Measles Antibody Levels Research Articles

Supplemental measles vaccine antibody response among HIV-infected and -uninfected children in Malawi after 1- and 2-dose primary measles vaccination schedules

BackgroundThe long-term antibody response to measles vaccine (MV) administered at age 6 months with or without subsequent doses is not well documented. MethodsMeasles serum antibody responses were evaluated after a supplemental dose of measles vaccine (sMV) administered at a median age of 20 months among Malawian children who had previously received 2 doses of measles vaccine (MV) at ages 6 and 9 months (HIV-infected and random sample of HIV-uninfected) or 1 dose at age 9 months (random sample of HIV-uninfected). We compared measles antibody seropositivity between groups by enzyme linked immunoassay and seroprotection by plaque reduction neutralization geometric mean concentrations. ResultsOf 1756 children enrolled, 887 (50.5%) received a sMV dose following MV at 9 months of age and had specimens available after sMV receipt, including 401 HIV-uninfected children who received one MV dose at 9 months, 464 HIV-uninfected and 22 HIV-infected children who received two doses of MV at ages 6 and 9 months. Among HIV-uninfected children, protective levels of antibody were found post sMV in 90–99% through ages 24–36 months and were not affected by MV schedule. Geometric mean concentration levels of measles antibody were significantly increased post-sMV among those HIV-uninfected children previously non-responsive to vaccination. Among HIV-infected children, the proportion seroprotected increased initially but by 9 months post-sMV was no higher than pre-sMV. ConclusionsOur findings support early 2-dose MV to provide measles immunity for young infants without risk of interference with antibody responses to subsequent MV doses administered as part of SIAs.

地方衛生研究所における職員の麻疹抗体価調査

国内で麻疹が排除状態となった現在，曝露機会は少ないものの業務上麻疹ウイルスに曝露する可能性のある医療従事者や検査及び疫学調査に携わる者は，罹患を防ぐとともに自身が感染源とならないための予防と対策を徹底する必要がある．2015年度に当研究所に勤務し同意の得られた職員を対象に，ワクチン接種歴及び罹患歴に関するアンケートを実施し，ゼラチン粒子凝集法(PA法)で麻疹抗体価を測定した．アンケートは，全職員47名中，休業中の3名を除く44名全員に実施した．このうち42名(95.5%)に検査を実施し，36名(85.7%)が医療従事者としての基準を満たす抗体価陽性(256倍以上)であった．2回の予防接種記録がある4名のうち3名は基準を満たす抗体価陽性であったが，1名は陰性(16倍未満)でワクチン接種勧奨により後日麻疹風疹混合ワクチンを接種した．1回の予防接種記録がある17名中15名と予防接種記録のない21名中18名も基準を満たしていた．基準を満たさないものの，抗体価陽性であった5名中2名に麻疹含有ワクチンの1回接種記録，1名に罹患の記録があった．受検率は高く，職員の抗体価も概ね医療従事者の基準を満たしていたが，予防接種記録があっても陰性や基準を満たさない者がおり，今回のような調査や検査の実施は，有効なワクチン接種勧奨を可能にするとともに研究施設としての麻疹対策に有用と考えた．

Persistence of measles antibodies, following changes in the recommended age for the second dose of MMR-vaccine in Portugal

In populations vaccinated with two doses of combined measles–mumps–rubella vaccine (MMR), the serum levels of antibodies against measles depend on the vaccination schedule, time elapsed from the last dose and the area-specific epidemiological situation. Variables measuring “schedule” are age at first and second doses of MMR and intervals derived from that. Changes in vaccination schedules have been made in Portugal. The specific objectives of this study were to measure the association between those potential determinants and the concentration of measles-specific IgG antibodies, after the second dose of MMR. Convenience samples of three Portuguese birth cohorts were selected for this study (41, 66 and 60 born, respectively, in 2001–2003, 1990–1993 and 1994–1995). Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) for measles IgG were, respectively, 934, 251 and 144mIU/ml; p<0.001). Anti-measles-IgG serum concentration decreased with time since last vaccination (waning immunity) and was not influenced by any other component of vaccination schedule, namely age at vaccination with the second dose of MMR. Waning levels of measles antibodies have been observed elsewhere but not as fast as it was observed in Portuguese birth cohorts in this study. Changes in the vaccination schedules might have to be considered in the future.

Immune status of health care workers to measles virus: evaluation of protective titers in four measles IgG EIAs

BackgroundFollowing the recognition of a measles case in a hospital in The Netherlands, health care workers (HCW) from the premises were screened by a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measles IgG to identify persons at risk for measles. At least 10% of the HCW were tested measles IgG-negative. As this was considered an unusually high proportion, we hypothesized suboptimal sensitivity of EIAs, especially in medical personnel that had vaccine-induced immunity rather than antibodies resulting from natural infection. ObjectivesTo determine (vaccine-induced) measles immunity in HCW, using different EIAs compared to the plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) test, the best surrogate marker for vaccine efficacy and immune protection. Study designSera from HCW were tested for measles IgG antibodies in three commercial EIAs, in a bead-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) and in the PRN test, and evaluated against age and vaccination history of the HCW. ResultsOf the 154 HCW, born between 1960 and 1995, 153 (99.4%) had protective levels of measles antibodies (PRN>120mIU/ml). The three EIAs failed to detect any measles IgG antibodies in approximately 10% of the HCW, while this percentage was approximately 3% for the MIA. Negative IgG results rose to 19% for individuals born between 1975 and 1985, pointing to an age group largely representing vaccinated persons from the first measles vaccination period in The Netherlands. ConclusionThe results show limitations in the usefulness of current EIA assays for determining protective measles antibodies in persons with a vaccination history.

Safety and immunogenicity of dry powder measles vaccine administered by inhalation: A randomized controlled Phase I clinical trial

BackgroundMeasles is a highly infectious respiratory disease which causes 122,000 deaths annually. Although measles vaccine is extremely safe and effective, vaccine coverage could be improved by a vaccine that is more easily administered and transported. We developed an inhalable dry powder measles vaccine (MVDP) and two delivery devices, and demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the vaccine in preclinical studies. Here we report the first clinical trial of MVDP delivered by inhalation. MethodologySixty adult males aged 18 to 45 years, seropositive for measles antibody, were enrolled in this controlled Phase I clinical study. Subjects were randomly assigned in 1:1:1 ratio to receive either MVDP by Puffhaler® or by Solovent™ devices or the licensed subcutaneous measles vaccine. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded with diary cards until day 28 post-vaccination and subjects were followed for 180 days post-vaccination to assess potential serious long term adverse events. Measles antibody was measured 7 days before vaccination and at days 21 and 77 after vaccination by ELISA and a plaque reduction neutralization test. ResultsAll subjects completed the study according to protocol. Most subjects had high levels of baseline measles antibody. No adverse events were reported. MVDP produced serologic responses similar to subcutaneous vaccination. ConclusionsMVDP was well tolerated in all subjects. Most subjects had high baseline measles antibody titer which limited ability to measure the serologic responses, and may have limited the adverse events following vaccination. Additional studies in subjects without pre-existing measles antibody are needed to further elucidate the safety and immunogenicity of MVDP.

Immunologic effects of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia.

Susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria is well known in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hydroxyurea use is common in adults and children with SCD, but little is known about hydroxyurea's effects on immune function in SCD. Because hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, causing cell cycle arrest at the G1-S interface, we postulated that hydroxyurea might delay transition from naive to memory T cells, with inhibition of immunologic maturation and vaccine responses. T-cell subsets, naive and memory T cells, and antibody responses to pneumococcal and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were measured among participants in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hydroxyurea in infants and young children with SCD (BABY HUG). Compared with placebo, hydroxyurea treatment resulted in significantly lower total lymphocyte, CD4, and memory T-cell counts; however, these numbers were still within the range of historical healthy controls. Antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccination were not affected, but a delay in achieving protective measles antibody levels occurred in the hydroxyurea group. Antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella showed no differences between groups at exit, indicating that effective immunization can be achieved despite hydroxyurea use. Hydroxyurea does not appear to have significant deleterious effects on the immune function of infants and children with SCD. Additional assessments of lymphocyte parameters of hydroxyurea-treated children may be warranted. No changes in current immunization schedules are recommended; however, for endemic disease or epidemics, adherence to accelerated immunization schedules for the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine should be reinforced.

Humoral responses to independent vaccinations are correlated in healthy boosted adults

BackgroundRoughly half of U.S. adults do not receive recommended booster vaccinations, but protective antibody levels are rarely measured in adults. Demographic factors, vaccination history, and responses to other vaccinations could help identify at-risk individuals. We sought to characterize rates of seroconversion and determine associations of humoral responses to multiple vaccinations in healthy adults. MethodsHumoral responses toward measles, mumps, tetanus toxoid, pertussis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and anthrax protective antigen were measured by ELISA in post-immunization samples from 1465 healthy U.S. military members. We examined the effects of demographic and clinical factors on immunization responses, as well as assessed correlations between vaccination responses. ResultsSubsets of boosted adults did not have seroprotective levels of antibodies toward measles (10.4%), mumps (9.4%), pertussis (4.7%), hepatitis B (8.6%) or protective antigen (14.4%) detected. Half-lives of antibody responses were generally long (>30 years). Measles and mumps antibody levels were correlated (r=0.31, p<0.001), but not associated with select demographic features or vaccination history. Measles and mumps antibody levels also correlated with tetanus antibody response (r=0.11, p<0.001). ConclusionsVaccination responses are predominantly robust and vaccine specific. However, a small but significant portion of the vaccinated adult population may not have quantitative seroprotective antibody to common vaccine-preventable infections.

Safety and immunogenicity of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis SA 14-14-2 vaccine co-administered with measles vaccine in 9-month-old infants in Sri Lanka

IntroductionTo facilitate introduction of live attenuated SA 14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis vaccine (LJEV) into the National Immunization Programme of Sri Lanka, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of co-administration of LJEV and measles vaccine at 9 months of age. Serum immune responses were evaluated post-vaccination on days 28, 180, and 365 using JE neutralization test and anti-measles IgG ELISA. Results278 infants received one dose of LJEV and measles vaccine. Of these, 257 were eligible for the per-protocol analysis. On Day 0, 14 infants (5.5%) were seropositive for JE, but none were seropositive for measles. At Day 28, seropositivity rates were 90.7% (95% CI, 86.4–93.9%) for JE and 84.8% (95% CI, 79.8–89.0%) for measles. The geometric mean titer for JE neutralizing antibodies was 111 (95% CI, 90–135), and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) for anti-measles IgG was 375mIU/mL (95% CI, 351–400mIU/mL). Over the next year, JE neutralizing antibody responses declined only slightly, with seropositivity at 87.4% (95% CI, 82.6–91.2%) at Day 365. In contrast, measles antibody levels continued to increase over time. Seropositivity for anti-measles IgG reached 97.2% (95% CI, 94.4–98.9%) at Day 365, and the GMC rose to 1202mIU/mL (95% CI, 1077–1341mIU/mL). Co-administration of LJEV and measles vaccine was also safe. Most adverse reactions were mild, and no serious adverse events were related to study vaccinations. ConclusionThe safety and immunogenicity of LJEV co-administered with measles vaccine in Sri Lankan infants is similar to that seen in other populations, and our results support use of LJEV at 9 months of age. Live SA 14-14-2 vaccine is now prequalified by the WHO for use in infants in Asia, and other countries may wish to introduce LJEV to combat this devastating disease.

A 60-year review on the changing epidemiology of measles in capital Beijing, China, 1951-2011

BackgroundChina pledged to join the global effort to eliminate measles by 2012. To improve measles control strategy, the epidemic trend and population immunity of measles were investigated in 1951–2011 in Beijing.MethodsThe changing trend of measles since 1951 was described based on measles surveillance data from Beijing Centre of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The measles vaccination coverage and antibody level were assessed by routinely reported measles vaccination data and twenty-one sero-epidemiological surveys.ResultsThe incidence of measles has decreased significantly from 593.5/100,000 in 1951 (peaked at 2721.0/100,000 in 1955), to 0.5/100,000 in 2011 due to increasing vaccination coverage of 95%-99%. Incidence rebounded from 6.6/100,000 to 24.5/100,000 since 2005 and decreased after measles vaccine (MV) supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in 2010. Measles antibody positive rate was 85%-95% in most of years since 1981. High-risk districts were spotted in Chaoyang, Fengtai and Changping districts in recent 15 years. Age-specific incidence and proportion of measles varied over time. The most affected population were younger children of 1–4 years before 1978, older children of 5–14 years in 1978–1996, infant of <1 years and adults of ≥15 years in period of aim to measles elimination.ConclusionStrategies at different stages had a prevailing effect on the epidemic dynamics of measles in recent 60 years in Beijing. It will be essential to validate reported vaccination coverage, improve vaccination coverage in adults and strengthen measles surveillance in the anticipated elimination campaign for measles.

Analysis of measles immunity level in persistent populations in Beijing, 2012

To analyze the measles immunity level of persistent population in Beijing. A total of 2125 objects from 10 age groups, who had been living in Beijing for over 6 months, were selected from urban and rural areas in Beijing in 2012. Demographic characteristics, history of measles and vaccine immunization were investigated by questionnaire. 5 ml blood sample of each subject was collected, and the Measles IgG antibody was measured by ELISA assay. Positive rate of measles antibody was 84.71% (1800/2125) and standardized positive rate was 88.07% . Median of antibody was 960.46 IU/L. Positive rate and median of measles antibody were significantly different between population from different age groups (χ(2) = 341.60, P < 0.01; H = 216.27, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median were lowest in the <1 year age group, which were separately 43.06% (90/209) and 185.80 IU/L; and highest in the 1-4 (97.31% (181/186) and 2448.81 IU/L) and 5-9 years age group (96.46% (218/226) and 1910.72 IU/L). The range of antibody positive rate and median in adults of ≥ 15 years were 81.98%-90.14% and 744.38-1474.84 IU/L. Antibody positive rate and median in persistent population, which were separately 82.45% (883/1071) and 899.82 IU/L, were lower than those in migrant population, which were 87.00% (917/1054) and 166.19 IU/L, respectively (χ(2) = 8.51, P < 0.01;U = 538 704.00, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median in population with vaccination history, which were separately 91.95% (891/969) and 1443.11 IU/L, were higher than those population without vaccination history and people whose history unknown (32.95% (57/173) , 127.33 IU/L; 86.67% (852/983) , 923.73 IU/L). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 399.92, P < 0.01; H = 202.11, P < 0.01). Among the persistent population in China, measles antibody level among the children aging 1-9 years old was high enough to prevent outbreak and epidemic of measles. However, we should try our best to strengthen the measles antibody level among the babies younger than 1 year old and the migrant population aging between 15 and 40 years old.

Measles antibody levels after vaccination with Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz measles vaccine at 9 months or at 9 and 18 months of age: A serological study within a randomised trial of different measles vaccines

Standard–titre Schwarz (SW) and Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccines (MV) are both used in the routine immunisation programme. Within a trial of different strains of MV, we examined antibody responses in both one-dose and two-dose schedules when the first dose was administered at 9 months. Setting and MethodsThe trial was conducted in an urban area in Guinea-Bissau where we have had a health and demographic surveillance system and studied strategies to prevent measles infection since 1978. In the present study, children were randomised to SW or EZ as the first MV and furthermore randomised to a second dose of the same MV or no vaccine at 18 months of age. We obtained blood samples from 996 children at baseline; post-vaccination blood samples were collected at 18 and 24 months of age to assess measles antibody levels after one or two doses of MV. ResultsAt age 18 months all had responded to the first dose and only 1% (8/699) of the children had non-protective antibody levels irrespective of vaccine type. SW was associated with significantly higher levels of measles antibodies (geometric mean titre (GMT)=2114mIU/mL (95%CI 1153–2412)) than EZ (GMT=807mIU/mL (722–908)) (p=0.001). Antibody concentration was significantly higher in girls than in boys after EZ but not after SW. Antibody levels were higher in the rainy than the dry season. There was no clear indication that a booster dose at 18 months increased the antibody level at 24 months of age. ConclusionsMaternal antibody levels have declined significantly in recent years and 99% had protective levels of measles antibody following primary MV at 9 months of age. It is unlikely that measles prevention and child health will be improved by increasing the age of MV as currently recommended.

Measles and Rubella Vaccine Antibody Levels in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Following Chemotherapy

Background: Children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a high prevalence of immune system defects; one of them is the decrease of vaccine-induced antibody seropositivity rates. This antibody deficiency may place children with ALL at risk for the development of vaccine- preventable diseases, even after completion of chemotherapy, and they could function as a reservoir for additional spread of these diseases in the population. The aim of the present study was the assessment of the levels of vaccine- induced antibodies against measles and rubella viruses in ALL children following chemotherapy. Subjects and methods: Antibody levels against measles and rubella vaccine viruses were evaluated by ELISA technique in 96 children with ALL after completion of chemotherapy, in addition to 30 healthy children (non cancer controls of matched age and sex). Results: All healthy children were seropositive for measles and rubella antibodies. On the other hand, out of 96 children who received chemotherapy, only 19 (19.8%) were seropositive for measles antibodies, while 70 (72.9%) were seropositive for rubella antibodies. Most of measles seropositive cases (57.9%) had low levels of measles antibodies while among control group most children (56.7%) had high levels of measles antibodies. Similarly among children who received chemotherapy, most of the seropositive cases (45.7%) had low levels of rubella antibodies, while among control group, most of children (36.6%) had high levels of rubella antibodies. Seropositivity rate of measles was found to be related to the age at diagnosis and disease duration, while that of rubella was found to be related to the disease duration only. Conclusion and recommendations: Most of children who have been treated with chemotherapy for ALL had lost measles antibodies and to less extent rubella antibodies. Among seropositive cases, levels of measles and rubella antibodies are low following treatment with chemotherapy compared to levels among normal controls. Therefore, revaccination of children with ALL following completion of chemotherapeutic treatment against measles and rubella is recommended. Key words: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, measles, rubella, vaccine.

The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles in Wenzhou, China, 2000-2010.

This study examined the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles in Wenzhou, China. From 2000 to 2010, a total of 13271 measles cases were reported in Wenzhou, with epidemics occurring every 3-4 years. Forty-five per cent of the cases were aged <1 year and 27.2% were aged >14 years. Of 2262 hospitalized measles cases, 66.3% were diagnosed with pneumonia, and three cases died from respiratory failure. The number of measles cases of infants requiring hospitalization increased from birth to age 8 months and declined thereafter. Measurement of serum measles antibody levels in normal infants indicates that over 80% of infants in Wenzhou may be susceptible to measles by age 6 months. The existence of a sufficient pool of unvaccinated children and the decreased level of passively transferred measles antibodies in infants from vaccinated mothers contributed to the sustained transmission observed in Wenzhou.

EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY OF USING PIDOTIMOD IN VACCINATED RISK GROUP CHILDREN

научный биометрический журнал, который знакомит читателя с клиническими рекомендациями и особенностями применения лекарственных и вакцинных средств у детей, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию о воздействии лекарственных средств на плод, о проводимых в

The Influence of Regulatory T cells on the response to the Measles and DTP vaccines in Gambian infants

Event Abstract Back to Event The Influence of Regulatory T cells on the response to the Measles and DTP vaccines in Gambian infants Jorjoh Ndure1*, Fatou Noho-Konteh1, Jane Adetifa1, Sarah Rowland-Jones2, Ed Clarke1, Jayne Sutherland1, Hilton Whittle1, Magdalena Plebanski3, Martin Ota1 and Katie L. Flanagan1, 3 1 Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Gambia 2 University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, United Kingdom 3 Monash University, Department of Immunology, Australia Despite the key role of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in regulating immune responses to infections, very few studies have reported on their role in controlling the immunogenicity of vaccines in infants. It is still not clear if pre-existing Tregs interfere with the generation of vaccine-induced immunity, and whether they are induced following vaccination in infants. Using a dataset from a randomized trial of 9 month-old infants vaccinated with either measles vaccine (MV) alone, MV + DTwP (diptheria, tetanus, whole cell pertussis combined vaccine) or DTwP alone, Treg frequencies were examined. The influence of baseline Tregs on antibody levels to Measles and DTP antigens and the production of both regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines following overnight stimulation with vaccine specific and non-specific antigens were evaluated. We observed a weak negative correlation between circulating Tregs and measles antibody levels (r2 = -0.2077; p=0.0482); but not with response to the DTP antigens. Following overnight stimulation with tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen, there was a weak yet significant inverse correlation between the Treg frequencies and production of IL-4, IL10 and TNFα (r-value?? p<0.001). We also found a significant decline in Treg frequencies in all donors by 19 months of age (p<0.001). These data suggest that Tregs may play a role in controlling the immunogenicity of vaccines in infants. The influence of pre-existing Tregs on the MV response may differ from that of DTP. These findings provide useful background data for further studies looking to improve vaccine immunogenicity in infants. Acknowledgements EDCTP Grant # CT.2006.33111.002; RIVM in the Netherlands, Jainaba Njie-Jobe and Lady Chilel Sanyang; Sukuta Health Centre, Fatoumatta Darboe, Momodou Cox, Infant Immunology Laboratory team, Ebrima Touray and all the nurses/fieldworkers; study infants and their mothers. Keywords: regulatory T cells, Tregs, Measles Vaccine, DTP, infants, vaccine response, Pro-inflammatory cytokines Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Adaptive Immunity Citation: Ndure J, Noho-Konteh F, Adetifa J, Rowland-Jones S, Clarke E, Sutherland J, Whittle H, Plebanski M, Ota M and Flanagan KL (2013). The Influence of Regulatory T cells on the response to the Measles and DTP vaccines in Gambian infants. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.00489 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 10 Apr 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Ms. Jorjoh Ndure, Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, BJL, Gambia, jorjoh@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Jorjoh Ndure Fatou Noho-Konteh Jane Adetifa Sarah Rowland-Jones Ed Clarke Jayne Sutherland Hilton Whittle Magdalena Plebanski Martin Ota Katie L Flanagan Google Jorjoh Ndure Fatou Noho-Konteh Jane Adetifa Sarah Rowland-Jones Ed Clarke Jayne Sutherland Hilton Whittle Magdalena Plebanski Martin Ota Katie L Flanagan Google Scholar Jorjoh Ndure Fatou Noho-Konteh Jane Adetifa Sarah Rowland-Jones Ed Clarke Jayne Sutherland Hilton Whittle Magdalena Plebanski Martin Ota Katie L Flanagan PubMed Jorjoh Ndure Fatou Noho-Konteh Jane Adetifa Sarah Rowland-Jones Ed Clarke Jayne Sutherland Hilton Whittle Magdalena Plebanski Martin Ota Katie L Flanagan Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Impaired neutralizing activity by transplacental measles antibodies in infants born to HIV‐1‐infected mothers

Growing numbers of newborns are saved from HIV infection through increased access to mother-to-child transmission prevention programmes. The maternally derived humoral immunity of these children might be impaired, both in terms of quantity and in terms of quality, with consequences for the timing of immunization against measles. A cell-ELISA technique compared the neutralizing activity on Edmonston strain measles virus of sera from 1- to 4-month-old infants. Ten serum specimens came from noninfected infants of HIV-infected mothers and another 10 from infants of healthy mothers. The sera were matched for the level of conventional ELISA measles antibodies. Reflecting infection of the Vero cells by non-neutralized virus, optical density values were significantly higher for the sera from the children of the HIV-infected mothers than for those of the noninfected mothers (p < 0.001). Maternally derived protection against measles may be impaired by the mother's HIV infection, relating to the quality rather than to the quantity of transplacental antibodies. Selective, early immunization with live attenuated measles vaccine should be evaluated in noninfected children of HIV-1-infected mothers.

Serum and CSF measles antibody levels increase over time in patients with multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome

In general, measles virus (MV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titres decline over time. However, we found that serum and CSF MV antibody titres increased with age (slope=0.038, p<0.001 and slope=0.022, p=0.008), respectively, and disease duration (slope=0.031, p=0.002 and slope=0.032, p=0.005), respectively, in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). The age dependency of serum antibody levels differed between patients and controls (slope=0.038 versus −0.004, p<0.001). The increasing MV antibody titres over time in MS/CIS patients support a general nonspecific stimulation of B cells and plasma cells that is not confined only to the CNS/CSF compartment.

Consistency of HLA associations between two independent measles vaccine cohorts: A replication study

Associations between HLA genotypes and measles vaccine humoral and cellular immune responses were examined to better understand immunogenetic drivers of vaccine response. Two independent study cohorts of healthy schoolchildren were examined: cohort one, 346 children between 12 and 18 years of age; and cohort two, 388 children between 11 and 19 years of age. All received two age-appropriate doses of measles-containing vaccine. The purpose of this study was to identify and replicate associations between HLA genes and immune responses following measles vaccination found in our first cohort. Associations of comparable magnitudes and with similar p-values were observed between B*3503 (1st cohort p=0.01; 2nd cohort p=0.07), DQA1*0201 (1st cohort p=0.03; 2nd cohort p=0.03), DQB1*0303 (1st cohort p=0.10; 2 cohort p=0.02), DQB1*0602 (1st cohort p=0.07; 2nd cohort p=0.10), and DRB1*0701 (1st cohort p=0.03; 2nd cohort p=0.07) alleles and measles-specific antibody levels. Suggestive, yet consistent, associations were observed between the B7 (1st cohort p=0.01; 2nd cohort p=0.08) supertype and higher measles antibody levels in both cohorts. Also, in both cohorts, the B*0801 and DRB1*0301 alleles, C*0802 and DPA1*0202 alleles, and DRB1*1303 alleles displayed consistent associations with variations in IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 secretion, respectively. This study emphasizes the importance of replicating HLA associations with measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses and increases confidence in the results. These data will inform strategies for functional studies and novel vaccine development, including epitope-based measles vaccines. This is the first HLA association replication study with measles vaccine-specific immune responses to date.

Effects of vitamin A and D receptor gene polymorphisms/haplotypes on immune responses to measles vaccine.

Vitamins A and D, and their receptors, are important regulators of the immune system, including vaccine immune response. We assessed the association between polymorphisms in the vitamin A receptors [retinoic acid receptor α, retinoic acid receptor β (RARB), and retinoic acid receptor γ] and vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor α (RXRA) genes and interindividual variations in immune responses after two doses of measles vaccine in 745 children. Using a tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach, we genotyped 745 healthy children for the 391 polymorphisms in vitamin A receptor and VDR genes. The RARB haplotype (rs6800566/rs6550976/rs9834818) was significantly associated with variations in both measles antibody (global, P=0.013) and cytokine secretion levels, such as interleukin (IL)-10 (global, P=0.006), interferon (IFN)-α (global, P=0.008), and tumor necrosis factor-α (global, P=0.039) in the Caucasian subgroup. Specifically, the RARB haplotype, AAC, was associated with higher (t-statistic: 3.27, P=0.001) measles antibody levels. At the other end of the spectrum, haplotype GG for rs6550978/rs6777544 was associated with lower antibody levels (t-statistic: -2.32, P=0.020) in the Caucasian subgroup. In a sensitivity analysis, the RARB haplotype, CTGGGCAA, remained marginally significant (P<0.02) when the single SNP rs12630816 was included in the model for IL-10 secretion levels. A significant association was found between lower measles-specific IFN-γ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot responses and haplotypes rs11102986/rs11103473/rs11103482/rs10776909/rs12004589/rs35780541/rs2266677/rs875444 (global, P=0.004) and rs6537944/rs3118571 (global, P<0.001) in the RXRA gene for Caucasians. We also found associations between multiple RARB, VDR, and RXRA SNPs/haplotypes and measles-specific IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IFNλ-1, and TNF-α cytokine secretions. Our results suggest that specific allelic variations and haplotypes in the vitamin A receptor and VDR genes may influence adaptive immune responses to measles vaccine.

Epidemiological Investigation of Measles in Sera of Healthy People in Heilongjiang Province, China

Serological samples of healthy people were collected to obtain the levels of measles antibodies in different groups of people in Heilongjiang Province, China. Using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure the antibody levels, we found the lowest antibody positive rate and the lowest geometric mean concentration values in healthy people aged 15-39. This group is the population at high risk for adult measles in Heilongjiang Province, and is the focus of measles elimination work. The new challenges for the eventual elimination of measles will be to address immunization strategies in this segment of the population in order to control the incidence.