Measures Of Body Fat Research Articles

Using Bayesian Ridge Algorithm to Predict Effectiveness of Body Fat Measurement

Body fat is an important aspect in understanding and managing one's physical condition. Accurate measurement of body fat percentage is essential to help accurately plan future health plans. Currently, the method of measuring body fat is still traditional and quite difficult, so what is needed is a more effective method. The Bayesian Ridge Algorithm is a linear regression technique that uses Bayesian inference to estimate the parameters of the model. In this study, it was used to predict the effectiveness of measuring body fat, which is a method often used to evaluate a person's overall health and physical condition. This algorithm takes into account factors such as age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) to make predictions about a person's body fat percentage. The results from this study can be used to improve the accuracy of body fat measurement and help individuals better understand and manage their health. The results of this study indicate that the model has very high accuracy (more than 99%).

The effect of acute hydration on body composition assessed by multi-frequency and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance.

Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (MF-BIA) provides an estimate of total body water. However, it is unknown if MF-BIA detects body water increases due to acute hydration, thus affecting the validity of MF-BIA body composition measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of pre-testing fluid ingestion on body composition estimation using single-frequency bioelectrical impedance (SF-BIA) and MF-BIA. Thirty-nine subjects (20 male, 19 female) were tested for body composition using DXA, SF-BIA and MF-BIA before and after consumption of 2 L of water. Hydration significantly increased fat percentage in men and women for MF-BIA (+2.1±0.7% for men, +2.6±0.7% for women) and SF-BIA (+1.3±0.7% for men, +2.1±0.9% for women). Additionally, hydration significantly increased fat-free mass (FFM) for DXA (+1.4±0.8 kg for men, +1.7±0.4 kg for women) and SF-BIA (+0.5±0.6 kg) in men. Hydration significantly increased fat mass (FM) for all modes (DXA +0.3±0.3 kg, MF-BIA +2.0±0.7 kg, SF-BIA +1.3±0.6 kg) in males, and only for MF-BIA (+2.2±0.3 kg) and SF-BIA (+1.7±0.5 kg) in females. Increases in FM were highest for MF-BIA for both males and females. Total body water was unchanged in males and significantly decreased with acute hydration in females. MF-BIA improperly categorizes increased mass due to acute hydration as fat mass, resulting in an increase in measured body fat percentage. These findings confirm the need to standardize hydration status for body composition measurements using MF-BIA.

Loss of body weight and lean mass in long-stay, hospitalized canine patients.

A high prevalence of malnutrition occurs in human hospitals and has been associated with detrimental consequences. By comparison, much less is known in hospitalized veterinary patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition and body composition changes in long-stay hospitalised patients using an isotopic dilution technique. An additional objective was to compare the changes in composition with commonly used methods measuring body fat and lean mass. The dogs consumed on average 77.5% of their estimated resting energy requirements during their stay. The majority (78.3%) of dogs lost body weight, of which a greater proportion was lean mass (61.8%) than fat mass (FM) (38.2%). There was a moderate correlation between body condition score and percentage FM measured at admission (Kendall's τ = 0.51; p = 0.002), and at discharge (Kendall's τ = 0.55; p = 0.001). However, there was no correlation between muscle condition score and fat-free mass at either admission or discharge (p > 0.1). Duration of stay was positively associated with loss of body weight (p < 0.001), but was not associated with changes in either lean or FM expressed as a percentage of body weight or in absolute terms (p > 0.1), which was presumed to be explained by small sample size and variation. Food intake was not found to a significant factor for lean or FM loss (p > 0.1). These findings indicate that weight loss is common in hospitalized canine patients, which is not explained by simple under-eating. Other factors such as inflammation and inactivity should be evaluated in future studies to determine their role in influencing muscle and FM changes in hospitalized canine patients.

Maternal nutrition during mid-pregnancy and children's body composition at 7 years of age in the SELMA study.

Optimal nutrition during pregnancy is vital for both maternal and child health. Our objective was to explore if prenatal diet is associated with children's height and body fat. Nutrient intake was assessed through a FFQ from 808 pregnant women and summarised to a nutrition index, 'My Nutrition Index' (MNI). The association with children's height and body fat (bioimpedance) was assessed with linear regression models. Secondary analysis was performed with BMI, trunk fat and skinfolds. Overall, higher MNI score was associated with greater height (β = 0·47; (95 % CI 0·00, 0·94), among both sexes. Among boys, higher MNI was associated with 0·15 higher BMI z-scores, 0·12 body fat z-scores, 0·11 trunk fat z-scores, and larger triceps, and triceps + subscapular skinfolds (β = 0·05 and β = 0·06; on the log2 scale) (P-value < 0·05). Among girls, the opposite associations were found with 0·12 lower trunk fat z-scores, and smaller subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds (β = -0·07 and β = -0·10; on the log2 scale) (P-value < 0·05). For skinfold measures, this would represent a ± 1·0 millimetres difference. Unexpectedly, a prenatal diet in line with recommended nutrient intake was associated with higher measures of body fat for boys and opposite to girls at a pre-pubertal stage of development.

Dietary fat intakes, lipid profiles, adiposity, inflammation, and glucose in women and men in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.

Introduction: The role of dietary fat in the evolution of cardiometabolic disorders is highly controversial. As both dietary intake and the development of cardiometabolic risk differ by sex, we evaluated sex-specific differences in the associations between dietary fats (saturated and unsaturated) and four key cardiometabolic risk factors-lipid profiles, body fat, inflammation, and glucose regulation. Methods: We included 2391 women and men aged ≥30years in the prospective Framingham Offspring Cohort. Weight-adjusted dietary fats (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, including omega-3 and omega-6) were derived from 3-day dietary records. Analysis of covariance was used to derive adjusted mean levels of all outcomes. Results: In both men and women, intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fats were inversely associated with TG:HDL ratio (p < 0.02 for both types of fat). In women, higher omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were also inversely associated with TG:HDL (p < 0.05 for both), but for men, only omega-3 PUFAs were associated (p = 0.026). All types of dietary fat were beneficially associated with larger HDL particle sizes in both men and women, while only saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with larger LDL particles in men. In addition, saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with statistically significantly higher concentrations of HDL and lower concentrations of LDL and VLDL particles in both sexes, while polyunsaturated fat had favorable associations in women only. Saturated fat also had beneficial associations with three measures of body fat. For example, women with the highest (vs. lowest) saturated fat intake had a lower BMI (27.7 ± 0.25 vs. 26.2 ± 0.36kg/m2, p = 0.001); findings were similar in men (28.2 ± 0.25 vs. 27.1 ± 0.20, p = 0.002). Unsaturated fats had beneficial associations with body fat primarily in women. Finally, omega-3 PUFAs among women were inversely associated with interleukin-6 levels. There was no association between dietary fat intake and fasting glucose levels in either women or men. Discussion: In sum, we found no evidence of an adverse association between dietary fats and several surrogate markers of cardiometabolic health. This study suggests that different dietary fats may have divergent associations with cardiometabolic risk in women and men, perhaps owing to differences in food sources of the same dietary fats.

Gender affirming hormone therapy in the male rat is associated with differential effects on cardiovascular risk factors

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT) in transgender females (male to female) involves administration of 17ß-estradiol (E2) with an anti-androgen (AA) or castration (CTX). GAHT is used to treat individuals that are born one sex but identify as the other gender. Numerous clinical studies indicate that cardiovascular (CV) risk is elevated in GAHT transgender females. Yet, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop an experimental model of the transgender female and to test the hypothesis GAHT is associated with increased CV risk. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: Control (n=8), E2 [5 mg/day, pellet sc, replaced every 3 weeks, N=6], E2+AA [E2 + Spironolactone, 10 ng/kg/day, diet, N=8], and E2+CTX (N=8). AA and E2 were initiated at 14 weeks of age; CTX rats were exposed to AA for 2 weeks prior to CTX at 16 weeks of age. At 28 weeks of age, EchoMRI for measurement of body weight, fat and lean mass was followed by 24-hour metabolic studies. E2 (ELISA), testosterone (RIA) and analytes (Chemistry Analyzer) were analyzed end of study at 28 weeks of age. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 with one-way ANOVA with multi-group comparisons. Statistical significance was set at a P value of &lt;0.05. Results: ( Table 1 ) E2 alone was sufficient to decrease testosterone in male rats. Administration of E2 in the male rat was associated with a significant decrease in body weight, lean mass and average kidney and testes weight. Creatinine was decreased in E2 alone. Yet, BUN was decreased in E2+CTX. E2 + AA was associated with a significant increase in total cholesterol compared to Control; an increase not observed in E2 or E2+CTX. HDL was elevated in E2+AA, whereas LDL-C was decreased in E2, E2+AA and E2+CTX mimicking what is observed in the transfemale population. Collectively, these results demonstrate differential effects of E2+AA versus E2+CTX on CV risk factors in male rats indicating that long-term studies are needed to determine the effect of GAHT on CV risk across the lifespan. [Table: see text] Funding: HL143459, P20-GM-104357, P20-GM121334, T32-HL105324, and LGBTQ Fund of MS This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Randomized Clinical Trial of Intermittent Calorie Restriction in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Immunometabolic and Cognitive Measures

Abstract BACKGROUND: Intermittent calorie restriction (iCR) reduces inflammation in preclinical models and in people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). Mechanisms could be related to changes in levels of adipose tissue-derived adipokines with reduced systemic inflammation and gut microbiota composition. AIMS: Evaluate the effects of iCR on adipokines levels, metabolic and immune/inflammatory biomarkers compared to a control unrestricted diet (Ctr) in pwMS. METHODS: PwMS (relapsing Remitting MS) were randomly assigned to the iCR or Ctr groups for 12 weeks. Blood was collected at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Leptin and adiponectin levels, peripheral blood metabolic and immunologic profiling, anthropometric and total body fat measures, and clinical and cognitive measures were evaluated. Differences between iCR and Ctr were examined using a linear, repeated measures mixed model and adjusted for baseline levels, age, sex and DMTs. RESULTS: 42 pwMS were randomized (iCR=22 and Ctr=20). 34 pwMS completed the study (iCR=17 and Ctr=17). PwMS on iCR showed a significant reduction of anthropometric (weight and BMI) and body adiposity measures (waist circumference and fat mass) over the 12 weeks. Leptin levels decreased and were significantly lower in the iCR group at 6 weeks and approaching significance at 12 weeks. Adiponectin increased from baseline in the iCR group at 6 and 12 weeks. The iCR group showed a significant decrease in Th1 cells and an increase in CD45RO+ regulatory T cells after 6 weeks. Cognitive testing using symbol digit modality test showed significantly greater improvement in the iCR group versus Ctr at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Short term iCR is safe and feasible in pwMS, and it can ameliorate metabolic, immunologic, and cognitive profiles. National Multiple Sclerosis Society # RG-1607-25158

Excess adiposity contributes to higher ambulatory central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in physically inactive young adults.

It remains unknown if physical inactivity and excess adiposity increases 24-h central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in young adults. This study examined 24-h central blood pressure and indirect measures of arterial stiffness (e.g., central pulse pressure) in physically inactive young adults with and without excess adiposity. Body fat and ambulatory 24-h blood pressure were measured in 31 young adults (men: 22±4 years, N.=15; women: 22±5 years, N=16). Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance measured body fat. Normal adiposity was defined as <20% body fat in men and <32% body fat in women, whereas excess adiposity was defined as ≥20% and ≥32% in men and women, respectively. Ambulatory 24-h central blood pressure was calculated based on brachial blood pressure and volumetric displacement waveforms. By design, the normal adiposity group had a lower body fat percentage (men: 15.5±4.6%; women: 20.8±2.5%) compared to the physically inactive excess adiposity group (men: 29.8±5.4%; women: 34.3±7.5%). Men and women with excess adiposity group had elevated central blood pressure (central systolic, P<0.05 vs. normal adiposity groups). Central pulse pressure was elevated in the excess adiposity group (men: 45±5 mmHg; women: 41±9 mmHg) compared to normal adiposity groups (men: 36±4 mmHg; women: 32±3 mmHg, P<0.05 for both), while other arterial stiffness (augmentation index and ambulatory arterial stiffness index) measures trended toward significance only in men with excess adiposity. Physically inactive men and women with excess adiposity have increased 24h central blood pressure and pulse pressure compared to physically inactive young adults with normal adiposity.

Adiposity and plasma concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites and traditional markers of inflammation

AimThe kynurenine pathway is increasingly recognised to play a role in inflammation and disease. We assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of adiposity measures (body mass index, waist-hip ratio, waist circumference and fat mass ratio) with plasma concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites and traditional markers of inflammation. MethodsWe used data from 970 Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study participants who had plasma markers measured at baseline (median age 59 years) and follow-up (median age 70 years). Linear regression was used to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between four adiposity measures and concentrations of i) nine kynurenine pathway metabolites; ii) two derived markers; iii) eight traditional inflammatory markers. ResultsCross-sectionally, most kynurenine metabolites were strongly associated with adiposity measures at both time points; associations were generally stronger than for most inflammation markers except CRP (e.g. body mass index at baseline, quinolinic acid (per S.D. β = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.24–0.36, P = 10−21), kynurenine (β = 0.25, 95%CI: 0.19–0.31, P = 10−16) and CRP (β = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.25–0.37, P = 10−24), and remained largely unchanged after adjustment for confounders. Longitudinally, changes in adiposity measures over approximately a decade were positively associated with changes in kynurenine metabolite concentrations (in particular for 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenine and quinolinic acid), and more strongly so than for other markers of inflammation, including CRP. ConclusionsIn middle-aged and older adults, plasma concentrations of kynurenine metabolites are strongly associated with adiposity, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Our study demonstrates that kynurenine metabolites may be valuable markers to monitor the adverse consequences of obesity.

Factors associated with the CVD risk factors and body fat pattern of postmenopausal Hindu caste and Lodha tribal populations living in India: An exploratory study

BackgroundLoss in ovarian function during mid-life results in adverse changes in the cardiovascular profile of women. The association between CVD risk factors and menopause differ cross-culturally since several modifiable factors play significant roles in explaining CVD mortality in addition to differences in endogenous estrogen. Very few of the studies from the Indian subcontinent have been concerned with the menopause-specific CVD risk factors, particularly among the tribal groups. Thus, we intended to study the variations in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors between Hindu caste and Lodha tribal postmenopausal women and how these risk factors were associated with differential socio-economic, reproductive and menstrual characteristics and lifestyle variables. The Lodha tribal populations is considered a Particularly Vulnerable Group (PVTG) in this country.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among the Bengali Hindu caste and Lodha tribal populations of the State of West Bengal, India covering three districts namely Howrah, Jhargram and East Midnapure. A total of 197 postmenopausal participants were recruited for this study (urban caste 69, rural caste 65 and rural Lodha 63). Data on blood glucose and total cholesterol levels, blood pressure, muscle mass, body fat distribution and sociodemographic, reproductive and menstrual history and lifestyle variables were collected following standard protocols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare blood glucose, total cholesterol and blood pressure levels and body fat measures across the three populations. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find out the factors associated with CVD risk factors. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0(IBM corporation, 2011).ResultsThis cross-sectional comparison of women at midlife, though exploratory in nature showed significant differences in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors between caste and tribal groups owing to socioeconomic disparities and, differences in reproductive characteristics and lifestyle factors.ConclusionThe caste and tribal populations differed significantly in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors and in the factors associated with CVD risk suggesting interplay between menopause and modifiable factors in explaining CVD risk factors during mid-life.

The Preventiometer - reliability of a cardiovascular multi-device measurement platform and its measurement agreement with a cohort study

BackgroundMultimedia multi-device measurement platforms may make the assessment of prevention-related medical variables with a focus on cardiovascular outcomes more attractive and time-efficient. The aim of the studies was to evaluate the reliability (Study 1) and the measurement agreement with a cohort study (Study 2) of selected measures of such a device, the Preventiometer.MethodsIn Study 1 (N = 75), we conducted repeated measurements in two Preventiometers for four examinations (blood pressure measurement, pulse oximetry, body fat measurement, and spirometry) to analyze their agreement and derive (retest-)reliability estimates. In Study 2 (N = 150), we compared somatometry, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, body fat, and spirometry measurements in the Preventiometer with corresponding measurements used in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) to evaluate measurement agreement.ResultsIntraclass correlations coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .84 to .99 for all examinations in Study 1. Whereas bias was not an issue for most examinations in Study 2, limits of agreement for most examinations were very large compared to results of similar method comparison studies.ConclusionWe observed a high retest-reliability of the assessed clinical examinations in the Preventiometer. Some disagreements between Preventiometer and SHIP examinations can be attributed to procedural differences in the examinations. Methodological and technical improvements are recommended before using the Preventiometer in population-based research.

Investigation of tongue hardness using ultrasound elastography in children during growth period

ABSTRACT Purpose Previous studies, the changes in tongue hardness with growth were scarcely ever described, but tongue pressure and morphology were the focus of them. Given that, we decided to use ultrasound to examine the changes in tongue hardness during growth. Materials and methods 60 paediatric patients (30 boys and 30 girls) aged 6 to 11 years (mean age, 8.5 ± 1.7 years) who visited the Department of Orthodontics, Showa University Dental Hospital were selected for the study. Tongue hardness was measured using real-time ultrasound tissue elastography. The measured values of tongue elasticity were subjected to the Shapiro – Wilk test, and QQ plot for checking the normality. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to confirm the significance of the relationship among the three measurements of tongue elasticity, age, sex, height, weight, BMI, body fat, tongue pressure, and hand strength. Results We confirmed that the use of ultrasound SWE and SE are valuable for the measurement of tongue elasticity. A negative correlation between age and tongue elasticity SE (extraoral) (r = −0.26, P < 0.05), body weight and tongue elasticity SE (extraoral) (r = −0.30, P =＜0.05). Conclusion It was suggested that tongue hardness changes with changes with age. The balance between the tongue and perioral muscles is affected with the position of the teeth. Perioral muscle function is closely associated with malocclusion onset, particularly during childhood when maxillofacial growth and development are rapid. Therefore, the use of ultrasonography device can aid in the evaluation of treatments to improve perioral muscle function.

A Study on Body Fat Percentage for Physical Fitness and Prevention of Obesity: A Two Compartment Model

The minimal amount of body fat is necessary for normal physiological functions that manages body temperature, creates energy to perform all the physical activities, and protects the organs of human body. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue. Total body fat in human body is the sum of essential fat and storage fat. At present body fat percentage is considered as one of the most accurate obesity evaluation tools. To determine body fat accurately the clinicians should use the most appropriate, accurate, and accessible strategies available in the scientific research area. Accurate measurement of body fat and lean body is essential for the nutrition assessment, and an individual’s overall health and well-being. In this study some measurement processes are discussed to determine body fat percentage (BFP) properly of a person by the analysis of two compartment model: fat mass and fat free mass.

Life course effects of genetic susceptibility to higher body size on body fat and lean mass: prospective cohort study.

Different genetic variants are associated with larger body size in childhood vs adulthood. Whether and when these variants predominantly influence adiposity are unknown. We examined how genetic variants influence total body fat and total lean mass trajectories. Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (N = 6926). Sex-specific genetic risk scores (GRS) for childhood and adulthood body size were generated, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans measured body fat and lean mass six times between the ages of 9 and 25 years. Multilevel linear spline models examined associations of GRS with fat and lean mass trajectories. In males, the sex-specific childhood and adulthood GRS were associated with similar differences in fat mass from 9 to 18 years; 8.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1, 11.6] and 7.5% (95% CI 4.3, 10.8) higher fat mass at 18 years per standard deviation (SD) higher childhood and adulthood GRS, respectively. In males, the sex-combined childhood GRS had stronger effects at ages 9 to 15 than the sex-combined adulthood GRS. In females, associations for the sex-specific childhood GRS were almost 2-fold stronger than the adulthood GRS from 9 to 18 years: 10.5% (95% CI 8.5, 12.4) higher fat mass at 9 years per SD higher childhood GRS compared with 5.1% (95% CI 3.2, 6.9) per-SD higher adulthood GRS. In females, the sex-combined GRS had similar effects, with slightly larger effect estimates. Lean mass effect sizes were much smaller. Genetic variants for body size are more strongly associated with adiposity than with lean mass. Sex-combined childhood variants are more strongly associated with increased adiposity until early adulthood. This may inform future studies that use genetics to investigate the causes and impact of adiposity at different life stages.

Effect of Energy Intake on Percentage Body Fat as Measured by Bia and Cun-Bae Equation Formula: A Comparative Study of Body Fat Measurement Methods

Introduction: Body composition is becoming important to be taken into account, as it is not only an integral part of individual nutritional assessment but also as a biomarker in acute or chronic diseases. Percentage and distribution of body fat is clinically most interest as it play a significant role in determining cardiovascular risk. Various modern methods have been developed to determine percentage body fat for hospital setting, however, low-cost body composition technology for health surveillance is also required. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of energy intake on percentage body fat and to determine whether the CUN-BAE equation formula has an accuracy comparable to BIA, so that it can used as a low-cost body composition technology for health surveillance. Material and Method: This crossed sectional study is part of The Jember Body composition Study. This study invited 84 female dental students with an ideal range of Body Mass Index (21.06±0.17) to participate in this study. Calorie intake was calculated using the 24 hour recall method. Assessment of percentage body fat was performed using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) and CUN-BAE equation formula. Result: Total energy intake was positively associated with total body fat in female dental students, higher energy intake was associated with higher percentage body fat as determined by CUN-BAE equation (95% CI 16.69, 16.94) as well as by BIA (95% CI 14.11, 15.38). Percentage body fat determine by the CUN-BAE equation method was highly correlated with that determine by the BIA method (95% CI -1.07, 0.33). The average results of FM measurements by the two measurement methods are also same. Conclusion: Higher energy intake is associated with higher percentage body fat. The CUN-BAE equation method has the same accuracy as the BIA method in calculating percentage fat mass. CUN-BAE equation formula is simple and suitable for low-cost body composition assessment method to assess percentage body fat in a population based study.

Effect of Energy Intake on Percentage Body Fat as Measured by Bia and Cun-Bae Equation Formula: A Comparative Study of Body Fat Measurement Methods

Effect of Energy Intake on Percentage Body Fat as Measured by Bia and Cun-Bae Equation Formula: A Comparative Study of Body Fat Measurement Methods

The Unique Role of Self-Rated Health in Metabolic Syndrome and its Diagnostic Cardiometabolic Abnormalities: An Analysis of Population-Based Data

Background: Historically, previous research demonstrating associations between self-rated health (SRH) and metabolic anomalies have rarely controlled for metabolic covariates. Thus, there is currently poor understanding of the unique contribution of SRH to metabolic syndrome (MetS) over and beyond diagnostic cardiometabolic abnormalities. Objective: This study explored unique associations between SRH and multiple cardiometabolic factors, after controlling for metabolic covariates. Methods: This study was based on an analysis of archived population-based data from the 2019 Health Survey for England. A total of 352 MetS cases were extracted from 10299 participants in the survey. Bootstrapped adjusted regression methods were used to predict MetS status and cardiometabolic abnormalities (HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, waist/hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)) from SRH. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to explore direct and indirect associations between SRH and cardiometabolic factors, with SRH treated as a mediating factor. Results: SRH predicted MetS status but this was negated after cardiometabolic adjustments. Poor SRH independently predicted HDL cholesterol deficiency, and elevated waist/hip ratio, BMI, and HbA1c, even after cardiometabolic adjustments. SEM generated two models with equivalent fit indices, but different structural pathways. In one model SRH mediated relations between anthropometric risk factors (waist/hip ratio and BMI). Conclusions: SRH can help identify people at risk of developing MetS, irrespective of cardiometabolic abnormalities. Poor SRH may represent a non-intrusive easily measurable risk factor for adiposity in MetS, especially where direct measurement of body fat is impractical or socially challenging.

Prediksi Persentase Body Fat Menggunakan Algoritma CART dan M5’

Body Fat Percentage (BFP) is a measurement of total body fat that is used as an accurate measurement for the diagnosis of obesity. BFP measurement is sometimes difficult and inconvenient to perform, even though the picture of BFP’s value is very important for someone to find out the chances of being obese. To overcome this, data mining techniques can be used to measure the predictions of BFP values in a more practical way. This study implements data mining techniques, namely the CART and M5’ algorithm to predict a person's BFP value based on his/her body measurement. The CART algorithm uses the sample average values at leaf nodes to make numerical predictions, while the M5' algorithm builds a regression model for each leaf node with a hybrid approach. Regression trees provide a simple way of explaining the relationship between features and numerical results, but more complex model trees also provide more accurate results. In this study, the results show that the M5' algorithm is superior to the BFP dataset with a correlation value of 0.86 and an MAE value of 3.86.

Abstract 65: DNA Methylation at ABCG1 and Long-Term Changes in Adiposity in Response to Diet Interventions: The POUNDS Lost Trial

Introduction: Epigenome-wide association studies identified that DNA methylation (DNAm) at the ABCG1 gene (cg06500161) was associated with obesity. However, little is known about whether DNAm at ABCG1 is associated with long-term changes in adiposity and body fat distribution in response to dietary weight-loss interventions. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that participants with varying DNAm at ABCG1 might respond differently to dietary weight-loss interventions on long-term changes in adiposity and body fat distribution. Methods: The current study included 673 participants with overweight/obesity, who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient components. Blood DNAm level was profiled by a high-resolution methylC-capture sequencing at baseline. The regional DNAm at ABCG1 was defined as the average methylation level over CpGs within ± 250 bp of cg06500161. Two-year changes in adiposity and Computed Tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution were calculated. Results: We found that regional DNAm at ABCG1 significantly interacted with dietary protein intake on long-term changes in body weight and waist circumference (WC) at 6 months and 2 years (P-interaction&lt;0.05 for all, Figure ). Among participants assigned to an average-protein (15%) diet, lower regional DNAm at ABCG1 was associated with greater reductions in body weight and WC at 6 months and 2 years, while opposite associations were found among those assigned to a high-protein (25%) diet. Similar interactions were also observed for body fat distribution, including visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, deep subcutaneous adipose tissue, and total adipose tissue at 6 months and 2 years (P-interaction&lt;0.05 for all). Conclusion: Our data indicate that DNAm at ABCG1 interacted with dietary protein intake on long-term changes in adiposity and body fat distribution. Participants with hypomethylation at ABCG1 benefited more in long-term improvement in adiposity and body fat distribution by consuming an average-protein diet.

The association between leptin and subclinical cardiovascular disease explained by body fat: Observational and Mendelian randomization analyses

Background and aimsLeptin has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular disease, but the effect of confounding by body fat in these associations remains unclear. To investigate associations between leptin and heart function and subclinical cardiovascular disease adjusted for total body fat, and to investigate the causal relation between leptin and cardiovascular disease using Mendelian randomisation. Methods and resultsLeptin concentrations, total body fat and diverse measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease were determined in participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. Linear regression between leptin concentration and measures of heart function, ECG measures, and carotid intima media thickness as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis was adjusted for potential confounding factors, and additionally including total body fat. We analysed the combined effects of genetic variants from a GWAS on leptin concentrations in publicly-available summary statistics of coronary heart disease GWAS (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, n = 184,305). As many as 6107 men and women, mean (SD) age 56 (6) years, BMI 26 (4) kg/m2, and median leptin concentration 12.1 μg (IQR: 6.7–22.6) were included.In observational analyses, leptin was weakly associated with heart function and subclinical cardiovascular disease, but these associations attenuated when adjusting for total body fat. A doubling of genetically-determined leptin concentration was associated with an odds ratio of cardiovascular disease of 0.69 (0.37, 1.27). ConclusionObservational associations between leptin and subclinical measures of cardiovascular disease were largely explained by differences in total body fat. Results of analyses of genetically-determined leptin and coronary heart disease risk were inconclusive due to a large confidence interval.