Measures Of Attitudes Research Articles

Assessing attitudes towards biostatistics education among medical students: adaptation and preliminary evaluation of the Chinese version survey of attitudes towards statistics (SATS-36)

BackgroundDespite the numerous advantages of mastering biostatistics, medical students generally perceive biostatistics as a difficult and challenging subject and even experience anxiety during the courses. Evidence for the correlation between students’ academic achievements and their attitudes, indicating that attitudes at the beginning of the biostatistics course may affect cognitive competence at the end of the course and subsequently influence student academic performance. However, there are current disagreements regarding the measurement and evaluation of attitudes related to statistics. Thus, there is a need for standard instruments to assess them. This study was conducted to develop a Chinese version of the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS-36) in order to acquire a valid instrument to measure medical students’ attitudes toward biostatistics under Chinese medical educational background.MethodsThe Chinese version SATS-36 was developed through translation and back-translation of the original scale, with subsequent revisions based on expert advice to ensure the most appropriate item content. The local adaption was performed with a cohort of 1709 Chinese-speaking medical undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in biostatistics courses. And then, the reliability, validity and discrimination of the questionnaires were evaluated through correlation coefficient calculation, factor analysis, parallel analysis and other methods.ResultsThe Chinese version SATS-36 consisted of 36 items and loaded a five-factor structure by factor analysis, which offered an alternative similar but not equal to that original six-factor structure. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.20%, the Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.908, the Guttman split-half reliability coefficient was 0.905 and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.752. Discriminant analysis revealed small to large significant differences in the five attitude subscales.ConclusionsThe Chinese version SATS-36 with good validity and reliability in this study can be used to evaluate the learning framework of Chinese medical students.

Predictors of Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified Scores in Outpatients with Legal System Involvement.

The Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified (CSS-M) has been widely used as a measure of criminal attitudes. This analysis examined CSS-M scores in a large sample of outpatients with serious mental illnesses and a criminal legal system history. We compared total and subscale scores in our sample to scores from two other previously published U.S. studies in which the CSS-M was used, and evaluated associations between total CSS-M score and nine variables (age, educational attainment, gender, race, marital status, employment status, diagnostic category, substance use disorder comorbidity, and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) score). Scores were higher than in two prior U.S. studies involving other types of samples. Independently significant predictors of higher CSS-M scores included being younger (P < .001), having a higher ACE score (P < .001), being male (P = 03), not identifying as White (P < 001), not having a psychotic disorder (P < 001), and having a comorbid substance use disorder (P = 002). Future research should test the hypothesis that these factors increase risk for arrest and that arrest events, and subsequent criminal legal system involvement, are characterized by negative experiences and perceptions of poor procedural justice, which in turn underpin the negative opinions referred to as "criminal sentiments" or criminal attitudes.

Using reaction time procedures to assess implicit attitudes toward violence in a nonconvicted male sample.

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self-report) attitudes toward violence and self-reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE-IAT), a personalized VE-IAT (P-VE-IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self-report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self-report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE-IAT and P-VE-IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE-IAT; r = 0.18 and for P-VE-IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE-IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures.

The dark triad, dating app use and online disinhibition positively predict technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration

Technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) describes the perpetration of a variety of sexual offences committed through digital communication technologies. The current study aims to investigate the similarity of risk factors between TFSV and in-person sexual offending. The sample consisted of 105 young adult, Australian males who responded to measures of sexual violence acceptance, dating app usage, online disinhibition, and the dark triad. Overall, 45.3% of the sample reported at least one instance of TFSV perpetration in the past 5 years. Standard and hierarchical linear regressions revealed dating app usage, the dark triad, and online disinhibition positively predicted TFSV perpetration. Neither measure of attitudes accepting of sexual violence predicted TFSV perpetration, but their positive correlation is indicative of cultural norms enabling sexual violence against women. As illuminated here, the congruence between TFSV and in-person violence extends beyond conceptual and prevalence trends to predictive risk factors. Recommendations for interventions and prevention include raising awareness of risk-generating app features that create vulnerability to sexual harm and identifying heterogenous groups of TFSV offenders based on key characteristics to develop optimal intervention strategies.

A Cross-Cultural Examination of Young Children’s Attitudes Towards Peers with Disabilities in South Korea and the United States

ABSTRACT Despite much research effort in promoting young children’s positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities, little is known about cultural influences on the attitude formation. In this study, data were collected from 111 kindergarten aged children from South Korea (n = 59) and the United States (n = 52) to measure the participating children’s attitudes towards peers with disabilities and compare their responses to an attitude measure, the Acceptance Scale for Kindergarteners-Revised (ASK-R). Results revealed that American children had significantly more positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities than Korean children did. When comparing children’s responses to each item in the ASK-R, larger differences were found on the items that did not specifically ask about peers with disabilities (e.g. Do you play with kids even if they look different?). Based on the results, cultural influences on children’s understanding and acceptance of peers with disabilities are discussed.

A comprehensive model for predicting populist attitudes

Populist attitudes are multi-causal, but their determinants are often studied separately, in small groups, or in different samples. This study presents a comprehensive model for the prediction of populist attitudes using a single sample. We use an ideological approach and measure of populist attitudes as anti-elitism, popular sovereignty, and homogeneity, while the differences between the elite and the people are Manichean. Analyzing a sample based on a representative quota for gender, age, education and region of Slovakia (N = 254), it was found that relative deprivation, belief in simple solutions, external political efficacy, trust towards experts, and conspiracy mentality were significant predictors of populist attitudes after controlling for other variables. The effect of education and subjective income faded out after adding variables into the model. The model explained 54% of the variance in populist attitudes. The results are discussed in detail with respect to its limitations and country specifics.

Experiential suicide prevention training for substance use treatment intensive outpatient program counselors: Stepped wedge cluster-randomized training study

IntroductionThe goal of this study was to evaluate changes in knowledge, attitudes, and other key suicide prevention issues for substance use disorder (SUD) counselors trained to administer the Preventing Addiction Related Suicide (PARS) module as part of a large-scale clinical trial. PARS is a 3-hour, PowerPoint based intervention designed with and for community SUD agencies for their Intensive Outpatient (IOP) group therapy programs. A previous randomized study of 906 patients from 15 community SUD sites showed positive changes in patients' suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, and help seeking. MethodsCounselor participants completed measures of knowledge and attitudes about suicide and their confidence treating suicidal patients at each step of a large, stepped wedge cluster randomized trial of PARS, including after the final step. Data analysis compared scores in steps prior to counselors' training in PARS with scores in the steps following counselors' PARS training. ResultsA total of 126 counselors participated in the study (89 % of those approached; 89–92 % retention across follow-up). Evaluation of both PARS efficacy and the PARS training by SUD counselors was highly rated. Counselor scores after receiving PARS training (vs. scores prior to PARS training) showed greater suicide knowledge, less maladaptive attitudes about suicide, and greater confidence in working with suicidal patients. ConclusionsBased on this rigorous test of PARS training for SUD counselors working in community SUD intensive outpatient programs, PARS training, as well as doing the PARS intervention, was rated as highly effective and acceptable. PARS offers an integrated, brief, engaging, and effective training method to improve suicide care for both SUD counselors and SUD clients.

Measurement of sustainable attitudes: a scale for business students

Purpose This study aims to present the development and validation of a scale to measure the attitudes of Latin American business students toward sustainable management practices in the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Using a nonprobabilistic sample, the appreciation for sustainable practices in students (ASP-S) scale was administered to a total of 653 undergraduate and graduate business students in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. A range of psychometric validity (construct, convergent and discriminant) and reliability criteria were applied. Findings Construct, convergent and discriminant validity was obtained from the ASP-S scale across all samples. During the internal validation process, two factors were found: systemic consciousness (ten items) and sustainable business leadership (nine items), both of which obtained acceptable reliability indices. The resulting structure is equivalent in all four countries. Originality/value The instrument can be applied by educators and learning assurance areas to diagnose and measure the effectiveness of pedagogical strategies used in sustainability courses taught at Latin American business schools. As a result, it has applications for curriculum design. As a valid and reliable instrument set in the context of regional business praxis, it can promote an understanding of sustainable behaviors and practices in future Latin American leaders.

Understanding Knowledge and Behaviors Related To the Covid-19 Epidemic in Medical Students in Morocco

Introduction: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is accompanied with increasing morbidity and mortality and has impacted the lives of people worldwide. Health care personnel including medical school students are at high risk of exposure and transmission of the coronavirus. Our aim is to study the knowledge and behavior of medical students in Morocco towards COVID-19 to have protection for themselves, their work colleagues. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study in November 2021 among medical students, conducted by a self-administered questionnaire, stratified sampling on years of study was performed. Results: 300 students responded with a 75% response rate, with a mean age of 21.3 ± 1.4 years. The majority 189 (63%) were female, about 207(69 %) of the respondents had good knowledge (GK) and 174 (60%) had good behaviors (GB) using a point varying of 8 to 10 out of 10 and using a point varying of 40 to 60 out of 60 in each case. To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, 76.7% of the study participants improved their regular hand washing, and 94.7% of them used a face mask since the outbreak; There was a significant difference between hand washing with soap and water and COVID infection (p value = 0.002). The prevalence of anti-coronavirus vaccination was 87.7% (95 % CI 83.4, 90.9). Conclusion: Medical students showed a satisfactory level of knowledge and adherence to the recommendations for protection against COVID-19 and they must also be prepared with medical awareness, an appropriate attitude and good precautionary measures In the event of an emergency

Pop culture resentment: testing existing and alternative measures of white racial attitudes

ABSTRACT Understanding white Americans’ attitudes toward Black Americans is crucial in US public opinion. However, survey measurement of these attitudes is hampered by social desirability bias, low discriminant validity, and the potential for heightened demand characteristics and backlash. I propose a new measure: music genre preference. Consistent preference for genres historically and popularly linked to white culture over those linked to Black culture may partly reflect white Americans’ attitudes toward Black Americans. Using four online surveys comparing the performance of racial resentment, stereotype measures, and genre preference on social desirability, predictive and discriminant validity, and research awareness, I find that genre preference either outperforms or matches the established measures on these criteria. Genre preference thus provides a viable alternative for measuring white Americans’ attitudes toward Black Americans, and potentially other group attitudes in both the United States and other cultures. This also provides an example of sensitive question design using proxies that elicit attitudes without discomforting the survey taker or alerting them to the purpose of the study.

The Implicit Association Test and its difficulty(ies): Introducing the test difficulty concept to increase the true-score variance and, consequently, the predictive power of implicit association tests.

We introduce the test difficulty concept from classical test theory to tackle the issue of low predictive power of implicit association tests (IATs). Following classical test theory, we argue that IATs of moderate difficulty (defined as mean IAT scores of zero) have more predictive power than IATs of extreme difficulties (defined as mean IAT scores deviating strongly from zero). Furthermore, we assume this relationship to be mediated by the true-score variance in IAT scores, with moderate difficulty resulting in more true-score variance. To test our hypotheses, we used nonexperimental (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental designs (Study 3). In Studies 1 and 2, we compared IATs of different test difficulties with regard to their ability to predict direct attitude measures, drawing on the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences study. In Study 1, a subset of 95 attitude IATs (n = 127,259) was analyzed using multilevel structural equation models. As expected, IAT test difficulty strongly moderated the predictive power of IATs, and this effect was mediated by IAT true-score variance. In Study 2, we replicated the results with the same analyses but a different subset of 95 identity IATs (n = 43,745). In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated the IAT test difficulty. In total, three IATs (n = 480) were analyzed using multigroup structural equation models. Again, the IAT closer to moderate difficulty had more true-score variance and predictive power than the IATs of extreme difficulty. Accordingly, for correlational research, we recommend developing moderately difficult IATs to maximize IAT true-score variance and provide suggestions on how to achieve that. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Procedural justice and probation officer legitimacy: Testing the process-based model in community supervision

PurposeThis study provides an empirical test of Tyler's (2006) process-based model by investigating the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and felt obligation to obey among people sanctioned to county-level probation. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, self-reported data were collected from a sample of individuals on probation in a western state (n = 185). Confirmatory factor analyses and full structural equation modeling were used to test a measurement and structural component on the relationship between procedural justice and clients' legitimacy and obligation to obey. ResultsResults demonstrate construct and discriminant validity across measures of client's procedural justice and legitimacy attitudes. In addition, SEM results revealed a positive and statistically significant association between procedural justice with probationers' legitimacy beliefs. In addition, perceived legitimacy was associated with clients' felt obligation to obey their probation officer, though indirect effects were non-significant but potentially suggested partial mediation. ConclusionsThis study provides empirical evidence supporting the positive relationship between perceptions of procedural justice with clients' legitimacy and perceived PO legitimacy with their felt obligation. Study results highlight key theoretical and policy considerations regarding the measurement and application of the process-based model in community corrections.

The effect of a brief educational programme for improving attitudes about purified recycled water

AbstractWith a growing need for efficient use of water in a large metropolitan community, a municipal water district has developed an experiential educational programme to help customers develop acceptance of purified recycled water (PRW). This programme involves touring a small‐scale working purification facility that does not provide consumer drinking water but serves as a demonstration centre. Two empirical studies demonstrated the positive impact of this educational program. In Study 1, a pre‐/post‐research design was used to examine scores on a measure of attitudes about PRW for 70 undergraduate students who were asked to tour the demonstration centre. These participants expressed more favourable attitudes after the tour than they expressed before the tour (t = 8.76, df = 68, p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.06), suggesting that the demonstration centre positively impacted attitudes about PRW. In Study 2, an experimental design allowed for a comparison of attitudes about PRW for undergraduate students who were given an informational tour of the demonstration centre (n = 27), compared to students who did not tour the demonstration centre until after their data were collected (n = 30). Participants who toured the demonstration centre expressed more positive attitudes on a self‐report measure of PRW attitudes than those who had not completed the tour (t = 2.24, df = 50.0, p = 0.03, d = 0.60); however, the two groups did not differ in the amount of water they sampled (t = 0.29, df = 55.65, p = 0.77, d = 0.08) or in facial expressions associated with happiness (t = 1.34, df = 53.89, p = 0.19, d = 0.38) or disgust (t = 0.86, df = 53.14, p = 0.40, d = 0.39) when drinking a sample of water. Together, these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of an experiential demonstration centre in increasing positive attitudes towards purified recycled water.

Assessment of Attitude, Knowledge and Prevention of Anemia in Pregnancy among Women Attending Antenatal Care in Udi LGA in Enugu State, Nigeria

This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards anemia among women attending ANC in Udi LGA, Enugu State. Anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency disorders affecting pregnant women in developing countries, including Nigeria. Anemia during pregnancy is commonly associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and can result in complications that threaten the life of both the mother and fetus. Specific objectives of this study are; to determine the knowledge level of women attending ANC in selected clinics in Udi LGA on anemia, to determine the attitude towards anemia among women attending ANC clinic and to evaluate the knowledge level on preventive measures against anemia among women attending ANC in Udi LGA. A questionnaire-based study was implored to obtain direct information from the respondents and a total of three hundred and eighty-seven (387) respondents were captured. The mean age of the respondents is 32 years. Those between the ages of 26-30 and 31-35 are the highest in number with the frequency of 100 (25.83). Majority of the respondents 159 (46.08) had tertiary education. The results showed that most of the respondents (74.0%) had a good knowledge of anemia in pregnancy. About, 19.2% had an average level of knowledge while 6.8% had a poor knowledge of anemia in pregnancy. It also showed that (59.5%) had a right or excellent attitude towards anemia in pregnancy. About, 27.7% had an average or fair attitude. More so, (75.7%) had an excellent preventive measure towards anemia during pregnancy. Therefore, this study shows that the majority of the respondents have good knowledge, the right attitude and preventive measures towards anemia during pregnancy. Thus more effort is encouraged in sensitization of the public.

‘Lock them up and throw away the key’: an evaluation of the structure of punitive attitudes

Criminologists have developed different measures of public attitudes toward punishment. However, most of the research focuses on the explanation of punitive attitudes with scarce evaluation of the structure of the concept. The goal of this article is to conduct a sounder assessment of the measurement properties of punitive attitudes using exploratory and confirmatory analysis including bifactor analysis in a representative sample of 895 individuals. Results suggest that although confirmatory factor analysis shows that punitive attitudes are multidimensional, bifactor analysis provides support for a more unidimensional characterisation of the scale. Results suggest that conclusions regarding the dimensionality of punitive attitudes should be tempered by the type of analysis that is conducted. We finish discussing the implications for future research.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of registered nurses toward ICU patients’ transfer anxiety in China: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionTransfer anxiety has effect many critically ill patients in ICU around the world. Nurses must take care of the psychological adjustments that patients and families face when ICU patients transferred to general ward. During this period, basic knowledge, positive attitude, and correct practice are necessary for nurses to address the issue of transfer anxiety and seek to reduce it whenever possible. However, there were few investigations have been performed the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of registered nurses toward ICU patients’ transfer anxiety. AimThe purpose of the paper is to explore the level and influencing factors of knowledge, attitude and practice of registered nurses toward ICU patients’ transfer anxiety in China. MethodsFrom February 1 to March 17, 2023, a cross-sectional study was adopted in China. An electronic questionnaire was used to collect data. Registered nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practice toward ICU patients' transfer anxiety were assessed using The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire for Chinese Registered nurses in ICU regarding the prevention of transfer anxiety. In the end, in this study involved 381 registered nurses from Lanzhou University Second Hospitals in China. SPSS 26.0 for mac, independent T-test, one-way ANOVA test, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression tests were used for data analysis. ResultsThe scores of total KAP, knowledge, attitude, and practice are 135.21 ± 24.504, 45.58 ± 13.903, 56.94 ± 10.690 and 32.87 ± 6.393 separately. Study results show that there was a statistically significant correlation among the three variables. According to the results of independent t-test or one-way ANOVA test, there is a correlation between gender(P = 0.001), highest educational attainment (P = 0.005) and knowledge; type of department(P = 0.003) and attitude; gender (P = 0.003), marital status (P = 0.002), clinical work experience (P = 0.002), type of department (P = 0.005) and practice. According to the results of linear regression analysis in this study, the variables of gender (P = 0.006), highest educational attainment (P = 0.032), scores of attitudes (P = 0.006), and scores of practice (P = 0.000) were associated with the scores of knowledge; the variables of scores of knowledge (P = 0.004), and scores of practice (P = 0.000) were associated with the scores of attitudes; the variables of scores of knowledge (P = 0.000), and scores of attitudes (P = 0.000) were associated with the scores of practice. ConclusionThe findings of the study emphasize that comprehensive measures of knowledge, attitude and practice should be taken to improve nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding transfer anxiety in intensive care unit patients in order to reduce its adverse effects on ICU patients.

Country of Product Origin as a Determinant Influencing Typology of Czech Consumers in the Beverages Market

This paper aims to propose a typology of Czech consumers with respect to their attitudes toward the country of origin when purchasing beverages. Attention is paid to four commonly purchased beverage categories: beer, wine, tea and coffee. Using the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing method, the total number of fully completed questionnaires obtained was 396. The selection of respondents was determined by gender and age quotas. The measurement of attitudes involved utilizing a set of 22 statements concerning the beverage origin which were evaluated on a five-point scale. As confirmed by the research results, in each beverage category, the country of origin influences consumers’ purchasing decisions differently. When purchasing wine, Czech consumers most commonly verify the country from which it originates. The origin is also important to them when it comes to beer, with the strongest preference for beer produced in their own country. The country from which the beverage originates has a considerably lower importance for coffee and is the least important when buying tea. Based on respondents’ attitudes toward the country of beverage origin, four consumer segments were identified, namely “Experimenters,”“Picky consumers,”“Patriots,” and “Pro-European consumers.” Factor and cluster analysis were used for this purpose.

Beyond stereotypes: The role of exposure in reshaping Children's biases towards women as coaches in sports

The underrepresentation of women in sports coaching, linked to discrimination and bias may, according to contact theory, be mitigated by increasing the visibility of women coaches, especially among children. Our study examined whether young athletes exposed to women coaches affected their explicit and implicit biases compared to unexposed peers. Seventy-five children aged between 4 and 17 years were evaluated using two explicit attitude measures and an Implicit Association Task. Results indicated that participants with women coach experience were more explicitly satisfied with woman coaches, preferred them more as potential coaches, and associated men with sports less than those without such exposure. Whilst exposure and implicit bias significantly predicted explicit satisfaction, exposure did not moderate the bias relationship. This suggests that exposure to women coaches reduces negative attitudes in young athletes but does not significantly affect the underlying influence of implicit biases, indicating a need for more comprehensive strategies to address gender inequalities in sports coaching.

Psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the short form of the Quality Scale of Inclusive School Development (QU!S-S)

ABSTRACT School inclusion is a reality in many countries around the world and most schools face the challenges of implementing inclusive education. A full inclusion model has been in place in Italy for five decades, but its actual application presents substantial differences between geographical areas, school levels, and individual schools. Thus, the availability of a comprehensive, psychometrically sound, and easy-to-complete measure of school inclusion that can be used for evaluation, screening, and research purposes is crucial. In this study, we investigated the psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Quality Scale of Inclusive School Development-Short Form (QU!S-S) in a sample of 362 teachers from pre-school to 13th grade. The results supported the adequacy of the five-correlated-factor model of the original German version and the discriminant validity of the scales with respect to measures of professional self-efficacy and attitudes towards inclusive education. We also found different patterns of association of the scales with personal and job characteristics of the teachers. Overall, the results support the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the QU!S-S, which can be considered a valid and reliable tool for assessing the core dimensions of school inclusion in an Italian context.

How does an economic shock affect environmental attitudes, preferences and issue importance? Evidence from Switzerland

How do economic shocks affect pressure by the mass public for pro-environmental political action? If democratic systems are to develop and sustain ambitious environmental policy over several decades, this question is important to answer. Theoretically, we argue to look beyond changes in attitudes such as environmental concern, and trace whether and how citizen's policy preferences, and the political importance they attach to environment-related issues change when experiencing a deterioration of their personal economic situation. Empirically, we draw on high-quality population-representative panel survey data for an affluent country, Switzerland, combining tailored survey measures for quasi-random Corona-related employment and income losses, nuanced measures of environmental attitudes and policy preferences, and recently developed measures for issue importance. We neither find a decline of environmental policy support among economically affected individuals compared to the rest of the population (a population wide drop, however), nor lower importance given to environment related relative to economic issues in voting decisions. While this suggests that politicians need not fear electoral losses when pursuing environmental policies in times of economic crisis, we note that the severe extent of the Covid-induced recession, coupled with a rapid recovery, is peculiar to this economic crisis and warrants further research regarding the generalizability of our findings to economic shocks of longer duration.