Measurement Of Antioxidant Capacity Research Articles

Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) by‐product as a source of bioactive compounds and as a natural antioxidant for food applications

This study aimed to evaluate the extraction and the potential of guaraná peels extract as a source of bioactive compounds and as a natural antioxidant. Guaraná peels were characterized, and different solvents and conditions of extraction were assessed using a full-factorial design. The total carotenoids content was 65.9 ± 0.4 µg/g, and the major species were β-carotene and lutein. It also presented 0.60 ± 0.01 and 0.55 ± 0.01 mg/g of caffeine and theobromine, respectively. The ability to extract carotenoids followed the increasing order: hexane < ethanol < ethyl acetate < ethanol: hexane < ethanol: ethyl acetate. Carotenoid recovery increased significantly (p < .05) at 50°C, and the extraction yield was higher over time. ABTS (60 ± 2 µmol Trolox eq./g) and ORAC (76 ± 3 µmol Trolox eq./g) assays indicated that guaraná peels extract has valuable potential for application as an antioxidant in food products. Novelty impact statement Guaraná peels are underutilized by-products that the food and pharmaceutical industries in South America could employ in the formulation of many of their products. Guaraná peels are a source of some macro and micronutrients, caffeine, theobromine, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, all-trans-β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, and lutein. The ability to extract carotenoids was evaluated through the screening of potentially suitable solvents, as well as the extraction time and temperature. The suitability of the solvent considered the safety and toxicity of the obtained extracts and the solvent's impact on the environment. The measured antioxidant capacity of guaraná peels extracts indicated its potential valorization by using a green solvent. To the best of our knowledge, no information has been reported concerning the full characterization and chemical origin of guaraná peels pigments, which also provides a prospective multipurpose for application in functional foods.

Separation and Determination of Chemopreventive Phytochemicals of Flavonoids from Brassicaceae Plants.

The main aim of this study was to develop a method for the isolation and determination of polyphenols—in particular, flavonoids present in various morphological parts of plants belonging to the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Therefore, a procedure consisting of maceration, acid hydrolysis and measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of plant extracts (using DPPH assay) was conducted. Qualitative analysis was performed employing thin-layer chromatography (TLC), which was presented to be a suitable methodology for the separation and determination of chemopreventive phytochemicals from plants belonging to the cabbage family. The study involved the analysis of 25 vegetal samples, including radish, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, canola, kohlrabi, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, red cabbage, pak choi and cauliflower. In addition, selected flavonoids content in free form and bonded to glycosides was determined by using an RP-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method.

Hepatoprotective Impact of Ghrelin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity in the Male Mice.

Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse impacts, including hepatotoxicity. Antioxidant properties of ghrelin might protect the liver from CP-induced toxicity. The current study aimed to assess the protective impacts of ghrelin on CP-induced liver toxicity. Forty male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) Group 1 as control received no intervention,group 2 received cyclophosphamide (CP) (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for five weeks and once a week. Group 3 received CP+ghrelin (CP+G), (80 µg/kg daily, i.p.) for five weeks. Group 4 received ghrelin with above-mentioned dose. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to remove liver tissuesfor histological and biochemical examination. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased after CP treatment but ghrelin administration significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). Measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) noted a significant decrease in the CP group against the control group (P<0.05). Ghrelin treatment in the CP+G group considerably increased the TAC activity when compared to the CP group (P<0.05). Histological examinations also confirmed the hepatocyte necrosis, local bleeding and inflammation, vacuolation, and sinusoidal dilation in the CP group, ghrelin administration reduced the destructive effects of CP on the liver significantly (P<0.05). Our results reveal the hepatoprotective effect of ghrelin against CP. Therefore, ghrelin might be useful in protecting the body against the adverse impacts of injuries induced by chemotherapeutic drugs.

Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity of Meat and Meat Products: Methods and Applications.

At present, a wide variety of analytical methods is available to measure antioxidant capacity. However, this great diversity is not reflected in the analysis of meat and meat products, as there are a limited number of studies on determining this parameter in this complex food matrix. Despite this, and due to the interest in antioxidants that prevent oxidation reactions, the identification of antioxidants in meat and meat products is of special importance to the meat industry. For this reason, this review compiled the main antioxidant capacity assays employed in meat and meat products, to date, describing their foundations, and showing both their advantages and limitations. This review also looked at the different applications of antioxidant properties in meat and meat products. In this sense, the suitability of using these methodologies has been demonstrated in different investigations related to these foods.

Characterization of Coffee Silver Skin as Potential Food-Safe Ingredient.

By-products from the coffee industry are produced in large amounts each year. Among other wastes, coffee silver skin (CSS) is highly available and more stable due to its lower content of water. This research aimed to characterize coffee silver skin composition and evidence its potentiality for use as a food-safe ingredient in new formulations. Results showed an average total dietary fiber content of 50% but with a higher ratio for insoluble than soluble fiber. A high content of total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and caffeic acid was found and correlated with the high measured antioxidant capacity. Moreover, minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, copper, iron, manganese) important for human wellbeing were found at a high level in CSS, while toxic minerals (e.g., nickel) were found at low levels. In conclusion, coffee silver skin could have an advantageous role for the recovery of valuable compounds and as a potential food-safe ingredient.

The Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity and Colour Attributes in Wild Harvest Samphire (Tecticornia sp.) Samples Using Mid-infrared Spectroscopy

The Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity and Colour Attributes in Wild Harvest Samphire (Tecticornia sp.) Samples Using Mid-infrared Spectroscopy

Kapasitas Total Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao. L) Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis

Antioxidant compounds is one of compounds are needed by the body to reduce free radicals. The ability of antioxidants to reduce free radicals is called antioxidant capacity. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the total antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract of cocoa beans with the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) method using spectrophotometer uv-vis. The crude extract obtained was extracted using methanol solvent by maceration method. The results of the phytochemical screening test on the methanol extract of cocoa beans showed the presence of flavonoids and tannins. The total antioxidant capacity test of cocoa bean extract used the standard equivalent value of gallic acid which has been shown to have a strong antioxidant ability to reduce DPPH free radicals at a wavelength of 517 nm. The results of the measurement of total antioxidant capacity in the variation of treatment, namely sun-dried cocoa beans and oven cocoa beans were 27.730 and 42.454 mg/mL GAEAC. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the ethanol extract of oven cocoa beans had the greatest total antioxidant capacity, namely 42.454 mg/mL GAEAC.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Content As Well As Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Oven- and Freeze-Dried Hydroponic- and Soil-Grown Kale-Derived Extracts

Abstract Objectives Hydroponic farming is a sustainable alternative to traditional soil farming. Kale is a powerhouse food rich in nutrients, polyphenols and glucosinolates. Dehydration of kale leaves for extract preparation can be done by freeze- or oven-drying. These methods can significantly affect the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of plant food extracts. Thus, we aimed to compare the polyphenolic and glucosinolate content and the antioxidant capacity of hydroponic- vs soil-grown and oven- vs freeze-dried kale extracts. Methods Hydroponic kale was grown in an indoor vertical hydroponic farm while soil kale was purchased from a local grocery store. Kale was then freeze- or oven-dried prior to ethanolic extraction (80%) assisted by an ultrasonic bath followed by purification with chloroform. Total polyphenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and glucosinolate content (TGC) of kale extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and palladium(II) chloride, respectively. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and free radical scavenging power (FRAP) were used to measure antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure radical scavenging capacity of kale extracts. Results Oven-dried soil-grown kale extract had significantly higher TPC and TGC than freeze-dried soil-grown as well as hydroponic-grown oven- and freeze-dried kale extracts. Soil-grown kale had higher TFC than hydroponic kale extracts; however, the TFC was not significantly different between freeze- and oven-dried kale extracts for soil- or hydroponic-grown kale extracts. Oven-dried soil-grown kale extract had the highest TEAC, which was significantly different than all the other extracts. FRAP and DPPH was significantly higher in freeze-dried soil-grown kale-derived extracts compared to all the other extracts. Conclusions Results indicate that soil-grown kale extracts had the highest TPC, TGC, and antioxidant capacity. In addition, oven-drying led to greater TFC, TGC in kale extracts than freeze-drying while freeze-drying led higher amounts of TPC compared to oven-drying. Further, freeze-dried kale extracts had higher antioxidant capacity than oven-dried. Thus, further studies are needed to examine and compare the antioxidant effects of these forms of kale extract in vivo. Funding Sources Georgia State University Honors College.

Definition of the total antioxidant capacity and vitamin D levels in professional athletes who play football in Giresunspor

Objective: A sufficient amount of vitamin D levels; while protein synthesis, muscle strength, jumping height, speed, exercise capacity, and physical performance increase; stress fractures cause a decrease in the rates of injury, fall, muscle relaxation, muscle pain, and weakness. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are very important for maintaining and improving optimal performance in football players. The formation of free radicals and oxidative stress during exercise is known to affect optimal performance and recovery period after exercise. The aim of the study was to determine serum 25(OH)D and total antioxidant capacity of professional football players. Methods: The study group consists of 56 professional football players (26 players from the first team, 30 players from the academy team) playing in Giresunspor Football Club. The control group consisted of 30 volunteer healthy male subjects. The SPSS 21 package program was used to calculate and interpret the survey data applied face to face to the study group. In addition, the body composition of the players was determined by the InBody 230 device which works with the principle of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). Serum 25(OH)D levels of the football players were compared with reference values (≥30 ng / mL). Serum 25(OH)D levels were determined by immunoassay method on the Roche Cobas e411 branded test analyzer. Serum total antioxidant capacity was compared with 30 healthy volunteers in the control group. Total antioxidant capacity measurements were studied with the ready-to-use kit. The method previously described for the kit has been applied to Architect c8000 clinical chemistry autoanalyzer.Results: As a result of the study, mean serum 25(OH)D levels of the players were determined as 31.68 ng / mL. The mean serum antioxidant capacity of the participants was found to be 1.97 mmol Trolox Equiv/L. The mean serum antioxidant capacity of the control group was 1.94 mmol Trolox Equiv/L.Conclusion: Mean serum 25(OH)D levels of the players were within the reference range (≥30 ng/mL).There is an increase in metabolic rate during training, which leads to a rapid release of free radicals. Despite this thought, there was no significant difference in serum total antioxidant capacity between the study and control groups.

Green processing of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) pomace: process optimization for the modification of dietary fibers and property measurements

Commercial processing of sour cherries generates a large quantity of pomace as an industrial waste, which can suitably be converted into value-added fiber-rich products by employing appropriate extraction techniques. In this work, an array of techniques [microwave (MW), high-pressure (HP), enzymatic and thermal treatments] was employed to improve the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in sour cherry pomace (SCP) by breaking down the insoluble dietary fiber into a soluble form, and characterizes by total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and other property measurements. It was found that a combination of MW (850 W/60 s) and HP treatment (600 MPa/15 min) resulted in the maximum yield of SDF (63%). However, individually the MW-heating (44.6%) had an edge on extraction over the HP-treatment (21.9%). Micrographs of MW-HP-600 treated samples exhibited an array of disordered smaller particle fragments spread over the larger particles. HP treatment improved the water holding capacity from 10.12 to 11.76 g/g after 600 MPa treatment. The peak values of the solubility index (46.9 to 49.6%) achieved in the sample containing elevated SDF content (the combination of either MW and HP, or MW, EH, and HP). The optimized process produced the maximum total phenolic (5.39 mg GAE/g d.b.) and DPPH (9.94 mmol DPPH˙/100 g d.b.) contents in the treated pomace. The combination of microwave, enzymatic hydrolysis and high-pressure treatments can loosen the surface structure of SCP-DF, enhance hydration properties by exposing hydrophilic groups more, extract a higher amount of phenolic compounds providing antioxidant activity improvement besides increasing SDF ratio in SCP.

Measurement of antioxidant capacity of ascorbic acid against TEMPO radical scavenging using the quartz crystal micro-balance as a novel technique

Ascorbic acid is known as an important vitamin antioxidant, which has many role in the health of body cells. In this research, for the first time has been used from the quartz crystal micro-balance (QCM) technique to determine the antioxidant capacity of ascorbic acid against TEMPO radical scavenging in different concentrations in binary mixture of water-ethanol (1:2 v/v) at room temperature. In this technique, the mass changes on the quartz crystal covered by gold layer and modified by the cysteine are measured using the changes of vibrational frequency. The antioxidant capacity was measured based on the radical adsorption on the modified layer of crystal. Changes in frequency were observed proportional to the mass of the absorbed TEMPO radical. The obtained results indicate that the scavenging property of ascorbic acid is increased by increasing the concentration of TEMPO free radical. Finally, the adsorption process of TEMPO radical was evaluated by using Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was found that the adsorption of TEMPO radical on the surface of crystal follows the Langmuir isotherm.

Characteristics and biologic effects of thermosensitive quercetin-chitosan/collagen hydrogel on human periodontal ligament stem cells.

Thermosensitive hydrogels could function as scaffolds and delivery vehicle of natural flavonoids. The current study aimed to investigate effects of chitosan/collagen ratios on properties of thermosensitive beta-glycerophosphate (bGP) chitosan/collagen hydrogels as delivery vehicle of quercetin and then examined effects of quercetin-hydrogels on growth and cell viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Microstructure and physical, mechanical and antioxidant properties and quercetin release profiles of the hydrogels were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analyses were performed to examine gelation process of the hydrogels. Antioxidant assays were conducted to measure antioxidant capacity of quercetin-hydrogels. It was found that bGP-chitosan/collagen hydrogels exhibited porous structures with interconnected pore architecture and could sustain quercetin release. Chitosan content improved well defined porous structure, increased porosity of the hydrogels and decreased releasing rate of quercetin from the hydrogels. The quercetin-bGP-2:1 (wt/wt) chitosan/collagen hydrogels exhibited antioxidant capacity and were able to promote growth of hPDLSCs in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the thermosensitive quercetin-bGP-2:1 (wt/wt) chitosan/collagen hydrogel demonstrated optimal properties of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and sustained release of natural flavonoids. Incorporating quercetin in the chitosan/collagen hydrogel enhanced bioactive microenvironment that supported stem cell encapsulation.

Optimization and modeling of microwave-assisted extraction of curcumin and antioxidant compounds from turmeric by using natural deep eutectic solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have recently come to the fore as new green solvents for foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their unique solvation power and low toxicity. Turmeric extracts were prepared using the microwave assisted extraction method (MAE) using five NADES containing binary combinations of choline chloride, lactic acid, fructose, and sucrose. The MAE method was optimized and modeled by using response surface methodology to obtain maximum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and curcumin contents (CC) in extracts for each NADES. All NADES extracts, except NADES-1 containing fructose and cholin chloride, exhibited higher TAC and CC than those in 80% methanol:water which was the preferred solvent in literature. NADES solvents did not interfere with subsequent antioxidant capacity measurements using the CUPRAC method. The proposed MAE is a potentially efficient and sustainable procedure in pharmaceutical and food industries for the extraction of antioxidants and curcumin from turmeric.

Protective Effect of Lactoferrin against Chromium Induced Adverse Renal Changes in Rats: Oxidative Stress Theory

Among the toxic metals, chromium (Cr) which is a naturally occurring heavy metal commonly enters the environment through the effluents from various industries. Kidney disease is often cited as an adverse effect of chromium. We aimed to assess chromium-induced pathophysiological adverse renal damage and determine the potential protective effects of co-therapy with Lactoferrin (LF) in male albino rats. Forty male albino Wister rats were used in this study, allocated into 4 groups (n = 10 each). Group-I (control group) and received 1% DMSO; group-II (LF group); group-III [Potassium Dichromate (PDC) group] and group-IV (PDC+LF group). Biochemical measurements of renal function (urea and creatinine), serum glucose and Total Antioxidant capacity (TAO) were performed using colorimetric methods. Renal tissue samples were used for histopathological examinations using light and transmission electron microscopic photomicrographs. There were significantly higher serum urea, creatinine and glucose with significantly lower TAO among PDC group (69.4 mg/dl ±44.15, 0.566 mg/dl ±0.13, 140.8 mg/dl ±50.27 and 6.22±2.09 mmol/ml) compared to both the control group (45.2±7.44, 0.492±0.07, 113±15.23 and 8±.0.84) and LF group (38.8±7.49, 0.402±0.03, 110.8±27.95 and 8.02±1.05), p˂0.05 for all. In addition, significanly lower serum urea and higher TAO among PDC+LF group (45.2±4.02 and 7.94±1.53) were evidenent compared to PDC group, p˂0.05 for both. There were histological similarities in both control and LF groups with significant structural damage of the kidneys of PDC group and significant improvment of such damage in PDC+LF treated group. Lactoferrin could have a renoprotective effect against drug induced nephrotoxicity via its antioxidant property.

Bioactive Compounds in Wild Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves and Stalks: Polyphenols and Pigments upon Seasonal and Habitat Variations.

This study evaluated the presence of bioactives in wild nettle leaves and stalks during the phenological stage and in the context of natural habitat diversity. Thus, wild nettle samples collected before flowering, during flowering and after flowering from 14 habitats situated in three different regions (continental, mountain and seaside) were analyzed for low molecular weight polyphenols, carotenoids and chlorophylls using UPLC-MS/MS and HPLC analysis, while the ORAC method was performed for the antioxidant capacity measurement. Statistical analysis showed that, when compared to the stalks, nettle leaves contained significantly higher amounts of analyzed compounds which accumulated in the highest yields before flowering (polyphenols) and at the flowering stage (pigments). Moreover, nettle habitat variations greatly influenced the amounts of analyzed bioactives, where samples from the continental area contained higher levels of polyphenols, while seaside region samples were more abundant with pigments. The levels of ORAC followed the same pattern, being higher in leaves samples collected before and during flowering from the continental habitats. Hence, in order to provide the product’s maximum value for consumers’ benefit, a multidisciplinary approach is important for the selection of a plant part as well as its phenological stage with the highest accumulation of bioactive compounds.

Development of a green synthesized silver nanoparticle-based antioxidant capacity method using carob extract

The measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) indicating the cooperative action of all antioxidants in a complex sample is an important analytical challenge. A novel green silver nanoparticle-based antioxidant capacity (GSNP-AC) method using carob extract was designed for TAC measurement. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has various advantages such as environmentally friendliness, reliability, sustainability and fast production. In the presence of silver seeds formed with carob extract, Ag+ is reduced to spherical silver nanoparticles (SNPs) with antioxidants, resulting in enlarged particles with a symmetric surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band at 434 nm. The SPR of SNPs allowed quantification of antioxidants (i.e., increase in SPR absorbance being correlated to antioxidant concentration), and the GSNP-AC method gave a linear response over a wide concentration range of antioxidants. The molar absorptivity and LOD for trolox were 11700 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.31 µM, respectively. The proposed method was validated in terms of concentration-dependent linear response, additivity of absorbances, precision and accuracy. The results obtained with the proposed method for standard antioxidants, synthetic mixtures and real sample extracts were correlated with those of the traditional CUPRAC method. This green synthesized silver nanoparticle-based TAC method showed simple, rapid, cost-effective, and eco-friendly superiorities over similar other nanoparticle-based assays.

The association between food diversity and serum antioxidant indices in cataract patients compared to healthy subjects

Background:Cataract is a chronic disorder that is related to antioxidant–oxidant imbalance situation. We aimed to investigate the association between food diversity and serum antioxidant and oxidant indices in cataract patients compared to healthy subjects.Materials and Methods:In this case–control study, ninety volunteers (aged > 50 years) were divided into the cataract (n = 45) and healthy control (n = 45) groups. Anthropometric variables, physical activity and stress levels, food diversity score, serum total oxidant capacity (TOC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measurements were done for all participants.Results:Serum TAC, even after adjustment for stress level, was significantly higher in healthy people compared to cataract patients (P < 0.001). In addition, serum TOC was significantly lower in healthy controls compared to cataract patients (P < 0.002). In healthy group, there was a weak significant positive association between serum TAC and meats group diversity (r = 0.149, P = 0.047). In addition, there was a moderate negative association between meats group diversity and TOC in the healthy controls (r = −0.712, P = 0.041). In the cataract group, there was a significant negative association between serum TOC and diversity score of fruits (r = −0.811, P = 0.017) and meats group (r = −0.926, P = 0.046) as well as total score of food diversity (r = −0.466, P = 0.003).Conclusion:It seems that increase in total dietary diversity and food groups' diversity can have a beneficial effect on oxidant situation among cataract patients.

Vegetable By-Products as New Sources of Functional Proteins.

Vegetable by-products, obtained from cauliflower (CA), broccoli (BRL), cabbage (CB) and beetroot (BR) can be a potentially good source of proteins. The proteins were obtained from leaves (LPs) of vegetables with alkaline extraction at pH10, and their isoelectric precipitation at pH4. Protein contents were in the range of 39.76 - 53.33%, and the molecular weights of fractions were mostly about 45, 25 and 14kDa. Their solubility is higher in the alkaline environment, where they reach the highest solubility at pH10 (9.7mg/mL for CALP, 8.45 for BRLP, 5.35mg/mL for CBLP, 5.5mg/mL for BELP). Moreover, they showed favorable emulsifying abilities, water absorption capacities (0.62 to 1.61g/g) and foaming capacity (86.3 to 92%) as well as stability (48.57 to 79.30%). Digestibility was studied using gastrointestinal proteases (pepsin and pancreatin), and all four LPs can easily be digested. The biologically active potential of the digests was evaluated measuring antioxidant capacity by two complementary methods - DPPH+ and ABTS+ radical cation scavenging activity. The values for DPPH+ and ABTS+ were in the range from 59 to 65.1% at 0.1 and 0.3mg/ml to 0.22mg/ml IC50 values, respectively. Therefore, it can be indicated from these results, that obtained LPs, owing to their good functional properties, may be considered as potential ingredients of health-promoting food and cosmetic products.

Probing the structure-antioxidant activity relationships of four cinnamic acids porous starch esters

For investigation of antioxidant capacity relationship, four cinnamic acids (CNAs), including cinnamic (CA), ferulic (FA), p-coumaric (p-CA) and sinapic (SA) acids, were selected to modify porous starch (PS) with different degrees of substitution by esterification, respectively. The ester linkage of CNAs modified PS was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C solid-state NMR and FT-IR. The porous structure was maintained after esterification. Three in vitro antioxidant assays were applied to measure antioxidant capacities. The order of antioxidant capacity was SA@PS > FA@PS > p-CA@PS > CA@PS, due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups with hydrogen donating abilities. Besides electron-donating group on ortho or para positions the benzene ring further enhances the hydrogen donating ability and the stability of hydroxyl radical. This study not only investigated the antioxidant mechanism of CNA modified starch derivatives but probed the way for synthesis of biodegradable antioxidant materials for the food industries.

The assessment of antidiabetic properties of novel synthetic curcumin analogues: α-amylase and α-glucosidase as the target enzymes.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-020-00685-z.