear the Silmee 24hours a day for 1 week, and body temperature data were sampled every minute. Relative hypothermia was calculated as the percentage of time during the daytime active phase in which body temperature was below the 24-hour mean body temperature. Cognitive function was evaluated regarding memory, attention, executive function, processing speed, and general cognitive function. We calculated atrophy within regions of interest such as the parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala, which show atrophy in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Multiple regression analysis was performed, taking into account variables such as age, sex, body mass index, and severity of volume of interest (VOI) atrophy. Relative hypothermia was significantly associated with memory function. Multiple regression analysis considering variables such as age and severity of VOI atrophy also showed that relative hypothermia was independently associated with the decline in memory function. Relative hypothermia was independently associated with the decline in memory function. Our findings suggest that relative hypothermia assessed by a wearable device may be a useful indicator for early prevention of poor cognitive function.

Continuous Core Body Temperature Monitoring for Heatstroke Alert via a Wearable In-Ear Thermometer.

Heatstroke, a global concern exacerbated by climate change, poses significant health risks, potentially leading to multiorgan damage and fatalities. Core body temperature (CBT) is a critical and precise indicator of heatstroke, and its continuous monitoring could serve as a pivotal tool for early detection. Traditional CBT measurements, often invasive (e.g., surgical intubation, rectal or oral placement), and disrupt daily activities, whereas existing wearable devices predominantly measure skin temperatures which is susceptible to ambient environment, thus unreliable for heatstroke alert. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces an innovative in-ear wearable device to measure CBT via the cochlea, which allows for accurate CBT monitoring and timely heatstroke alerts during activities in high-temperature and high-humidity environments. The device comprises a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermometer integrated into a flexible precision circuit (FPC), a compact Bluetooth module, an 8 mA h micro battery, and a biocompatible, low-stimulus silica gel casing. With dimensions of 27 mm × 18 mm and a maximum in-ear diameter of 5 mm, weighing just 1.3 g, the device offers high portability and comfort, with a continuous operational lifespan of at least 24 h postcharging. A complementary software system facilitates continuous CBT monitoring, heatstroke alerts, and device management. Preliminary human trials demonstrate the device's accuracy in CBT measurement, rivaling that of rectal thermometry, and superior to the performance of surface body temperature measurement at different body parts. Long-term experiments affirm the device's efficacy in detecting rapid CBT escalations, enabling timely preventive measures against heatstroke.

Reliability of Tracheal Temperature as a Measurement of Core Body Temperature During Cardiac Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Background: To compare tracheal temperature (TET) with nasopharyngeal temperature (TNP) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: TET was measured using a thermistor in the cuff of an endotracheal tube and TNP was monitored using an esophageal stethoscope. Depending on the management of the CPB strategy, the operation was divided into four periods (pre-CPB, cooling, rewarming, and post-CPB). A Bland-Altman analysis was carried out to compare TET with TNP in each period. The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures analysis and various time lags was used to validate the time lag maximizing the concordance correlation coefficient between the two methods. Results: A total of 7191 pairs of temperature recordings acquired from 24 patients were included in the analysis. During steady normothermia, 81.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 79.8-83.5%) of the pairs had a difference within ±0.5 °C, with a mean bias of -0.28 °C and limits of agreement (LOA) of -0.74 °C to 0.18 °C. The LOA during the cooling and rewarming phase of CPB were -1.13 °C to 0.51 °C and -0.91 °C to 1.29 °C, respectively. The mean bias and LOA throughout the entire operation were -0.10 °C and -0.98 °C to 0.77 °C, respectively. Throughout the entire operation, -2 min of time lag on TET maximized the concordance correlation coefficient (0.94 [95% CI, 0.92-0.96] to 0.95 [95% CI, 0.93-0.96]), indicating an earlier response of TET than TNP. Conclusions: TET could be an alternative to TNP during cardiac surgery using CPB.

Design of IoT-Based Digital Medical Record Devices in Medically Underserved Areas

Technological advancements have significantly impacted daily life, particularly in healthcare, where health monitoring devices play a crucial role. This device employs the MLX90614 sensor for measuring body temperature, an EKG sensor for heart rate monitoring, and the MAX30102 sensor for measuring blood oxygen levels. Data generated by these sensors are displayed on an LCD screen and managed using the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. Test results show an impressive accuracy rate of 94.17%, indicating precise outcomes with relatively low error rates for each sensor: 1.05% for heart rate measurement, 2.0% for Spo2 errors with the MAX30102 sensor, and 2.78% for temperature errors with the MLX90614 sensor. With its enhanced capability for real-time and efficient health monitoring, this device has the potential to serve as a practical solution for routine health monitoring, offering significant benefits for maintaining overall health.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Methods of Body Temperature Measurement in Children: A Latent Class Approach

Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Methods of Body Temperature Measurement in Children: A Latent Class Approach

Heat Stroke Warning System Prototype for Athletes: A Pilot Study.

This research has developed a heat stroke warning system prototype for athletes utilizing the following sensors: DHT22, GY-906-BAA MLX90614, MAX30102. The device calculates the heat stroke risk and notifies users. The data is recorded, stored, displayed on a free-access website which graphs body temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, heart rate and heat stroke risk, and provides notifications for athletes engaged in outdoor activities. The researchers recorded sensors data (n = 1) for two sessions (12 min/session) in a closed room, at the sixth-minute marker, with an air conditioner activated to observe the changes observed by the sensors. For accuracy, the researchers employed Criterion-Related Validity, comparing sensor against standard equipment measurement. For reliability, we utilized Test-Retest Reliability, comparing sensor data from the first and second measurements. Accuracy and reliability were evaluated using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, with significance set at p < 0.01. The DHT22 sensor demonstrates very high accuracy (r = 0.923) in ambient temperature and (r = 0.774) humidity measurements. It showed no significant reliability (r = 0.489) in temperature and (r = 0.185) humidity measurements. The GY-906-BAA MLX90614 sensor exhibited very high accuracy (r = 0.923) and reliability (r = 0.866) in body temperature measurements. The MAX30102 sensor lacked significant accuracy (r = 0.179) and reliability (r = 0.171) in heart rate measurements. The development of accuracy and reliability of sensors are important for preventing heat stroke in future applications.

What is the Difference Between the Different Types of Thermometers?

Objective: There is no widely accepted method that can reflect the core temperature exactly. The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of frequently used body temperature measurement methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 104 patients aged 3-9 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The body temperature was measured using a non-contact cutaneous thermometer (NCCT), tympanic thermometer (TT), temporal artery thermometer (TAT), and electronic oral thermometer. Four consecutive measurements each with a different technique were taken from each patient. The oral thermometer was accepted as the reference body temperature measurement method and an oral body temperature measurement of ≥37.8°C was accepted as fever. Results: The NCCT and TT provided lower body temperature results than the oral measurement, while the TAT measured body temperatures higher than the oral thermometer. In patients whose temperature was measured as <37.8°C orally, the oral and TT measurements showed a strong positive association, while the other methods showed a weak positive association with the oral thermometer. In patients with fever, the oral and TT, and the oral and NCCT had a strong positive association while the oral thermometer and TAT had a moderate positive association. The result provided by the ROC analysis that was performed to determine the fever cut-off value for NCCT was 37.4°C, 37.7°C for TT, and 38°C for TAT. Conclusion: None of the peripheral measurement methods can accurately measure the core temperature. However, the results can be interpreted more accurately if the characteristics of the thermometers are well known.

Web Exclusive. Annals Consult Guys - Measuring Body Temperature: A Hot Topic?

Web Exclusive. Annals Consult Guys - Measuring Body Temperature: A Hot Topic?

Measurement of pig body temperature based on ear segmentation and multi-factor infrared temperature compensation

Measurement of pig body temperature based on ear segmentation and multi-factor infrared temperature compensation

Flexible, multimodal device for measurement of body temperature, core temperature, thermal conductivity and water content

Body core temperature is an important physiological indicator for self-health management and medical diagnosis. However, existing devices always fails to achieve continuous monitoring of core body temperature due to their invasive or motion-restricted measurement principles. Here, a wearable flexible device which can continuously monitor the core body temperature was developed. The flexible device integrated with fourteen temperature sensors and one thermal conductivity sensor on the polydimethylsiloxane substrate can be conformally attached to the human skin. With the wearable data processing module and wireless communication module, the continuous monitoring of the core body temperature for 24 h and the portable monitoring of the skin thermal conductivity were realized using this device. Owing to the annular distribution design of the temperature sensor and the directional heat transfer design of the thermal conductivity sensor, this device is comparable in accuracy and stability compared to standard instruments that require invasive or motion-restricted measurements.

What is the minimum time interval for reporting of intraoperative core body temperature measurements in pediatric anesthesia? A secondary analysis.

Given that perioperative normothermia represents a quality parameter in pediatric anesthesia, numerous studies have been conducted on temperature measurement, albeit with heterogeneous measurement intervals, ranging from 30s to fifteen minutes. We aimed to determine the minimum time interval for reporting of intraoperative core body temperature across commonly used measurement intervals in children. Data were extracted from the records of 65 children who had participated in another clinical study and analyzed using a quasibinomial mixed linear model. Documented artifacts, like probe dislocations or at the end of anesthesia, were removed. Primary outcome was the respective probability of failing to detect a temperature change of 0.2°C or more at any one measurement point at 30s, one minute, two minutes, five minutes, ten minutes, and fifteen minutes, considering an expected probability of less than 5% to be acceptable. Secondary outcomes included the probabilities of failing to detect hypothermia (< 36.0°C) and hyperthermia (> 38.0°C). Following the removal of 4,909 exclusions, the remaining 222,366 timestamped measurements (representing just over 60h of monitoring) were analyzed. The median measurement time was 45min. The expected probabilities of failing to detect a temperature change of 0.2°C or more were 0.2% [95%-CI 0.0-0.7], 0.5% [95%-CI 0.0-1.2], 1.5% [95%-CI 0.2-2.6], 4.8% [95%-CI 2.7-6.9], 22.4% [95%-CI 18.3-26.4], and 31.9% [95%-CI 27.3-36.4], respectively. Probabilities for the detection of hyperthermia (n = 9) were lower and omitted for hypothermia due to low prevalence (n = 1). In conclusion, the core body temperature should be reported at intervals of no more than five minutes to ensure the detection of any temperature change in normothermic ranges. Further studies should focus on hypothermic and hyperthermic ranges.

Measurement of non-invasive rectal and ear temperature in inpatients ≥ 18 years old: A cross-sectional comparative study.

Body temperature measurement is a fundamental requirement for clinical decisions in nursing care, medical diagnosis, and treatment. Therefore, it is pivotal that body temperature measurements are accurate and precise. To test the diagnostic accuracy of an ear temperature screening procedure among adult hospitalized patients. Further aims were to test the precision of the measurements being carried out by trained registered nurses compared with daily routine practice and to investigate patients' preferences for different measurement methods. In Aalborg University Hospital, 274 patients were included in a cross-sectional comparative study. Each patient had four temperature measurements and responded to a survey regarding their preference for measurement. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate the difference between ear- and rectal measurements. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated at different cut-off points. The ear temperature was 0.1 to 0.2 °C lower than rectal temperature. At a cut-off point at 37.5 °C an ear thermometer is accurate and can be used for screening, while higher cut-off points risk missing patients with fever. There was no significant difference in the mean temperature measured by a trained registered nurse or other staff members and patients. Patients preferred ear measurements to rectal measurements. The tested ear thermometer is accurate for screening fever in an adult population during hospital admission. Using ear measurement as a screening tool can contribute to a less resource-demanding care activity and a more convenient alternative to rectal measurements in hospitalised patients.

Elevated Ambient Temperature Associated With Reduced Infectious Disease Test Positivity Rates: Retrospective Observational Analysis of Statewide COVID-19 Testing and Weather Across California Counties.

From medication usage to the time of day, a number of external factors are known to alter human body temperature (BT), even in the absence of underlying pathology. In select cases, clinical guidance already suggests the consideration of clinical and demographic factors when interpreting BT, such as a decreased threshold for fever as age increases. Recent work has indicated factors impacting BT extend to environmental conditions including ambient temperature. However, the effect sizes of these relationships are often small, and it remains unclear if such relationships result in a meaningful impact on real-world health care practices. Temperature remains a common element in public health screening efforts. Leveraging the unique testing and reporting infrastructure developed around the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper uses a unique resource of daily-level statewide testing data to assess the relationship between ambient temperatures and positivity rates. As fever was a primary symptom that triggered diagnostic testing for COVID-19, this work hypothesizes that environmentally mediated BT increases would not reflect pathology, leading to decreased COVID-19 test positivity rates as temperature rises. Statewide COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction testing data curated by the California Department of Public Health were used to obtain the daily number of total tests and positivity rates for all counties across the state. These data were combined with ambient temperature data provided by the National Centers for Environmental Information for a period of 133 days between widespread testing availability and vaccine approval. A mixed-effects beta-regression model was used to estimate daily COVID-19 test positivity rate as a function of ambient temperature, population, and estimates of COVID prevalence, with nested random effects for a day of the week within unique counties across the state. Considering over 19 million tests performed over 4 months and across 45 distinct counties, adjusted model results highlighted a significant negative association between daily ambient temperature and testing positivity rate (P<.001). Results of the model are strengthened as, using the same testing data, this relationship was not present in a sensitivity analysis using random daily temperatures drawn from the range of observed values (P=.52). These results support the underlying hypothesis and demonstrate the relationship between environmental factors and BT can impact an essential public health activity. As health care continues to operate using thresholds of BT as anchor points (ie, ≥100.4 as fever) it is increasingly important to develop approaches to integrate the array of factors known to influence BT measurement. Moreover, as weather data are not often readily available in the same systems as patient data, these findings present a compelling case for future research into when and how environmental context can best be used to improve the interpretation of patient data.

Inflammatory Markers Significantly Increased in Patients Treated with Obinotuzumab for Lymphoproliferative Diseases.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the behaviors of inflammatory markers, such as procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP), during treatment with obinotuzumab (an anti-CD20 antibody). Methods: Our non-randomized observational study prospectively evaluated a cohort of 22 adult patients with lymphoproliferative neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and follicular lymphoma (FL) with indications for obinotuzumab therapy. Results: All patients had their blood drawn to determine blood counts, CRP, and procalcitonin, as well as body temperature measurements and blood cultures performed for bacterial infections on day 0 before administration of the anti-CD20 antibody. Subsequently, on days 1 to 7 after administration, blood was drawn daily at a fixed time of 8:00 a.m. for blood counts and CRP and PCT values, and blood cultures were performed. In addition, on days 1 to 7, body temperature was measured at fixed times (i.e., 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.). In all of these patients, significant increases in inflammatory markers, such as CRP and procalcitonin, were observed shortly after drug infusion. There was a statistically significant change in the serum PCT concentration (p < 0.0001), which significantly increased on days 1 to 4 compared to the initial measurement 0. Conclusions: The increases in inflammatory markers shortly after obinotuzumab (anti-CD20 antibody) administration can be significantly high but are most often not related to the onset of infection and do not lead to any ill consequences in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disease.

Association between maternal and child health care and neonatal death in Angola: a secondary analysis of Angola Demographic Health Survey 2015–16

BackgroundNeonatal mortality has decreased in Angola; however, it remains high. Quality maternal and child health (MCH) care is key to improving neonatal survival. In Angola, however, the association between neonatal mortality and MCH care has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between neonatal mortality and MCH services in Angola.MethodsWe used the Angola Demographic Health Survey 2015–16, which is the latest nationally representative dataset of Angola. The associations between early/late neonatal death and MCH care utilization were identified by a multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted by the sex of the child, type of residence, wealth index, caesarian section, size of the child at birth and delivery assisted by skilled birth attendant. The individual sample weight, sample strata for sampling errors/design, and cluster number were incorporated in a descriptive and logistic regression analysis to account for the unequal probability sampling in different strata.ResultsThe early and late neonatal mortality rates were 22 and 2 per 1000 live births, respectively. We found that having none, one, two or three tetanus injections before the last pregnancy compared to five or more injections, and no postnatal health check for children before discharge were associated with the occurrence of late neonatal death. During the first 2 days after childbirth, no observation of breastfeeding, no counseling on breastfeeding, no counseling on newborn danger signs, no measurement of child body temperature, and no examination of the cord as well as not checking child health before discharge were associated with early neonatal death.ConclusionsDoses of maternal tetanus vaccination and postnatal child health check before discharge were modifiable factors associated to late neonatal death. Further studies to improve MCH care coverage are needed.

Agreement of in-ear temperature to core body temperature measures during invasive whole-body cooling for hypothermic circulatory arrest in aortic arch surgery

Targeted temperature management (TTM) with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) during aortic arch surgery requires valid estimations of core body temperature. The ear canal and epitympanic region might be an easy-to-assess, noninvasive site for the read-out of supra-aortic, cerebral temperature. This observational cohort study comparatively investigated in-ear temperature and different core body temperature (cBT) measurements during TTM/TH for moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (mHCA) in aortic arch surgery. In total 24 patients (mean age of 56.8 ± 17.5 years; six females) were measured using infrared-thermography of the epitympanic region (BTtym), thermistor-based measurements at the esophagus (BTeso; gold standard), at the ear canal (BTear), at the nasopharynx (BTnas), in the bladder (BTves), and in the rectum (BTrec). The data analysis comprised absolute agreement (AA), bias, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and limit of agreement (LoA). The results revealed high AAs of BTtym, BTear, BTnas in reference to BTeso (biases 0.3–0.6 °C), with also excellent ICCs > 0.9. BTves and BTrec showed lower AAs, higher biases of + 2.5 °C to 3.1 °C with moderate ICCs during mHCA. In the phases of rapid temperature changes, the biases and LoAs were higher throughout all BT measurements. Herein, BTtym performed best of all measurement sites. The study informs about the BT dynamics at different body sites during the mHCA procedure. It supports the approach of using minimally invasive in-ear techniques to estimate core body temperature in an intrahospital TTM/TH setting of mHCA.

Effect of Using Polyethylene Plastic Bags against Increased and Stable Body Temperature in Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) in the Nicu Room of SLG Kediri Hospital

Background: Low Birth Weight Babies often experience unstable body temperature which tends to be low/hypothermia. The method to prevent hypothermia is to use polyethylene plastic bags. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using polyethylene plastic bags in the increase and stability of body temperature in LBW in the NICU room at SLG Kediri Hospital. Method: The design of this study was Quasy Experimental, using Pre Test and Post Test approaches. Sampling by Accidental Sampling. This study was conducted on 30 BBLR babies with a weight of &lt; 2500 grams. Data collection through observation sheets with the time of conducting research in November-December 2023 in the NICU room of SLG Kediri Hospital. Data analysis used to test the influence of two variables in this study is the Wilcoxon. Results: It is known that the pre-test body temperature before the intervention using polyethylene plastic bags was &lt; 36.5 ℃ for 28 out of 30 respondents (93%). And those who experienced an increase and stability in body temperature were 26 respondents (87%), and 4 respondents did not experience an increase and stability in body temperature. The statistical test in this study used the Wilcoxon test, the results of this statistical test obtained the Asymp value. Sig = 0.000. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is a difference between the results of body temperature measurements for the pre-test and post-test. So it can be concluded that there is an influence of the use of polyethylene plastic bags on the increase and stability of body temperature in low birth weight (LBW) babies in the NICU room at SLG Kediri Hospital. The use of polyethylene plastic bags appropriately can reduce evaporation and heat loss. Plastic as a thermoplastic polymer group can prevent heat loss caused by evaporation and radiation, so as to increase the baby's temperature. In this study the baby was still placed in the incubator.

Trimodal Watch-Type Wearable Health Monitoring Device

In the domain of healthcare, wearable health monitoring devices have emerged as essential tools for the advancement of patient health tracking. These devices facilitate the provision of real-time medical data to clinicians, enabling early diagnosis, timely intervention, and enhanced management of individual health. This study introduces an innovative trimodal wearable health monitoring device in the form of a wristwatch. The device integrates a breath analyzer for the assessment of gaseous phase biomarkers, a sweat analyzer for the evaluation of aqueous-phase biomarkers, and an infrared sensor for the measurement of body temperature in the optical phase. Engineered on a compact 3 cm × 3 cm printed circuit board, the device has been optimized for wearability, power efficiency, and seamless integration with both wired and wireless charging and communication systems. Furthermore, custom software applications, designed for both Windows and Android platforms, have been developed to facilitate intuitive data visualization and storage on personal computers and smartphones. Empirical results from real-time chemical testing substantiate the device’s efficacy and potential as an advanced solution for wearable health monitoring.