Measure Of Adequacy Research Articles

Comprehension of prescription orders with and without pictograms: tool validation and comparative assessment among a sample of participants from a developing country

BackgroundMedication errors can often occur due to the patient’s inability to comprehend written or verbal medication orders. This study aimed to develop pictograms of selected medication orders and to validate the comprehension of prescription orders index and compare the comprehension scores with and without pictograms. In addition to determine the predictors that could be associated with a better or worse comprehension of prescription orders with pictograms versus that of their written counterparts.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a snowball sampling technique. Six pictograms were developed to depict specific medication orders. The comprehension of prescription orders index was constructed and validated. The study then compared the comprehension scores of prescription orders with and without pictograms, and identified the predicting factors score difference.ResultsA total of 1848 participants were included in the study. The structure of the comprehension of prescription orders index was validated over a solution of four factors, with an adequate Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy of 0.711 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (P < 0.001). The construct validity of the index was further confirmed by highly significant correlations between each item and the full index (P < 0.001). The study also found a significant association between the difference in comprehension scores for prescription orders with and without pictograms and several factors, including age, level of education, area of residence, number of children, and smoking status with the difference of comprehension scores (P < 0.001).ConclusionPictogram-based instructions of medication orders were better understood by the Lebanese population than written instructions, making the incorporation of pictograms in pharmacy practice paramount to optimize medication use by the patient and thus yielding better health outcomes.

Assessment of stress among pharmacy educators: Validation of the faculty stress index and 2-year cross-sectional follow-up in a Lebanese pharmacy school

Background: Exploring faculty stress and coping strategies among pharmacy educators has not been previously addressed among Lebanese pharmacy schools. The study’s aim was to validate the Faculty Stress Index (FSI) among pharmacy educators and to assess stress and coping strategies in a school of pharmacy in Lebanon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered web-based questionnaire. Results: The FSI structure was validated with factor analysis. All items had good factor loading that ranged from 0.561 to 0.926. All models were verified to be adequate with satisfactory KMO measures of sampling adequacy and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity with p &lt; 0.001. FSI reliability was confirmed by the very good to excellent Cronbach’s alpha values for each stress area that ranged from 0.851 to 0.972. Faculty members had mean total stress scores of 129.43 (±56.90) and 115.59 (±57.34) over 2 academic years, respectively, with higher scores indicating more stress. The greatest stress areas were Time Constraint and Satisfaction with Online Courses. Spending time with family, spirituality, and getting enough sleep were the stress coping strategies considered by the majority of faculty members. Conclusion: This study provided a watchful apprehension of stress levels and key areas precipitating stress among pharmacy educators.

A Feeding Adequacy Scale for Children With Bronchiolitis: Prospective Multicenter Study.

To determine the measurement properties of the Feeding Adequacy Scale (FAS) in young children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Multicenter cohort study of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis at children's and community hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Caregivers and nurses completed the FAS, a 10-cm visual analog scale anchored by "not feeding at all" (score 0) and "feeding as when healthy" (score 10). The main outcome measures were feasibility, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the FAS. A total of 228 children were included with an average (SD) age of 6.3 (5.4) months. Completing the FAS was feasible for caregivers and nurses, with no floor or ceiling effects. Test-retest reliability was moderate for caregivers (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 2,1 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.80) and good for nurses (ICC 2,1 0.75; 95% CI 0.62-0.83). Interrater reliability between 1 caregiver and 1 nurse was moderate (ICC 1,1 0.55; 95% CI 0.45-0.64). For construct validity, the FAS was negatively associated with length of hospital stay and positively associated with both caregiver and nurse readiness for discharge scores (P values <.0001). The FAS demonstrated clinical improvement from the first FAS score at admission to the last FAS score at discharge, with significant differences between scores for both caregivers and nurses (P values for paired t test <.0001). These results provide evidence of the feasibility, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of caregiver-completed and nurse-completed FAS as a measure of feeding adequacy in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis.

Path analytic investigation of the intention to adopt open government data in Qatar (TAM revisited)

Purpose This study aims to examine the factors that influence end users’ intention to adopt open government data (OGD) portals, envisioning this relationship through a path causal model. Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 696 Qataris and 730 white-collar expatriates using a questionnaire. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sample adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were used to determine the questionnaire’s construct validity. Findings The multiple regression analysis revealed that previous experience in using OGD portals, perceived usefulness and ease of use of OGD portals, marital status, age and attitude toward using OGD portals significantly predicted the intention to adopt OGD portals. Moreover, age and marital status significantly affected the intention to adopt OGD portals. The outcomes of the path causal model show that the direct effects of each explanatory variable are enhanced by the effects of the other independent variables in the causal model. Practical implications The study pioneers the application of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to analyze motivating factors for Qatari residents to adopt OGD portals. Using this framework can help policymakers build strategies to boost the use of OGD portals in Qatar. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the TAM has never been examined in the Qatari setting to analyze the adoption of OGD portals. The present study fills knowledge gaps about and offers a clearer understanding of the elements influencing the adoption of OGD portals.

When Media Campaigns Fail: Explaining the Factors of Civil Disobedience to COVID-19 Protocols in Nigeria

Media campaigns on COVID-19 protocols were launched in Nigeria to reduce the spread of the virus. There was evidence to suggest disobedience to the protocols. Thus, this study investigates factors that facilitated civil disobedience to COVID-19 protocols and the implications for the management of the virus. Awareness, mediatisation and personal, cultural and societal factors constructs were formulated to measure the level of civil disobedience. Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin’s Measure of Sampling Adequacy used for the study revealed that 86.4% out of the sampled size was sufficient for testing and validating variables in the civil disobedience construct, 69.1% and 63.1% for awareness and mediatisation constructs, respectively. The constructs were subjected to inferential statistical analysis, and the variables measured at the continuous and linear relationship levels. The study found economic status and media reports as the determinants of peoples’ awareness of the virus. Provision of adequate information and exposure to COVID-related contents were dominant factors under mediatisation; social distancing and use of face masks were dominant factors of civil disobedience. This study concluded that media campaigns on COVID-19 protocols failed to achieve needed behavioural changes due to economic issues, language barriers, insensitivity of government and inadequate provision of essential amenities.

The Norwegian version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III): Initial validation study using a national sample of registered nurses.

Employers are legally obligated to ensure the safety and health of employees, including the organizational and psychosocial working environment. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) covers multiple dimensions of the work environment. COPSOQ III has three parts: a) work environment b) conflicts and offensive behaviours and c) health and welfare. We translated all three parts into Norwegian and evaluated the statistical properties of the 28 work environment dimensions in part a), using a sample of registered nurses. The original English version was translated into Norwegian and back translated into English; the two versions were compared, and adjustments made. In total, 86 of 99 items from the translated version were included in a survey to which 8804 registered nurses responded. Item response theory models designed for ordinal manifest variables were used to evaluate construct validity and identify potential redundant items. A standard confirmatory factor analysis was performed to verify the latent dimensionality established in the original version, and a more exploratory factor analysis without restrictions is included to determine dependency between items and to identify separable dimensions. The measure of sampling adequacy shows that the data are well suited for factor analyses. The latent dimensionality in the original version is confirmed in the Norwegian translated version and the scale reliability is high for all dimensions except 'Demands for Hiding Emotions'. In this homogenous sample, eight of the 28 dimensions are found not to be separate dimensions as items covering these dimensions loaded onto the same factor. Moreover, little information is provided at the low and high ends of exposure for some dimensions in this sample. Of the 86 items included, 14 are found to be potential candidates for removal to obtain a shorter Norwegian version. The established Norwegian translation of COPSOQ III can be used in further research about working environment factors and health and wellbeing in Norway. The extended use of the instrument internationally enables comparative studies, which can increase the knowledge and understanding of similarities and differences between labour markets in different countries. This first validation study shows that the Norwegian version has strong statistical properties like the original, and can be used to assess work environment factors, including relational and emotional risk factors and resources available at the workplace.

Seven Days in May: An Afrocentric Diagnosis of Shepherd Mpofu’s Facebook Roar

As a relatively new media, social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and Instagram have received the attention of scholars emanating from Political Science, Public Administration, Media and Communication Studies, inter alia. Given that it is difficult to gaze the measure of adequacy, it suffices to mention that much of the scholarly works on this subject are disciplinary inward looking and Western centred- which exposes them to deficiency in capturing the African reality in its totality. As such, this interdisciplinary paper examines a sample of Mpofu’s Facebook roar during May 2023 on the basis of an Afrocentric lens and auto-ethnographic approach. The key argument of this paper is that Mpofu’s roar does not have a sound academic basis. But it is a revelation of underlying scholarly limits (enter profanity) which are common to all but worse for those with troubled consciousness.

Prediction of knee joint pain in Tai Chi practitioners: a cross-sectional machine learning approach

ObjectiveTo build a supervised machine learning-based classifier, which can accurately predict whether Tai Chi practitioners may experience knee pain after years of exercise.DesignA prospective approach was used. Data were collected...

Pengaruh Sosial Media Facebook Pada Penjualan Studi Kasus Pada UMKM Group Wisata Kuliner Pringsewu

The current development of technology has enabled many small and medium-sized enterprises (UMKM) marketers, particularly those in the snack food industry, to utilize social media as a means of promotion and sales. This has encouraged UMKM to create accounts on platforms such as Facebook. They actively engage with their customers on social media, hoping that this interaction will boost their product sales. This research aims to describe the activities undertaken by UMKM on Facebook and understand the influence of the Facebook social media platform on UMKM sales in Pringsewu Regency. The sample for this study consists of 160 respondents from culinary UMKM in Pringsewu. The sampling method used was purpose sampling, measured by the Hair formula. The data type is quantitative, and the data source is primary data. The data collection technique involves the use of questionnaires. The data analysis technique includes validity testing, reliability testing, simple regression analysis, and hypothesis testing with the assistance of the SPSS 2.0 for Windows program. Based on the validity test results, the variables are valid because the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO MSA) value for the social media variable (X) is 0.628 &gt; 0.50 with a significance of 0.000, and the sales variable (Y) is 0.683 &gt; 0.50 with a significance of 0.000. The reliability test shows reliable results because the Cronbach's Alpha value exceeds &gt; 0.60. In the simple regression analysis, the regression coefficient for the Facebook social media variable is 0.166. The results of the T-test indicate that the significance value for Facebook social media (X) on sales is 0.045 &lt; 0.05, and the t-value 2.021 &gt; the t-table value 1.975. In conclusion, there is a significant influence of Facebook social media on sales.

Obesity decreases energy and protein intake in hospitalized COVID-19 patients undergoing continuous positive airway pressure treatment

Patients with SARS-CoV generally require noninvasive treatments including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and appropriate nutritional therapy. Our hypothesis was that a higher body mass index (BMI) would result in greater respiratory difficulties during CPAP treatment and lead to a reduction in energy and protein intake. The study was conducted prospectively and retrospectively in a Brazilian public hospital. The sample comprised all patients (n = 70) hospitalized in COVID-19 wards and using the Elmo System (ELMO) helmet. To ensure proper nutritional support, the hospital established a standard ELMO diet and questionnaire for estimating dietary adherence. The median length of stay was 11 days (interquartile range, 9-20), and 84.3% of the patients received hospital discharge. The median duration of helmet use was 1.5 days (interquartile range, 1-4). From mid-upper arm circumference adequacy measurements, 35 patients (50%) were classified as being overweight or living with obesity and 36 adult patients (66.7%) were considered living with obesity based on their BMI. The prevalence of overweight elderly patients was 81.3%. The median energy and protein intake adequacy percentages were 65% and 72.5%, respectively. Patients with higher BMIs exhibited lower oxygen flows while wearing the ELMO helmet. Younger age and lower energy and protein intake characterized the obesity group. A correlation between oxygen therapy and food intake in COVID-19 patients undergoing CPAP treatment was observed. Patients with higher BMIs and/or mid-upper arm circumference adequacies were more susceptible to energy and protein intake declines, and patients with obesity presented the lowest intake values.

A psychometric analysis of a Ghanaian tool (PCaKAB-Gh) for studying prostate cancer knowledge, attitudes and beliefs amongst women

Several Ghanaian studies have examined prostate cancer knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. However, none of these studies was conducted in women except our previous study which served as the third stage in the development of a local robust tool, PCaKAB-Gh, to assess women's knowledge about prostate cancer. Although the subject had previously been studied in Ghana, none of the studies utilized a psychometrically valid tool and focused on involving women in the early detection of prostate cancer. For this purpose, we performed a psychometric study on a 41-item tool to improve robustness. The study which was the final stage of the tool development process employed a cross-sectional approach and conveniently recruited 500 participants. Statistical analysis to assess the reliability and construct validity of the tool was performed. The factors of the tool had Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients of 0.53 – 0.78 and reflected favourable internal consistency. The Exploratory Factor Analysis, using the Principal Component Analysis with Varimax with Kaiser Normalization, generated 5 factors with itemized factor loadings of 0.44 – 0.80, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy of 0.857, and a significant Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (2293.448, p-value < 0.001). A variance of 55.3% was explained. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis had a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation and a Standardized Root Mean Square Residual below 0.050, and a Comparative Fit Index and a Tucker-Lewis Index above 0.900 which indicated satisfactory fit indices (p-value < 0.001). The study successfully developed a 24-item psychometrically valid tool, with 5 factors, to be used to study the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about prostate cancer among Ghanaian women. The availability of the PCaKAB-Gh tool, the first of its kind, would permit the active involvement of women in improving the early detection of prostate cancer to reduce the cost of therapy and improve management outcomes.

State Efforts to Regulate Provider Networks and Directories: Lessons for the Future

Managed care arrangements are the dominant form of insurance coverage in the United States today. These arrangements rely on a network of contracted providers to deliver services to their enrollees. After the managed care backlash, governments moved to ensure consumer access by issuing a number of requirements for carriers related to the composition and size of their networks and how this information is shared with consumers. The authors provide a comprehensive review of these state-based efforts to regulate provider network adequacy and provider directory accuracy for commercial insurance markets. In addition to common measures of adequacy, they also include requirements specifically targeted to underserved populations. Their assessment comes on the heels of recent empirical work that has raised significant questions about whether these efforts are effective, particularly considering the limited nature of enforcement. They also provide a brief overview and assessment of recent federal government efforts that replicate these state regulations with a focus on lessons learned from state regulations that may help improve their federal counterparts. Furthermore, they outline a future research agenda focused on a more comprehensive evaluation of efforts to ensure consumer access.

Psychometric properties of a dropout prediction tool for students in Andalusia

This article analyzes the psychometric properties of the scale used in the research corresponding to the topic “Stories of Abandonment. A Biographical-Narrative Approach to the Academic Dropout in Andalusian Universities. Multicausal Analysis and Proposals for Prevention.” The scale is composed of 71 items, with five Likert-type response alternatives. The participants forming the convenience sample were 970 from six Spanish universities. The study dimensions are: A.-Motivation, B.-Commitment, C.-Attitude and behavior, D.-Socioeconomic conditions, and finally E.-Permanence. The study begins by calculating the statistical power and the effect size, thus determining the type I and type II error. Similarly, reliability has been calculated based on the intercorrelation of items through Cronbach’s alpha (0.906). The construct validity was carried out through exploratory factor analysis, for which the correlation matrix was studied using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO coefficient), in this case the value is 0.886, the result of Bartlett’s test of sphericity is 0.000 and the Determinant 4.009E−12, so we continue with the analysis of the correlational structure, extracting the factors through the principal components method and determining in this way the communalities with the highest and lowest values. Next, we calculated the total variance explained, obtaining 16 factors and an accumulated variance of 57.315%. Finally, the model was determined by distributing the items according to the highest level of saturation by factors, obtaining a 30-item scale with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.893, which is reliable. In conclusion, the questionnaire used complies with the psychometric aspects necessary to be an optimal scale.

Principal Component Analysis Technique for Finding the Best Applicant for a Job

This paper focuses on the use of principal component analysis technique (PCA) in choosing the best applicant for a job in Cihan University-Erbil. Cihan University has a panel of judges (University staff) to help in choosing the applicants for a job by evaluating or rating each one on different scale of preference and different type of characteristics. This process usually creates complicated multivariate data structure, which consists of 25 applicants for a job rated by a panel of judges on 17 characteristics [25 rows, applicants, and 17 columns, characteristics]. PCA plays a crucial role in conducting impactful research as it offers a potent technique for analyzing multivariate data. Researchers can utilize this method to extract valuable information that aids decision-makers in problem-solving. To ensure the appropriateness of data for PCA, certain testing procedures are necessary. In this study, two tests, namely the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, were performed, and their significance is vital. The findings indicate that the data employed in this research are suitable for PCA. Scoring and ranking procedures as extra tools were used to see that applicant No. (1) is the first accepted for a job, applicant No. (17) is the second, applicant No. (12) is the third, and so on.

(058) Attention to Genital Cues Scale - Principal Components Analysis and Correlational Validity

Abstract Introduction The Attention to Genital Cues (AGC) scale was developed to characterize respondents’ usual experience observing genital sensations by capturing perceived prevalence, ease, and value of being aware of genital cues (Handy &amp; Meston, 2016, 2018). The scale has been predominantly used in the literature as a descriptive measure (A. Handy, personal communication, October 13, 2020). However, there appears to be no published data for using it in quantitative statistical analyses. Quantitative information about genital cue observation may be useful, as it has been reported that awareness of these sensations is salient for some women’s sexual arousal (Meston &amp; Stanton, 2018). Objectives The objective of this investigation was to explore the psychometric properties of the AGC scale. Methods This was a secondary data analysis of 2018 data collected from student and community participants regarding genital arousal sensations. The current investigation focused on responses to the AGC scale, which consists of an initial skip pattern question followed by four scored items and a free-text response (Handy &amp; Meston, n.d.). The sample was limited to women who endorsed usually paying attention to genital cues when sexually engaged and/or aroused (N = 491). A principal components analysis was performed on the four scored items to determine whether the items comprised a single factor; bivariate correlations were calculated to determine convergent and discriminant validity as well as to explore other potential associations of interest. Variables used for the latter analysis were subscales of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness scale (Mehling et al., 2012), which measures bodily mindfulness (noticing, not-distracting, not-worrying, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, and trusting); the arousal subscale of the Female Sexual Function Index (Rosen et al., 2000); and the tiredness and negative arousal subscales of the Four Dimensional Mood Scale (Huelsman et al., 1998). Results A principal components analysis produced a .62 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy, which surpassed the value of .50 suggested as adequate by Kaiser (1970), and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 (6) = 311.15, p &amp;lt; .00) (Barlett, 1950). All of the item loadings were above .40 (.56 - .82) on a single factor for genital attending; therefore, rotation was not necessary. Reliability for the measure was adequate (α = .64), especially given the relatively small number of items. There was some support for the measure’s convergent validity: the AGC was positively associated with attention regulation (r = .12, p &amp;lt; .01), noticing (r =.19, p &amp;lt; .00), and sexual arousal (r = .198, p &amp;lt; .009). However, a significant association was not found between AGC and body listening (r = .03, p &amp;lt; .47). AGC scores were not significantly related to dispositional tiredness (r = .03, p &amp;lt; .54) or negative affect (r = -.12, p &amp;lt; .01), demonstrating discriminant validity. Additionally, age (r = .18, p &amp;lt; .00), self-regulation (r = .11, p &amp;lt; .02), and trusting (r = .10, p &amp;lt; .02) were significantly correlated with AGC scores. Conclusions The AGC scale has adequate psychometric properties to function as a single factor scale. This measure may be useful in future quantitative investigations focused on sexual psychophysiology, sexual functioning, or bodily mindfulness. Disclosure No.

The specialized competency framework for community pharmacists (SCF-CP) in Lebanon: validation and evaluation of the revised version

BackgroundIn the absence of similar studies in Lebanon, this study aimed at upgrading and validating the Lebanese specialized competencies framework for community pharmacists (SCF-CP) as a tool to transform community practice and support the professional development and career progression of community pharmacists.MethodsContent validity was assessed and improved through a team of experts. After a thorough literature review and utilizing the Delphi technique, six domains were defined in the framework, with their respective competencies and behaviors. A cross-sectional study was then carried out from March to October 2022 using an online questionnaire created on Google Forms. The snowball technique was applied to reach community pharmacists across all the Lebanese governorates.ResultsThe final sample included 512 community pharmacists. The construct validity of the framework was confirmed by factor analysis. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measures of sampling adequacy were satisfactory for all models ranging from 0.500 to 0.956 with a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (P < 0.001). The internal consistency of all competency domains was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha, with values ranging from 0.803 to 0.953. All competencies were significantly correlated with their respective domains (P < 0.001), and all domains were significantly correlated with each other and with the framework (P < 0.001). The participants declared being competent in all domains relating to fundamental skills, safe and rational use of medicines, pharmacy management, professional skills, public health fundamentals, and emergency preparedness and response, with some exceptions, such as compounding, management, and emergency preparedness. A higher declared competency level was associated with having more experience and receiving more than 50 patients per day.ConclusionOur findings could demonstrate that the Lebanese specialized competency framework is a valid and reliable tool. This framework could help assess the minimum competencies that community pharmacists should possess or acquire and direct initial and continuing education for better practice. Hence, it could be adopted by the authorities and implemented in the Lebanese community pharmacy setting.

Validation of the Korean Version of the Cancer Fatigue Scale in Patients with Cancer.

Cancer-related fatigue is a highly prevalent and distressing symptom that negatively affects the quality of life of patients in all stages of cancer, including survivors. The Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) is a 15-item multidimensional instrument with the potential to enhance comprehension of fatigue. This study aimed to translate the original English version of the CFS into Korean and establish the validity and reliability of the translated version. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to translate and validate the CFS in Korean. Factor analyses were performed to understand and establish construct and convergent validity with the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F), and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). The CFS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all 15 items = 0.806); the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy was found to be 0.897, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were found between BFI, FACT-F, and EROTC QLQ-C30, indicating moderate validity. However, there were differences in factorial validity between the original scale and the Korean version, demonstrating a need for further testing in a homogenous population of cancer patients. The findings of this validation and reliability study showed that the Korean version of the CFS is a concise, reliable, feasible, and practical tool for evaluating the multidimensional aspects of cancer-related fatigue in patients with cancer.

Examining organizational politics as the cause of the crisis in energy generation in developing countries

The majority of state-owned power companies (SoEs) have experienced organizational cancer for nearly three decades without showing any signs of ceasing operations. Academicians generally agree that organizational politics are to blame for the ongoing energy-generating dilemma that has plagued rising nations. Worldwide, economies rely heavily on electricity as an energy source, to the point where they would not function or even survive without it. In order to reduce unfavorable political behavior, this study examines organizational politics at the Zimbabwe Supply Authority, a SoE in charge of energy production. A sample of 1400 individuals who were chosen at random from a population of 2210 staff members participated in the study using a quantitative research approach to collect data. By the deadline, 358 completed questionnaires had been returned; however, 11 of them were rejected because they had been wrongly filled out, with a response rate of 24.78%. The data were analyzed using the statistical tool SPSS 21.0 for Windows. To ensure that the samples were adequate for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's Test of sphericity were applied to the data before exploratory factor analysis could be conducted on them (Field, 2007:619). The results of the study showed that bad political behavior and ineffective managerial leadership techniques had a detrimental impact on the power generation crisis. According to the report, managers should receive training on modern managerial leadership behavior, managerial methods for behavior modification, and improved communication.

Development of the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale

BackgroundThere is a need for a valid and reliable scale to determine the individualised developmental care levels of nurses who provide care for preterm newborns. AimsTo develop the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale for nurses who provide care to preterm newborns and to evaluate its validity and reliability. MethodsThis methodological study was performed with 260 nurses who provide care for preterm newborns in neonatal intensive care units. The content validity of the research was evaluated under the guidance of professionals working in the pediatric field. Collected data were analysed using values, percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and factor analysis methods. ResultsThe total Content Validity Index for all items was found to be 0.930. The result of Bartlett's test of sphericity (x2 = 4691.061, p = 0.000) was significant, and the KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.906. The fit indices for confirmatory factor analysis were x2/SD = 4.35, GFI = 0.97, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.057 and SRMR = 0.062. All of the related fit indices were in the accepted range. The Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale was developed at the end of the study, and 34 items and four dimensions were identified. The Cronbach's alpha of the full scale was 0.937. ConclusionsFrom the results, it can be concluded that the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale is both a reliable and valid measurement tool for determining individualised developmental levels.

Counterfeiting of luxury products: An attitudinal examination

The purpose of this paper is to understand the consumer perception of Counterfeit Luxury goods across ages and what consumer mentality triggers the consumption of these goods and can be associated to the causality to their rise in popularity.A sample size of 108 respondents was taken from Amritsar, Punjab, India. Upon inspection of the data it was revealed that there are enough correlations among the statements to move ahead with the factor analysis. Anti image matrix contained low correlations which also showed that data was appropriate for factor analysis. KMO measure of sampling adequacy was computed and found to be 0.555 which is a good figure (Hair et.al 2011). The chi square value was significant and Bartlett’s test indicated that corelation matrix is not an identity matrix. Hence, all these factors indicate that data is appropriate for factor analysis. Tools used for the study were IBM SPSS and Microsoft Excel.We can conclude that socioeconomic factors make up the majority of the decision making process with factors such as low income encouraging consumption. Furthermore, there seems to be a strong linking between their appetite for consumption of these goods and their desire for a better social status. Lastly, younger age groups are likely to be more impressionable and have a higher linking to counterfeit goods compare to older age groups.With the help of this study, marketers can devise appropriate strategies to counteract the consumption of counterfeit goods. Awareness should be spread through advertising and promotions to portray consumption of counterfeit goods in an unethical way which can help curb the growth of this market. Collective action by the luxury goods industry is likely to benefit all parties involved and recover sales lost to counterfeit goods. Lastly, as stated by Lewis, 2009, consumers are encouraged to inform the producer or law enforcement of their suspicions of sale of counterfeit goods.