Truth Measurements Research Articles

Comparative analysis of the library classification system between Al-Almawi and Dewey

<p>This study involves a comparative analysis between the library management system developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876 and Abd Al-Basit bin Musa Al-Almawi (1502-1573 AD) better known as Al-Almawi who lived in the heyday of the Ottoman Dynasty in the 16th century. The library management system developed by Dewey can be considered dominant at the moment as it is widely used around the world. However, this system is said to have posed some difficulties in terms of maintenance as its field categories have been restricted and field overlap as there are several fields have been grouped in one class. The classification number becomes longer when there are new categories thus causing the process of access and storage to be very complex. To address the problem, this study seeks to examine the system developed by Al-Almawi to see if the system is able to deal with the problem either in terms of technical and development intellectuality. The objective of the study is to find out the characteristics of the system highlighted by Al-Almawi, identify the impact of the system from axiology point of view, and the suitability of the system in the information system management industry. This study uses a fully qualitative approach where the library method is chosen to collect data and information related to the classification and cataloguing system. The data were then analysed using a structuring approach while to conclude the findings of the study, a descriptive approach was used. The results of the study found that the system developed by Al-Almawi not only overcome the problems faced by Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) users, but also give emphasis on manners to knowledge where the materials that contain knowledge should be glorified and arranged in scientific order, where the material with the most truth values will be placed to a higher position. The measure of truth is based on the source of revelation contained therein. Thus, it can be said that significantly, the system developed by Al-Almawi not only pleases work that requires physical nature and planning; but also, soul-blissful and double-oriented because every activity is connected directly to God. The relationship is formed due to the existence of the unity of mind and deed, which is always in the mould of the framework of Tawhid.</p>

Type I interferon pathway assays in studies of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic literature review informing EULAR points to consider

ObjectivesTo systematically review the literature for assay methods that aim to evaluate type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway activation and to harmonise-related terminology.MethodsThree databases were searched for reports of IFN-I and...

KONSTRUKSI EPISTEMOLOGI PENDIDIKAN ANAK PRENATAL MENURUT ISLAM

Prenatal education has been developed by many Western scientists who are oriented to the development of physical qualities and intellectual intelligence. In fact, in Islam, prenatal education has also been recognized with a broader orientation to reach children's mental and spiritual problems. The research problem focuses on: First, how does Islamic education conceptualize prenatal child education? Second, how is the epistemological construction of prenatal education in Islam? The method used is qualitative by utilizing library documents as a source of data. The approach used is descriptive-analytical. The conclusions in this study are: First, prenatal education has strong religious roots and foundations. The materials, methods, and goals of prenatal education in Islam have a different character from what exists in the Western world. Second, the epistemological construction of prenatal education in Islam is based on and sourced from transcendental texts (al-Qur'an and Hadith). Prenatal education according to Islam is essentially an education of the natural potential inherent in children from the beginning of their lives. In addition, the measure of truth in the education of prenatal children is observed to be in accordance with three theories of truth in philosophy, namely correspondence, coherence, and pragmatism.

The 2020 Census in Russia: Institutional and financial considerations

Subject. The article discusses the finance of the census as a budgetary project, and respective issues. We focus on the specifics of expenditures for the 2020 census in Russia. Objectives. The study unveils and analyzes institutional expenditures for the 2020 census in Russia, identifies direct and indirect spending on the census. We substantiate approaches and suggestions concerning the improvement of the Russian census management and finance. Methods. The article is based on evidential, statistical and digital materials from Russia and other countries. We applied empirical, systems, analytical, economic, historical and other methods of epistemology. The practice is viewed as a measure of the truth of theoretical provisions. Results. The study unveils institutional sources and mechanisms for the finance of the Russian census, identifies specific features of the 2020 census expenditures in Russia. We suggest how the census should be improved in terms of the process management and finance. As a conclusion, we make our suggestions on the improvement of the financial management and balance of the census. The article proves it is possible to considerably cut the census spending during the digitalization of the public and municipal management. Conclusions and Relevance. The growing budget deficit makes the State analyze and reduce its expenditures. We suggest amending the census rules and considerably cut its costs. So, institutions should refuse to charge millions of local fees and hire census takers, but rather choose to use national data registers. The findings can be used to formulate and implement budgetary investment policy of governmental bodies, and by higher educational institutions.

A-6 Modern challenges in the light of Interpretation Tibyan ul Furqan by Ludhyanvi

Maulana Abdul Majeed Ludhyanvi was a great scholar of Islam. Interpretation Tibyan ul Furqan is collection of his lectures Which delivered in the front of students many years. This is Modern Interpretation of this era and contains modern issue. In this article we discussed Contemporary issues in the light of Interpretation Tibyan ul Furqan. The honorable prostration is forbidden in Islamic sharia, Companions of the Holy prophet (S.A.W.S) may God be pleased with them, the measure of truth. Direction to the Kaaba in prayer when traveling. Reluctance to say the dead to martyrs. A guide to the life of the prophets in their graves. Haram end and what it means. Ruling on dead animal bones, hair and horn, the issue of transmission of blood. Islam's way of choosing a ruler. Advice system in Islam. Ruler dismissal issue. The ruler chooses a deputy from among his relatives. The difference between modern and Islamic democracy. The issue of participation in the current democracy. Differences that lead to Hell. The meaning of wine and wisdom. The rule of the modern lottery in the present era. The Gambling and his wisdom. The issue of the Nikah of the Muslim with the polytheist. Is it permissible to marry a Muslim with the People of the book.

Integrating Environmental Context into DHS Analysis While Protecting Participant Confidentiality: A New Remote Sensing Method.

Understanding the ways that people live given certain environmental conditions is of central concern to researchers in health, development, population, climate change, and other related fields (see Grace et al. 2014; Balk et al. 2005; de Sherbinin 2011). One major source of data on health and development is the USAID‐funded Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. DHS is a major source of population and health data for the poorest countries in the world and provides high‐quality and detailed data on individual health outcomes—particularly outcomes related to maternal and child health. The primary sampling unit in the DHS are villages or village “clusters.” Cluster size can vary but contains a number of households within a geographic area who participated in the survey. Since many of the data included in DHS are personal and potentially sensitive, the DHS maintains confidentiality of the respondents by shifting the spatial coordinates of the cluster in the published data (Burgert et al. 2013). The spatial coordinates for rural locations are displaced by 0–5 km in any direction. Additionally, a small fraction of coordinates, 1 percent, are randomly shifted up to 10 km. For urban locations, the displacement is up to 2 km only. DHS recommends that researchers average any environmental data over a 5–10 km buffer around each DHS rural cluster with the specific community falling somewhere within the disc around each point (Perez‐Heydrich et al. 2016). This approach to maintaining confidentiality while collecting survey information has been adopted by other international organizations as well (e.g., World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study). Building on the rapid growth of literature around activity space, the geographic theory of close things being more alike (Tobler's First Law), as well as the understanding that people interact disproportionately with the landscape immediately surrounding a settlement, we propose an alternative method for evaluating environmental and contextual variables (Tobler 1970; Miller, 2004). Instead of calculating a 5–10 km buffer around each published point, we propose that the user selects a settlement near the DHS’ published cluster location and measures the environmental conditions around the settlement using a buffer much smaller than 10 km. We assume that the “true” context is a small, precise buffer around the correct settlement. We hypothesize that a small, precise buffer around an incorrect settlement is a better measure of truth than is an overly large buffer around the published point. Settlements can be identified through interpreting remotely sensed imagery. Corresponding features—for example, types of land‐use strategies or adjacency to reservoirs for irrigation—can be more easily identified and evaluated when using a much more precise buffer. While the settlement that is being used to provide this contextual information is likely not the original DHS cluster, it is a neighbor of the cluster and we assume that neighboring settlements are more similar to each other than to the broader environment in which they are situated. We theorize that this approach will introduce less measurement error than the larger 10 km buffer. To test this theory, we select three countries that are topographically diverse and that represent unique regions of the world—Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Tajikistan. As with most of the poorest countries in the world, these countries are heavily dependent on the landscape to produce food and earn money. However, each of these countries is quite distinct from the others in terms of environmental characteristics (rainfall and topography) and cultural characteristics (the types of crops produced as well as the farming strategies used to produce the crops). We select these countries to develop a thorough understanding of how our methodology will function under different settings. We evaluate a remotely‐sensed estimate of cultivated area and vegetation features of the DHS clusters using the 5–10 km buffer approach and our proposed neighboring settlement approach. We compare these to the true values through the use of the actual, confidential, locations of settlements in the DHS sample.

Abstract 1427: Comprehensive investigation of false mutation discoveries in FFPE samples

Abstract Next generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a primary tool for “precision” medicine, especially in the rapidly evolving field of cancer care. However NGS-based somatic variant calling in a clinical oncology setting is susceptible to numerous sources of technical error impeding optimal patient management. One important source of error in variant reporting is formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE). Of note, FFPE-derived errors are commonly present at clinically actionable loci and can occur at allelic frequencies (5-65%) that meet treatment criteria. Compounding this problem, degree of FFPE error is highly susceptible to inter-specimen and inter-laboratory variations. In this context, static variant calling thresholds to control for “general FFPE-effect” are likely inadequate; resulting in both False-Negatives (ignoring true somatic variation) and False-Positives (reporting technical error as truth). Despite the importance of fresh tissue for molecular studies, routine tissue histology (derived from FFPE) continues to be the gold standard for cancer staging/grading. And, as emphasis on smaller sample sizes becomes the norm, routine histology will be prioritized in many scenarios. Thus, the need to understand how molecular testing performs in FFPE tissue is a driving imperative for optimal cancer care. In this study, our aim was to develop and evaluate “best” quality control practices that would minimize False-Positive or -Negative somatic variant calling in FFPE specimens. Reference samples (paired breast carcinoma and “normal” lymphoblast cell-lines) from the FDA-led Sequencing Quality Control Phase II (SEQC2) consortium were used. These specimens were subjected to varying FFPE conditions (n=8) mimicking the pathology laboratory setting. For each condition, multiple replicates of whole genome and exome sequencing (WGS/WES) were performed with ~100X coverage across the entire human genome. Observed somatic variation frequencies for each genomic position for each FFPE condition were compared to ground truth and quality control measures derived from matched fresh materials using numerous statistical models. Applying rigorous analytical strategies, we aim to identify genomic regions that serve as markers (internal control regions) for the full range of FFPE-effect, develop QC measures and statistics to define lower limit of detection for variant calling for each genomic position, and provide general guidance for the community on how to accurately report mutations in FFPE processed clinical cancer specimens. Citation Format: Thomas M. Blomquist, Wenming Xiao, Somatic Mutation Working Group of the SEQC2 Consortium. Comprehensive investigation of false mutation discoveries in FFPE samples [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1427.

Motherhood and the Measure of Truth in J.M. Coetzee’s Age of Iron

Ambiguous mother-figures dominate the fictional world of J.M Coetzee’s novel Age of Iron. Sterility emerges as a central motif in the novel, corresponding to South Africa’s apartheid history of racial hatred, discrimination, and violence. The struggling motherfigures are a product of the flawed times and emerge as symptomatic of social and cultural crisis. Elizabeth Curren, the novel’s tortured first-person narrator, highlights the racially divided nation as socially, culturally, and morally impeded. Through her “stubborn will to give, to nourish,” she engages in a struggle against the “scavengers of Cape Town”: the “pitiless” heirs of a legacy of hate. Curren comes from a colonial history but seeks to decolonize her mind and voice as she writes a letter to her expatriate daughter, who, absent from the narrative, represents the need for change in values and historical perspective. Her strategic absence, significantly, communicates her incompatibility with the existing public and political discourse, thereby also suggesting an engagement with the future of ethics and aesthetics. While Elizabeth Curren’s inscribed poetic plea for her daughter to return home self-reflexively acknowledges the constraints of a banal medium and provokes its lapses, there is also a need to realize what may as yet be un-semanticized. Elizabeth Curren aspires to redeem herself through the nurturing symbolism embodied in motherhood. Accordingly, and deploying Julia Kristeva’s terminology, the essay argues for a return to a “maternal territory” where the semiotic process (an established communicative code of signs that determines our understanding of reality) is still in its intuitive and instinctual stage and allows Curren to transcend the constraints of her spoken medium. In Curren’s case, the letter serves as a redrawn semantic map, possibly exceeding its established boundaries of signification and meaning.

A Modern Defense of Religious Authority

A Modern Defense of Religious Authority Linda Zagzebski (bio) 1. The Modern Rejection of Authority It has often been observed that one characteristic of the modern world is the utter rejection of authority, or at least, the rejection of authority in so far as that is possible without leading to societal collapse. The need for political authority is grudgingly accepted to avert social disaster, but the fact that there is no moral authority is generally thought to be too obvious to require argument. For example, Patrick Hurley claims in his college textbook on logic that the appeal to authority for a moral judgment is an example of the Ad Verecundiam fallacy: “If someone were to argue that abortion is immoral because a certain philosopher or religious leader has said so, the argument would be weak regardless of the authority’s qualifications. Many questions in these areas are so hotly contested that there is no conventional wisdom an authority can depend upon.”1 Not only does Hurley think it is obvious that there is no moral authority in disputed domains, but his reason for thinking so is just that those domains are disputed. He does not consider the possibility that someone could actually have the authority to give moral prescriptions. [End Page 15] The rejection of authority extends to most domains of belief, not only moral beliefs. The ascendancy of modern science is usually credited with convincing people of the untrustworthiness of traditional sources of belief, including, of course, the teachings of the Church. The prestige of science has made scientific experts the closest thing we have to authorities over belief, and if there is any vestige of authority left in the epistemic realm—the realm of belief, then it is science. But although people will often accept the word of experts in an esoteric scientific field, scientific experts are not authorities in any robust sense. It is entirely up to the individual person whether she chooses to believe an expert. There is no question of commanding belief, and no duty to obey. Are there any good reasons for rejecting authority in belief and morals? I think there are two interesting and influential reasons. One comes from John Locke, who argued that nobody may command belief because it is impossible to obey it. “It is absurd that things should be enjoined by laws which are not in men’s power to perform. And to believe this or that to be true does not depend upon our will.”2 If authority is the right to command, there is no authority over beliefs. Locke’s claim that belief is not under the control of the will has a measure of truth that has led to an extensive debate in epistemology, but I do not see that it is any harder to believe on command than to believe what ordinary people tell me. It depends on the circumstances. Suppose my friend Ann says to me, “She will never marry him.” Surely it is possible for me to believe her, and if I have good reason to think she is reliable and sincere, I can also be justified in doing so. We all believe plenty of things we are told, often with good reason. But imagine the same situation except that Ann chooses her words a little differently. Instead of saying to me, “She will never marry him,” she might say, “Believe me, she will never marry him.” She could even make the command mode stronger by saying, “She will never marry him. You must believe that.” In each case I know that Ann intends for me to believe what she says, and I know that she believes it herself. Whatever reasons I have to think that Ann is privy [End Page 16] to inside information on our friend’s marital intentions can be the same in each case. I may not like the tone of the last case, but I see no reason to think that I am unable to follow the command. If I can accept Ann’s testimony about this particular matter, why would I find myself unable to do so once she turns her testimony into an explicit imperative? The...

Household Surveys in Crisis

Household surveys, one of the main innovations in social science research of the last century, are threatened by declining accuracy due to reduced cooperation of respondents. While many indicators of survey quality have steadily declined in recent decades, the literature has largely emphasized rising nonresponse rates rather than other potentially more important dimensions to the problem. We divide the problem into rising rates of nonresponse, imputation, and measurement error, documenting the rise in each of these threats to survey quality over the past three decades. A fundamental problem in assessing biases due to these problems in surveys is the lack of a benchmark or measure of truth, leading us to focus on the accuracy of the reporting of government transfers. We provide evidence from aggregate measures of transfer reporting as well as linked microdata. We discuss the relative importance of misreporting of program receipt and conditional amounts of benefits received, as well as some of the conjectured reasons for declining cooperation and for survey errors. We end by discussing ways to reduce the impact of the problem including the increased use of administrative data and the possibilities for combining administrative and survey data.

El proceso creativo en el taoísmo y en la psicología occidental

Mostrando algunas analogías entre el pensamiento oriental, especialmente del antiguo taoísmo chino, y algunas escuelas psicológicas contemporáneas cercanas al neohumanismo gestáltico y la llamada psicología transpersonal, en el presente artículo se presentan y discuten los principales hallazgos de la ciencia psicológica sobre el proceso creativo, las características de personalidad de los sujetos altamente creativos y las circunstancias psicosociales que suelen favorecer el surgimiento de la creatividad.Traza una línea en el espacio y ya tienes un lado y el otro. Piensa en algo y te diré que lo contrario también existe con su monto de verdad. Justifícame el ser, que yo te justificaré el no ser.Arriba y abajo, izquierda y derecha, vida y muerte, belleza y fealdad, bien y mal, éxito y fracaso, luz y oscuridad, tristeza y alegría, etc., los anteriores son apenas algunos ejemplos de conceptos contrarios que, tal vez, son realmente opuestos en la realidad o solo son concebidos como tales por la forma en la cual funcionan nuestros procesos sensoriales y cognitivos.

Show us your traces: Traceability as a measure for the political acceptability of truth-claims

This article considers some political potentialities of the post-constructivist proposal for substituting truth with traceability. Traceability is a measure of truthfulness in which the rationality of a truth-claim is found in accounting for the work done to maintain links back to an internal referent through a chain of mediations. The substitution of traceability for truth is seen as necessary to move the entire political domain towards a greater responsiveness to the events of the natural-social world. In particular, it seeks to disarm the strategy of exploiting scientific uncertainty in order to defer political action concerning issues such as global warming. A broad acceptance of traceability as a standard for measuring truth-claims responds to the problem of the political impact of a given claim to truth often being inversely correlated to the degree of truth behind the claim because of the oft-prevailing faith in the purity of representation. This substitution has implications for policymaking based on scientific research, styles of journalism and classification of documents. Its success, however, depends on an arduous decoupling of the supposed link between truth and the purity of representation without the deleterious undercutting of all truth-claims.

Measures of truth and probabilistic graphical models for representation of knowledge with uncertainty

For representation of knowledge with uncertainty both mathematical formalism allowing to describe and handle uncertainty and theoretical computer model limiting memory and time used for such representation and its processing, are required. The paper gives an overview of the main truth measures including probability measure that being applied in articial intelligence for uncertainty representation, and probabilistic graphical models which allow to limit the growth of processing algorithms complicity and memory requirements for modelling knowledge with uncertainty by means of computation localisation.

Heidegger & the Measure of Truth: Themes from his Early Philosophy, by Denis McManus.

Heidegger & the Measure of Truth: Themes from his Early Philosophy, by Denis McManus.

Evaluation of the GOES-R ABI LAP Retrieval Algorithm Using the GOES-13 Sounder

Abstract A physical retrieval algorithm has been developed for deriving the legacy atmospheric profile (LAP) product from infrared radiances of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on board the next-generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series. In this study, the GOES-R ABI LAP retrieval algorithm is applied to the GOES-13 sounder radiance measurements (termed the GOES-13 LAP retrieval algorithm in this study) for its validation as well as for potential transition of the GOES-13 LAP retrieval algorithm for the operational processing of GOES sounder data. The GOES-13 LAP retrievals are compared with five different truth measurements: radiosonde observation (raob) and microwave radiometer–measured total precipitable water (TPW) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Cloud and Radiation Testbed site, conventional raob, TPW measurements from the global positioning system–integrated precipitable water NOAA network, and TPW measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The results show that with the GOES-R ABI LAP retrieval algorithm, the GOES-13 sounder provides better water vapor profiles than the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast fields at the levels between 300 and 700 hPa. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and standard deviation (STD) of the GOES-13 sounder TPW are consistently reduced from those of the GFS forecast no matter which measurements are used as the truth. These substantial improvements indicate that the GOES-R ABI LAP retrieval algorithm is well prepared to provide continuity of quality to some of the current GOES sounder products, and the algorithm can be transferred to process the current GOES sounder measurements for operational product generation.

On-orbit target tracking and inspection by satellite formation

A new type of estimator is developed for the satellite formation to track and inspect on-orbit targets. The follower satellite in the formation works without relative sensors, and its target pointing commands are derived based on relative orbital dynamics. The centralized estimator based on truth measurement is designed, however, this estimator is proved unstable because of the lack of necessary measurement information. After that, an alternative estimator based on pseudo measurement is designed, and its observability and controllability are analyzed to qualitatively evaluate the convergence performance. Finally, an on-orbit target inspection scenario is numerically simulated to verify the performance of the estimator based on pseudo measurement.

Coordinated target localization base on pseudo measurement for clustered space robot

This paper presents a coordinated target localization method for clustered space robot. According to the different measuring capabilities of cluster members, the master–slave coordinated relative navigation strategy for target localization with respect to slavery space robots is proposed; then the basic mathematical models, including coordinated relative measurement model and cluster centralized dynamics, are established respectively. By employing the linear Kalman filter theorem, the centralized estimator based on truth measurements is developed and analyzed firstly, and with an intention to inhabit the initial uncertainties related to target localization, the globally stabilized estimator is designed through introduction of pseudo measurements. Furthermore, the observability and controllability of stochastic system are also analyzed to qualitatively evaluate the convergence performance of pseudo measurement estimator. Finally, on-orbit target approaching scenario is simulated by using semi-physical simulation system, which is used to verify the convergence performance of proposed estimator. During the simulation, both the known and unknown maneuvering acceleration cases are considered to demonstrate the robustness of coordinated localization strategy.

Heidegger and the measure of truth

Heidegger and the measure of truth

Heidegger & the Measure of Truth: Themes from his Early Philosophy. DENIS MCMANUS Oxford University Press, 2012; vi + 247 pp.; £40.00 (hardback)

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The Middle Way: What Contemporary Liberal Legal Theorists Can Learn from Aristotle

American legal theorists frequently ask whether and how theorists, citizens, lawmakers, judges, and other public officials can attain truth, correctness, or certainty in their legal and moral views. This essay discusses the views of contemporary liberal legal theorists who have attempted to answer these questions in a way that is neither objectivist nor formalist, on the one hand, nor subjectivist or relativist, on the other, referring to authors that make up this group as theorists of the way. The essay suggests areas in which such legal thinkers might profit from studying Aristotle's writings about ethics and politics. Two approaches of contemporary liberal legal theory of the middle way are discussed. The first is characterized by a reluctance to have recourse to substantive moral and political principles that exist independently of a particular legal order. Because of their reluctance to import substantive standards external to a nation?s legal system into legal reasoning, this approach advocates to a much greater degree than the second approach reliance on communal deliberation and various structural, procedural, and related devices to constrain deliberations about human values and conduct. This study outlines some of the central beliefs of this process-oriented approach to practical knowledge and then analyzes how Aristotle might react to them. The beliefs discussed are the place and method of communal reasoning about practical matters; self governance and consent; self-governance and transformative political participation; and the emphasis on ideal speech conditions to legitimate the products of communal deliberation. The second approach of contemporary liberal legal theory of the middle way discussed in the essay is characterized by a belief that moral or political philosophy can arrive at some measure of truth about principles and values having to do with the lives of individuals and the conduct of communities. With one exception, the theorists discussed in this part of the essay are willing to recognize and incorporate such principles and values into practical reasoning that takes place within the confines of a particular legal system such as our own. These thinkers disagree about the degree to which and the occasions on which recourse to values external to a political community should occur. This essay discusses how Aristotle might react to the major ideas common to these thinkers. The ideas discussed in this part are the sources of external substantive values that legal reasoning might incorporate; the relative roles of consent and habit in securing obedience to the law; and the connection between deliberation and character.