Synchronous Measurements Research Articles

Modelling motion energy in psychotherapy: A dynamical systems approach.

In this study we introduce an innovative mathematical and statistical framework for the analysis of motion energy dynamics in psychotherapy sessions. Our method combines motion energy dynamics with coupled linear ordinary differential equations and a measurement error model, contributing new clinical parameters to enhance psychotherapy research. Our approach transforms raw motion energy data into an interpretable account of therapist-patient interactions, providing novel insights into the dynamics of these interactions. A key aspect of our framework is the development of a new measure of synchrony between the motion energies of therapists and patients, which holds significant clinical and theoretical value in psychotherapy. The practical applicability and effectiveness of our modelling and estimation framework are demonstrated through the analysis of real session data. This work advances the quantitative analysis of motion dynamics in psychotherapy, offering important implications for future research and therapeutic practice.

Arbitrary methodological decisions skew inter-brain synchronization estimates in hyperscanning-EEG studies

Abstract Over the past decade, hyperscanning has emerged as an important methodology to study neural processes underlying human interaction using fMRI, EEG, fNIRS, and MEG. However, many methodological decisions regarding preprocessing and analysis of hyperscanning data have not yet been standardized in the hyperscanning community, yet may affect inter-brain estimates. Here, we systematically investigate the effects common methodological choices can have on estimates of phase-based inter-brain synchronization (IBS) measures, using real and simulated hyperscanning (dual) EEG data. Notably, we introduce a new method to compute circular correlation coefficients in IBS studies, which performs more reliably in comparison to the standard approach, showing that the conventional circular correlation implementation leads to large fluctuations in IBS estimates due to fluctuations in circular mean directions. Furthermore, we demonstrate how short epoch durations (of 1 s or less) can lead to inflated IBS estimates in scenarios with no strong underlying interaction. Finally, we show how signal-to-noise ratios and temporal factors may confound IBS estimates, particularly when comparing, for example, resting states with conditions involving motor actions. For each of these investigated effects, we provide recommendations for future research employing hyperscanning-EEG techniques, aimed at increasing validity and replicability of inter-brain synchronization studies.

Power Quality State Estimation for Distribution Grids Based on Physics-Aware Neural Networks—Harmonic State Estimation

In the transition from traditional electrical energy generation with mainly linear sources to increasing inverter-based distributed generation, electrical power systems’ power quality requires new monitoring methods. Integrating a high penetration of distributed generation, which is typically located in medium- or low-voltage grids, shifts the monitoring tasks from the transmission to distribution layers. Compared to high-voltage grids, distribution grids feature a higher level of complexity. Monitoring all relevant nodes is operationally infeasible and costly. State estimation methods provide knowledge about unmeasured locations by learning a physical system’s non-linear relationships. This article examines a new flexible, close-to-real-time concept of harmonic state estimation using synchronized measurements processed in a neural network. A physics-aware approach enhances a data-driven model, taking into account the structure of the electrical network. An OpenDSS simulation generates data for model training and validation. Different load profiles for both training and testing were utilized to increase the variance in the data. The results of the presented concept demonstrate high accuracy compared to other methods for harmonic orders 1 to 20.

Automatic measurement of stimulation to maximum negative dv/dt in V5 and V6 leads to confirm left bundle capture for conduction system pacing

Abstract Introduction Left bundle area conduction system pacing is obtained when the ventricular pacing lead is implanted into the right ventricular septum and captures the left bundle branch, demonstrated by right bundle branch morphology in the lead V1 and short stimulation to R-wave peak time (SRWPT) in leads V5 or V6. Manual measurements are challenging and result in significant variability. Maximum negative dv/dt in leads V5 and V6, occurring immediate after maximal lateral wall depolarization, represents the ideal measurement of synchronicity of left ventricular depolarization, as suggested by the guidelines. Objective To test feasibility of automatic algorithm to measure the maximum negative dV/dt in comparison to manual SRWPT measurement in V5 and V6. Method Data was collected from 7 patients with confirmed left bundle branch capture. Three trained operators manually measured SRWPT in leads V5 and V6 (Figure A). An algorithm capable of automatically measuring stimulation to maximum dv/dt was retrospectively applied to the same measured beats. Variability and correlation of measurements was compared between manual and automatic using the Bartlett Test for equal variance. Results In total, 137 individual beats were measured in the 2 leads by three operators resulting in 822 manual measurements. The mean variability of SRWPT in V5 and V6 was 2.9 ± 0.7 msec and 3.1 ± 1.1 msec, respectively (inter-operator correlation of 0.83). In contrast the stimulation to max negative dv/ dt mean variability in V5 and V6 was 1.3 ± 0.4 msec and 1.2 ± 0.5 msec, respectively (P < 0.001). The comparison of variation in measurement between manual and automatic measures are shown in a box and whisker plot in figure 2. Conclusion Manual measurement of SRWPT can be challenging resulting in higher variability compared to an automatic algorithm measuring max negative dv/dt. This study demonstrates the feasibility of automatic interval measurement in conduction system pacing; however, further studies are required to validate the reliability of such tool.Fig 1.Example ECG interval measurement

Simulation Research on the Dual-Electrode Current Excitation Method for Distance Measurements While Drilling

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the existing methods for measuring adjacent well distances, along with their advantages and disadvantages, this study employs theoretical analysis, simulation experiments, and other comprehensive research methods to investigate a distance measurement method based on current excitation. In response to the need for measuring and controlling the connection of relief wells, a method utilizing dual-electrode current excitation during drilling is proposed. This approach facilitates synchronous excitation measurements while drilling, significantly reducing both time and costs while ensuring safety and efficiency, making it particularly suitable for the connection operation of relief wells that involve safety risks. Firstly, this paper establishes a drilling with measurement model corresponding to the excitation mode, which derives the calculation formulas for the target casing current amplitude attenuation, as well as the induced magnetic field distribution within the formation. Additionally, it provides the calculation methods for determining the target well distance and azimuth direction. Lastly, the impact levels of various key factors are verified through numerical calculations and simulation analyses, which confirm the correctness and effectiveness of this distance measurement method. The findings from this research establish both a core theoretical foundation and a technological basis for the real-time measurement of adjacent well distances during relief well operations.

Rotor noise in non-axial inflow conditions

This paper presents an experimental study on characterising the aerodynamic and far-field acoustic performance of rotors operating in non-axial inflow conditions. The current experiments were carried out with a two-bladed rotor, operating with a tip Mach number of 0.56, approaching the practical tip Mach numbers expected of urban air mobility vehicles. Synchronous measurements of the aerodynamic force, far-field acoustics and blade phase angle were undertaken to provide insights on both the time-averaged and phase-averaged correlation between the rotor aerodynamic loading and the emitted noise. The far-field acoustic spectra are compared across a range of advance ratios (0.01≤μ≤0.04) and forward tilting angles (0°≤α≤30°). When the inflow velocity increases, both the tonal and broadband components increase. Moreover, higher harmonics of the blade passing frequency are observed to become more prominent at higher advance ratios. As the rotor tilts forward from edgewise flight conditions, the broadband noise component reduces significantly, with the tones at fundamental blade passing frequency and higher harmonics also reducing in magnitude, agreeing well with the steady and unsteady thrust coefficients measured. From the aerodynamic loading, acoustic spectra and the directivity results, a transition from near-edgewise to near-axial modes of operation can be discerned at a tilt angle of approximately 16°. More interestingly, the phase-averaged thrust and acoustic power results show notable variations of the blade loading and acoustic emission through one full rotor rotation. At higher advance ratios and shallow tilting angles, the phase location of peaks in the root-mean-square of the fluctuating thrust coefficient agrees very well with those from the acoustic power, suggesting a strong correlation between the flow unsteadiness and the noise at these non-axial conditions, contributing to higher overall sound pressure levels.

Identifying the Vertical Stratification of Sediment Samples by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Vertical stratification in marine sediment profiles indicates physical and chemical sedimentary processes and, thus, is the first step in sedimentary research and in studying their relationship with global climate change. Traditional technologies for studying vertical stratification have low efficiency; thus, new technologies are highly needed. Recently, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIR) has been explored to rapidly determine sediment parameters, such as clay content, particle size, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and so on. Here, we explored vertical stratification in a sediment column in the South China Sea using VNIR. The sediment column was 160 cm and divided into 160 samples by 1 cm intervals. All samples were classified into three layers by depth, that is, 0–50 cm (the upper layer), 50–100 cm (the middle layer), and 100–160 cm (the bottom layer). Concentrations of TC and TN in each sample were measured by Elementa Vario EL III. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of each sample were collected by Agilent Cary 5000. A global model and several classification models for vertical stratification in sediments were established by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) after the characteristic spectra were identified using Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling. In the classification models, K-means clustering and Density Peak Clustering (DPC) were employed as the unsupervised clustering algorithms. The results showed that the stratification was successful by VNIR, especially when using the combination of unsupervised clustering and machine learning algorithms. The correct classification rate (CCR) was much higher in the classification models than in the global model. And the classification models had a higher CCR using K-means combined with SVM (94.8%) and using DPC combined with SVM (96.0%). The higher CCR might be derived from the chemical classification. Indeed, similar results were also found in the chemical stratification. This study provided a theoretical basis for the rapid and synchronous measurement of chemical and physical parameters in sediment profiles by VNIR.

Distributed Consensus Filtering Over Sensor Networks With Asynchronous Measurements

ABSTRACTIn practical sensor networks, sensor nodes may operate with different sampling periods and initial sampling time instants, and their observations may also be nonuniform. Unfortunately, the research on distributed state estimation problems over such asynchronous sensor networks is very limited. Thus, this article focuses on the distributed consensus filtering problem over sensor networks with asynchronous measurements. First, the asynchronous measurement from each sensor is synchronized by the continuous‐time state evolution equation to a unified filtering fusion time instant within a given filtering period. After measurement synchronization, the statistical characteristics of measurement noise change. The cross‐correlations between the converted measurement noises are analyzed, as well as one‐step correlations between the converted measurement noises and the process noise. Second, an optimal asynchronous distributed consensus filter is designed based on synchronization measurements under the criterion of minimum mean‐square error with the above correlations between various types of noises taken into account. Meanwhile, a suboptimal distributed consensus filtering algorithm is further proposed to reduce computational complexity. Finally, based on the Lyapunov function method, the stability of the estimation error is theoretically demonstrated with an appropriate selection of consensus filtering gain and validated through simulations.

Synchronous measurement of wind pressure and flow field in wind tunnel: device, method and application

Accurate assessment of the relationship between flow field and surface wind pressure distribution around buildings in wind tunnel tests is crucial for understanding the interaction mechanism between wind and buildings. Despite notable technological advancements in dynamic pressure measurement and flow visualization, the acquirement of synchronous data on flow and wind pressure around buildings still faces challenges in terms of accuracy, cost, and operational complexity. Given this, a frame synchronization technique has been developed to collect flow field and wind pressure data based on particle image velocimetry and Scanivalve dynamic pressure measurement. Meanwhile, this study established a more precise correction method for the distortion effect of the synchronously measured wind pressure signal. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of synchronously measuring the flow field and the corrected wind pressure in time through the flow around triangular prism test. Experimental results indicate that the corrected wind pressure distribution on triangular prism surface is consistent with the temporal variations in instantaneous flow velocity and vorticity change, thereby verifying the reliability of the synchronous test system.

Experimental investigation of chocked cavitation flow and its oscillation mechanism in jet pump cavitation reactors under limited operation stage

Experiments were conducted in this study to investigate the chocked cavitation characteristics and its oscillation mechanism in jet pump cavitation reactors (JPCR) under limited operation stage (LOS) utilizing a synchronous measurement system. The pulsation characteristics of cavitation in JPCR under various inlet and outlet pressures were analyzed by the processed high-speed camera images. Furthermore, correlation between cavitation and pressure pulsation as well as the mechanism of cavitation oscillation in JPCR under LOS are elucidated based on synchronized measurements. The results reveal that the typical jet choked cavitation flow field can be divided into three characteristic regions, i.e., stability region, oscillation region and collapse region. Changes in flow parameters cause variations in the areas of these three regions and shift the initial and collapse positions of cavitation. The time-averaged length of cavitation clouds varies linearly with the absolute pressure ratio at the outlet, corresponding to both stable and unstable LOS. Notably, the results reveal a clear correlation between the grayscale of cavitation clouds and pressure fluctuations over time, identifying the inverse pressure gradient as the primary cause of cavitation oscillation in the throat tube during unstable LOS.

Longitudinal combustion instability in a hypergolic liquid bipropellant combustor with single dual-swirl coaxial injector

Self-excited longitudinal combustion instabilities were investigated in a hypergolic liquid bipropellant combustor, which applied single dual-swirl coaxial injector. Hot-fire tests were conducted for four different injector geometries, while extensive tests on injection conditions were carried out for each injector geometry. The synchronous measurement of the pressure and heat release rate was applied, successfully capturing the process of the pressure and heat release rate enhanced coupling and developing into in-phase oscillation. By calculating Rayleigh index at the head and middle section of the chamber, it is shown that Rayleigh index of the middle section is even higher than that of the head, indicating a long heat release zone. When the combustion instability occurs, the pressure in propellant manifolds also oscillates with the same frequency and lags behind the oscillation in the combustor. Compared to the oscillation in the outer injector manifold, the oscillation in the inner injector manifold shows a higher correlation with that in the chamber in amplitude and phase. Based on numerical simulations of the multiphase cold flow inside the injector and combustion process in the chamber, it is found that injector geometries affect longitudinal combustion instability by changing spray cone angle. The spray with small cone angle is more sensitive to the modulation of longitudinal pressure wave in combustion simulations, which is more likely to excite the longitudinal combustion instability. Meanwhile, the combustion instability may be related to the pulsating coherent structure generated by the spray fluctuation, which is determined by injection conditions. Besides, a positive feedback closed-loop system associated with the active fluctuation and passive oscillation of the spray is believed to excite and sustain the longitudinal combustion instability.

Reliable measurement of auditory-driven gamma synchrony with a single EEG electrode: A simultaneous EEG-MEG study

ObjectiveAuditory-driven gamma synchrony (GS) is linked to the function of a specific cortical circuit based on a parvalbumin+ and pyramidal neuron loop. This circuit is impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions (i.e. schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke etc.) and its relevance in clinical practice is increasingly being recognized. Auditory stimulation at a typical gamma frequency of 40 Hz can be applied as a ‘stress test’ of excitation/inhibition (E/I) of the entire cerebral cortex, to drive GS and record it with magnetoencephalography (MEG) or high-density electroencephalography (EEG). However, these two techniques are costly and not widely available. Therefore, we assessed whether a single EEG electrode is sufficient to provide an accurate estimate of the auditory-driven GS level of the entire cortical surface while expecting the highest correspondence in the auditory and somatosensory cortices. MethodsWe measured simultaneous EEG-MEG in 29 healthy subjects, utilizing 3 EEG electrodes (C4, F4, O2) and a full MEG setup. Recordings were performed during binaural exposure to auditory gamma stimulation and during silence. We compared GS measurement of each of the three EEG electrodes separately against full MEG mapping. Time-resolved phase locking value (PLVt) was computed between EEG signals and cortex reconstructed MEG signals. ResultsDuring auditory stimulation, but not at rest, EEG captures a significant amount of GS, especially from both auditory cortices and motor-premotor regions. This was especially true for frontal (C4) and central electrodes (F4). Discussion and ConclusionsWhile hd-EEG and MEG are necessary for accurate spatial mapping of GS at rest and during auditory stimulation, a single EEG channel is sufficient to detect the global level of GS. These results have great translational potential for mapping GS in standard clinical settings.

Dynamics of following and leading: association of movement synchrony and depression severity.

Depression negatively affects interpersonal functioning and influences nonverbal behavior. Interpersonal theories of depression suggest that depressed individuals engage in behaviors that initially provoke others' support and reassurance, but eventually lead to rejection that may also be expressed nonverbally. This study investigated movement synchrony as a nonverbal indicator of support and rejection and its association with depression severity in a sample of depressed and healthy individuals. Semi-standardized diagnostic interview segments with N = 114 dyads were video recorded. Body movement was analyzed using Motion Energy Analysis, synchrony intervals were identified by computing windowed cross-lagged correlation and a peak-picking-algorithm. Depression severity was assessed via both self-rating (BDI-II) and clinician rating (HAMD). Both self-rated and clinician-rated depression severity were negatively correlated with patient-led, but not clinician-led movement synchrony measures. The more depressed patients were, the less they initiated movement synchrony with their clinicians. These correlations remained significant after controlling for gender, age, gross body movement, and psychopharmacological medication. Findings suggest that depression may negatively affect patients' active initiative in interaction situations. Automatized methods as used in this study can add valuable information in the diagnosis of depression and the assessment of associated social impairments.

Enhanced network synchronization connectivity following transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in bipolar depression: Effects on EEG oscillations and deep learning-based predictors of clinical remission

AimTo investigate oscillatory networks in bipolar depression, effects of a home-based tDCS treatment protocol, and potential predictors of clinical response. Methods20 participants (14 women) with bipolar disorder, mean age 50.75 ± 10.46 years, in a depressive episode of severe severity (mean Montgomery-Åsberg Rating Scale (MADRS) score 24.60 ± 2.87) received home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment for 6 weeks. Clinical remission defined as MADRS score < 10. Resting-state EEG data were acquired at baseline, prior to the start of treatment, and at the end of treatment, using a portable 4-channel EEG device (electrode positions: AF7, AF8, TP9, TP10). EEG band power was extracted for each electrode and phase locking value (PLV) was computed as a functional connectivity measure of phase synchronization. Deep learning was applied to pre-treatment PLV features to examine potential predictors of clinical remission. ResultsFollowing treatment, 11 participants (9 women) attained clinical remission. A significant positive correlation was observed with improvements in depressive symptoms and delta band PLV in frontal and temporoparietal regional channel pairs. An interaction effect in network synchronization was observed in beta band PLV in temporoparietal regions, in which participants who attained clinical remission showed increased synchronization following tDCS treatment, which was decreased in participants who did not achieve clinical remission. Main effects of clinical remission status were observed in several PLV bands: clinical remission following tDCS treatment was associated with increased PLV in frontal and temporal regions and in several frequency bands, including delta, theta, alpha and beta, as compared to participants who did not achieve clinical remission. The highest deep learning prediction accuracy 69.45 % (sensitivity 71.68 %, specificity 66.72 %) was obtained from PLV features combined from theta, beta, and gamma bands. ConclusionstDCS treatment enhances network synchronization, potentially increasing inhibitory control, which underscores improvement in depressive symptoms. Baseline EEG-based measures might aid predicting clinical response.

Design, development and multi-scenario application of portable multifunctional test master based on μM-PMU: The case study of Lingang new City Grid, Shanghai

With the large-scale access of new energy generation and electric vehicle charging piles to the grids, power generation and loads are characterized by random fluctuations and intermittency, which affect the stable operation of the distribution network. μM-PMU is capable of realizing the dynamic process monitoring of the grids. In order to solve the function and performance testing problems of multiple application scenarios of μM-PMU, this thesis develops a portable master station based on synchronous phasor measurement system to realize zero drift, voltage amplitude measurement accuracy, voltage phase angle accuracy, current amplitude measurement accuracy, current phase angle measurement accuracy, frequency measurement accuracy, voltage amplitude change with frequency accuracy, and voltage phase angle change with frequency accuracy, Accuracy of current amplitude with frequency change, accuracy of current phase angle with frequency change, active power accuracy, reactive power accuracy, amplitude step response, phase angle step response, frequency step response, a total of 15 test items. It can automatically calculate test results and generate test reports according to different equipment models, reducing the mistakes and calculation errors that may be caused by manually recording test data and improving the accuracy of test results and calculation precision.

Effect of sleep-disordered breathing on stable electroencephalographic characteristics during night sleep in patients with arterial hypertension

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-disordered breathing condition. A significant number of OSA patients often present with cardiovascular comorbidities, particularly arterial hypertension. OSA is associated with changes in bioelectrical activity of the brain, such as slowing of electroencephalographic activity in the cortex and reduced interhemispheric synchronization. These changes can become pathophysiological markers of sleep-disordered breathing.Aim. To investigate the effect of sleep-disordered breathing on a range of quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics during nighttime sleep in patients with arterial hypertension and clinically significant OSA.Materials and methods. The material for this retrospective study consisted of 84 polysomnographic records of patients predominantly diagnosed with arterial hypertension. Patients were divided into three groups based on the apneahypopnea index (AHI). Polysomnographic records were used to assess the synchronization measure of brain electrical activity between occipital EEG leads. The synchronization measure was evaluated using a method based on wavelet bicoherence calculation.Results. Statistically significant differences were observed in the low-frequency ranges Δf1-Δf4: 0.2-1.0 Hz, 0.8-1.6 Hz, 1.0-2.0 Hz, 1.0-4.0 Hz. In these frequencies, the interhemispheric synchronization measure significantly decreased with increasing severity of apnea.Conclusion. To determine the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, a parameter based on the synchronization measure evaluated from symmetrical occipital EEG signals in the frequency ranges 0.2-1.0 Hz, 0.8-1.6 Hz, 1.0-2.0 Hz, and 1.0-4.0 Hz can be considered. This may serve as the basis for developing and implementing new diagnostic tools for assessing the severity of sleep-disordered breathing in practice.

Harmonic voltage phasor reconstruction and harmonic state estimation based on the measurement data of a capacitive voltage transformer

AbstractHarmonic state estimation, which highly depends on accurate synchronised phasors, is a crucial basis for the location, traceability, and governance of harmonics in power systems. However, most existing synchronous phasor measurement units (PMUs) provide power frequency phasors rather than harmonic phasors. In addition, as the dominant voltage signal provider for PMUs in power systems, capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) have complex frequency responses and cannot be directly used for harmonic measurement. Therefore, accurate harmonic state estimation is difficult to achieve in applications. A method for harmonic voltage phasor reconstruction and harmonic state estimation based on the measurement data of a CVT is proposed. First, the reasons for harmonic voltage measurement errors were analysed. Second, the scattering parameter method was used to measure the wideband voltage transfer characteristics of CVT. Third, a voltage reconstruction method was proposed to improve the measurement accuracy and expand the frequency range of synchronous phasor measurement. Fourth, this method was applied to harmonic state estimation, and the performance of harmonic state estimation before and after voltage reconstruction was quantitatively compared. Results showed that the proposed method can remarkably improve the accuracy of harmonic state estimation. Finally, some factors, such as state observability, complex error disturbances, CVT structure, and harmonic order, influencing the performance of the proposed method were investigated. Results further demonstrated that the method has high accuracy, strong anti‐interference, and adaptability, and can provide basic information for harmonic localisation and traceability.

Investigation of green synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for facile sensitive estimation of two co-administered anti-cancer drugs; curcumin and doxorubicin in their laboratory-prepared mixtures, human plasma, and urine

Recently, phytochemicals play an important role in cancer management. Curcumin (CUR), a natural phytochemical, has been co-administered with widespread chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) due to its excellent antitumor activity and the ability to lower the adverse reactions and drug resistance cells associated with DOX use. The present study aims to determine DOX and CUR utilizing a label-free, selective, sensitive, and precise synchronous spectrofluorimetric method. The obvious overlap between the emission spectra of DOX and CUR prevents simultaneous estimation of both analytes by conventional spectrofluorimetry. To solve such a problem, synchronous spectrofluorimetric measurements were recorded at Δλ = 20 nm, utilizing ethanol as a diluting solvent. Curcumin was recorded at 442.5 nm, whereas DOX was estimated at 571.5 nm, each at the zero-crossing point of the other one. The developed method exhibited linearity over a concentration range of 0.04–0.40 μg/mL for CUR and 0.05–0.50 μg/mL for DOX, respectively. The values of limit of detection (LOD) were 0.009 and 0.012 µg/mL, while the values of limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.028 and 0.037 µg/mL for CUR and DOX, respectively. The adopted approach was carefully validated according to the guidelines of ICH Q2R1. The method was utilized to estimate CUR and DOX in laboratory-prepared mixtures and human biological matrices. It showed a high percentage of recoveries with minimal RSD values. Additionally, three different tools were utilized to evaluate the greenness of the proposed approach.

Experimental study on temperature distribution of double-layer solid cylinder under local heating source

Abstract Heating equipment is widely used in production and life, the transient temperature of the heated object reflects the effect of heating equipment, but also an important basis for the design of heating equipment. In the internal temperature measurement of micro heating equipment, some of the temperature measurement instruments are large in size, which makes it difficult to realize precision measurement, and the use of infrared measurement, laser temperature measurement and other methods cannot be used to accurately measure the temperature of the internal points of the material without destroying the material and equipment at the same time. In this study, based on the thermocouple temperature measurement technology and considering the problem of fragility and breakage caused by the small diameter of very fine thermocouple wires, a multi-point temperature synchronization measurement platform is constructed to realize the precise measurement of the temperature at multiple points inside the micro-heating element. Transient temperatures were measured at different locations of a water-containing porous medium inside a 15 mm long heating element under static heating and dynamic suction conditions in the case study. The results show that moisture and suction have a significant effect on the temperature inside the porous media layer. During the suction process, the temperature drop near the suction opening was larger, and the temperature drop near the wall was about 47% of the temperature drop inside. This study is a guide to the design of heating structures for vacuum drying equipment, electrically heated atomization systems and other micro-miniature heating equipment.

Influence of Age and Sex on Stability Indicators of the Right-Left Hemodynamic Balance of Skin Microcirculation in Symmetrical Areas of the Human Head.

Indicators (markers) of microcirculation stability (MCR) of the skin in symmetric areas of the head were studied in young (18-19-years-old) and elderly (60-80-years-old) male and female subjects. We performed synchronous MCR measurements of symmetrical areas of the head using laser Doppler flowmetry in 40 healthy volunteers (10 men and 10 women in each age group). Numerical values of stability markers (T1, T2, and ζ) and indicators of the right-left hemodynamic balance of the MCR (regression coefficients a1, a2, b1, b2) were obtained using the previously developed computational and experimental methods. The coefficients a2 and b2 that determine the contribution of the right MCR bed to the right-left hemodynamic balance were higher in elderly men than in young men, while in young and elderly women, no significant differences in the values of these coefficients were revealed. In young men, coefficients a2 and b2 were lower than in young women, while in elderly subjects, the sex differences in these coefficients were leveled. Young men have lower stability markers than women, while in elderly subjects, these stability markers were similar in men and women. No significant age and sex differences in the level of perfusion of the symmetrical temporal regions were found. The results attest to low stability of MCR in young men in comparison with young women and similar stability in old age, which, apparently, can be explained by the influence of sex hormones on the regulation of human cardiovascular functions.